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 FIRST AID ™

Q&A FOR THE

 

USMLE

 
STEP 1


Third Edition

SENIOR EDITORS
Tao Le