  

‫א‬‫א‬
GSM
GSM

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSMW‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KGSM‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ٨W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSM
GSM ١ J٢
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ GSM   
Subscriber ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ?Identity Module (SIM)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SIMGSM
 KSIM‫א‬‫א‬

GSM‫א‬١ J١ J٢

        GSM      
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ?Switching System (SS)? ‫א‬      GSM   
‫א‬ ?Base Stations System (BSS)?‫א‬‫א‬
GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J٢FK?Network Monitoring Center (NMC)?‫א‬‫א‬
 KGSM

  Switching System (SS) ‫א‬W

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ?SS? ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)‫א‬ 

Mobile ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MSC?‫א‬
 ?PSTN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?Stations (MS)
 K‫א‬‫א‬?ISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 

other GSM 
HLR VLR Networks
BTS  
 
BSC

BTS EIR
 

GMSC
Base Station System MSC
(BSS) AU PSTN  
C
Switching System (SS)  
 
BSC

MS  
BTS
Network Monitoring  
Center (NMC)
Base Station System  
(BSS)
 
GSME١ J٢F

Home Location Register (HLR) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?One Operator?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Visitor Location Register (VLR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ?MSC/VLR?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K?VLR?‫א‬?MSC?K

Authentication Center (AUC)‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ?HLR? ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬Ciphering Key‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?IMEI?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  Base Station System (BSS) ‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?BSS? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Radio Connection?
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Base Stations Controller (BSC)‫א‬‫א‬ 

?Paging?  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
K?Handover?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?MSC?‫א‬?BSCs?‫א‬‫א‬

 Base Transceiver System (BTS)‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

?Radio Interface?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 Network Monitoring Center (NMC)‫א‬‫א‬W 

Operation and ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K?Network Management Center (NMC) ?‫א‬‫א‬?Maintenance Center (OMC)

 Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

  OMC-Switching Part (OMC-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  OMC-Radio Part (OMC-R)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  Network Management Center (NMC)‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

GSM‫א‬٢ J١ J٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١ J٢F‫א‬GSM

 Mobile Station (MS)‫א‬‫א‬W 

  GSM   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 W
  Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)‫א‬ K١

  K  ‫א‬    GSM      ?SIM?  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W?SIM?‫א‬‫א‬K?Mobile Equipments (ME)?

  K?International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  K?MSISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Location Area Identity ( LAI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Personal Identification Number (PIN)?‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?PIN Unlock Key (PUK)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Ciphering keys (Kc)?‫א‬?Authentication keys (Ki)?‫א‬ 
  K?PLMN Frequencies?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  Mobile Equipment (ME)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ SIM 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

K?International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K?MS?‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬
 
 
 

 

 ?MS?‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F

 WE٣ J٢FMS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K? Vehicular Station?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

K?Portable (Transportable) Stations?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K?Handheld Stations?E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  
 
 
 
 
Transportable MS Handheld MS Vehicular MS
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F

 Base Stations System (BSS)‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?BSS? ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KGSM ?MS? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

  K?MS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  K‫א‬?Handover?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬ ?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬ ?BSS? ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?Transcoder Unit (TRAU)?‫א‬ ?BSC? ‫א‬
 KE٤ J٢F?BSC?‫א‬?MSC?

 
 
Um
Abis BSC  

TRAU
MS BTS  
A
 

MSC
BSC/TRAU

Abis A  
BTS  
  BSS

 BSS‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F

Base transceiver station (BTS) ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?BTS? ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?Radio Interface?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?Antennas? ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Transceivers? E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬     K?MS?
  ?Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)? ‫א‬    ?BTS?   
‫א‬?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K?Cell Global Identity (CGI)?‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K?Frequency Hopping ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 ?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F

  Transcoder Unit (TRAU) ‫א‬ 

  ?Rate Adaptation? ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
    ?BSC? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ?MSC? ‫א‬  
16 kbits/s64 kbits/s ?MSC?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?TRAU?‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬?BSC?‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TRAUE٦ J٢F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Base Station Controller (BSC)‫א‬‫א‬ 

? MSC?‫א‬?BTSs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٢٠،‫א‬?BTS?
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?BSC? ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    KE٧ J٢F‫א‬ 
BSCs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .A-bis?BTS?
 W‫א‬?BSC?‫א‬K‫א‬BTSs

K?Channel Allocation?‫א‬ K١
K?Link Quality?‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K?Signalling and Broadcast Traffic Control?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K?Frequency hopping?‫א‬ K٤
K?Handover initiation?‫א‬ K٥
 K?Call set-up?‫א‬ K٦
 

 ‫ א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    GSM   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬K?MS?‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬?Switching and Call Routing ?‫א‬ K١

 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬?Paging Handling?‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K?Charging?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  .?MSC?‫א‬?BSS?‫א‬‫א‬?Signaling System?‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K?BSSs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
  K‫א‬?VLR?‫א‬‫א‬?HLR?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫? א‬BSCs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
  K٢٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?Location Updating?  ‫א‬   K٨
   K?VLR?‫א‬‫א‬?MS?
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
   K ?GMSC?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠

VLR HLR other GSM

Networks
BSC

GMSC
MSC

A
MS BTS PSTN   
 
EIR
(BSS)
AUC
(SS)

 MSC‫א‬E٨ J٢F

 

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Home Location Register (HLR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
? HLR? ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

  K?International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

  K?MSISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K?LAI, MSC Service Area? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬?Supplementary Services?‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K?Authentication Information's?‫א‬ K٥

 Visitor Location Register (VLR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?VLR?‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ?MSs? ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ?HLR? ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ?VLR? ‫א‬      K ?MSC?    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MSC?‫א‬?MSC?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J ?HLR?
 W‫א‬‫א‬K

  K?International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

  K?Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)?‫א‬ K٢
  K?MSISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K?Location Area (LA)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬?Supplementary Services?‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K?e.g. Idle?‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  Equipment Identity register (EIR)‫א‬‫א‬ 

International Mobile Equipment ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ GSM  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MSs?‫א‬‫א‬ ?Identity (IMEI)
 ?MSs?‫א‬‫א‬?EIR?‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W?Valid or White list? ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W?Suspect or Black list? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W?Fraudulent or Gray list? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬?MSs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?IMEI?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MS?‫א‬‫א‬?MSC?
‫א‬‫א‬?EIR?‫א‬‫א‬?MSC?‫א‬
KE٩ J٢F

3. Checking IMEI 1. IMEI request

 
MSC/VLR
EIR  

4. Access / barring 2. IMEI sending MS

 KMSs‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  Authentication Center (AUC)‫א‬ 

  GSM‫א‬‫א‬
?Authentication keys (Ki)? ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ?AUC? ‫א‬
?Ki?‫א‬K‫א‬?Ciphering keys (Kc)?‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ?SIM?   ‫א‬   ?IMSI? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
?HLR?‫א‬‫א‬?AUC?‫א‬K?Security Parameters?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬،?OMC?‫א‬‫א‬
 WK?AUC?‫א‬
KKi‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KKi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬Kc‫א‬ K٣
 
 

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٠ J٢F

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cellular Structure‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .?Handover?‫א‬
‫א‬   E١١ J٢F‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬       
 W‫א‬
 
Um
 
BTS  
MS
 
BTS
BTS
 
BTS BTS  
 
MSC

BTS BTS

 
BTS BTS
 
BTS BTS
 
BTS
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 WCell‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E١٢ J٢F ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K?Cell Global Identity (CGI)?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ 
 
 KE١٣ J٢F‫א‬

  
 
 

 

?Hexagonal Cell?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(Overlap Region)‫א‬EF
(Dead Region)EF  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F

 

 
- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

Omni directional Cell‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

  ‫א‬  ?BTS?  ‫א‬     ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 360ο‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٤ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
BTS  

BTS  BTS

  BTS


BTS  BTS

BTS
 

 ‫א‬E١٤ J٢F

١٢٠(Sector Cell)‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ١٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٥ J٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
BTS BTS  
 
BTS
 
BTS BTS
 
‫א‬‫א‬Eο٦٠F ‫א‬Eο١٢٠F  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F
- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  ‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 ο٦٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    KE١٥ J٢F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ο٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kο١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Location Area (LA) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?Location Area Identity (LAI)?‫א‬‫א‬
 ?VLR?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F‫א‬


 
 
 
 

 

 Location Area (LA)‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F

  MSC/VLR Service Area‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٧ J٢F‫א‬?MSC/VLR?
‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K?HLR?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MSC/VLR?
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  
 
 

 
 
   
 
 ?MSC/VLR?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧ J٢F

  PLMN Service Area‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE١٨ J٢F     MSC/VLR 
    ،?Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K

 
 
 
 
 
 

 ?PLMN Service Area?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨ J٢F

  GSM 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

KE١٩ J٢F GSM‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ?International Roaming? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 

 

 ?GSM?E١٩ J٢F
  Basic cellular concepts‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Frequency Re-use?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬  
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      K ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬        ‫א‬      ‫א‬   
    ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     K‫א‬   ?Cluster? ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cluster Concept‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ?Cluster? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KG  A   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ?Cluster? ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
G  
F B
 

A
 
 
E C
 
D

 

 ?7 Cell Cluster?٧WE٢٠ J٢F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K  i 2  j2  ij (2.1)
?Integers?‫א‬ j i ?Cluster?‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬i 
 ‫א‬j 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٢F
j = 2 and i=1

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬(2.1)‫א‬ ji

k = i2 + j2 + ij = 12 + 22 + 1×2 = 7 Cells

 Signal attenuation with distance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬    K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K?Re-use Distance (D)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Frequency Re-use‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ PLMN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
  E٢١ J٢F ‫א‬ K 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Cluster? ‫א‬
 KGA‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F

j = 2 and i=3

 ‫א‬
 W(2.1)?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬
K  i 2  j 2  ij
K  32  (2)(3)  22  19 Cells
G
F B G
 
A F B
E C A
D  E C
G D
F
 B
A  
E C
D

‫ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬٧ ‫( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎت آﻞ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬٢١-٢)‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 KA‫א‬E٢٢ J٢F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F‫א‬
 KGA‫א‬‫א‬?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Re-use Distance ( D )
 
 
R
G  
F B G  
A F B   
E C A
 
D E C
 
D
Cluster 1   
Cluster 2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F

 D/RK‫ א‬

‫א‬?K?‫א‬‫א‬ ?Cluster?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬?D/R?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
D
 3K (2.2)
R

‫א‬ ?Re-use Factor ?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ D/R‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬

D  3K R (2.3)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٢F
.‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬1 Km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
D
 3K  3  7  21  4.6
R
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

= = 4.6 Km

Handover‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 
 
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٢F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
  

 W‫א‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ?GMS?‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٢F‫א‬  
GSM 1900 GSM 1800 E-GSM 900 P-GSM 900 GSM 800  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

1850 – 1910 1710 – 1785 880- 915 890 – 915 824 – 949   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz   up-link

1930 – 1990 1805 – 1880 925 – 960 935 – 960 869 – 894   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz  down-link
 ‫א‬‫א‬
~ 16 cm ~ 17 cm ~ 33 cm ~ 33 cm 37.5 cm
 Wavelength
2 × 25  ‫א‬‫א‬
2 × 60 MHz 2 × 75 MHz 2 × 35 MHz 2 × 25 MHz
MHz  Bandwidth
 ‫א‬‫א‬
80 MHz 95 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz
 Duplex Distance
 ‫א‬‫א‬
200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
Carrier Separation
 ‫א‬‫א‬
300 375 175 125 125 no. of Channels

‫א‬
270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s
 Transmission Rate
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  FDMA and TDMA J TDMA JFDMA J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J J  J‫א‬ J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J J‫א‬
WGSM 
  J J J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P-GSM 900 
 300 J175 J124 J373 J‫א‬
 WEuplinkF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P-GSM 900 
 890-915MHz J 880-915MHz J 935-960MHz J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM 1900 
 175 J300 J373 J124 J‫א‬
 D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K= 7 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W R= 600 m
  2749.5m J 5956 m  J 1520.3m J 2454.5m J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  BSS JEIR JVLR  JMSC J‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM 
  AUC JBSS JHLR JMSC J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM 
  AUC JBSS JOMC JMSC J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM 
  AUC JBSS JVLR JMSC J‫א‬
 WGSM ‫א‬Modulation‫ א‬
  ASK J GMSK JMSK JFSK J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM TDMA ‫א‬ 
 ١٢  J ١٠ J٨ J٦ J‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ P-GSM 900 
 ٩٩٢  J ٤٠ J١٠٢٤ J٦٠٠ J‫א‬
W‫א‬GSMK٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 W‫ א‬GSM‫א‬K٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 ‫א‬BS 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BS 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
GSM  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BS 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BS 

 ‫א‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬

 BSC‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 BSCBS 
 BSC 
 IMEI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
 ‫א‬ 
  
  
  

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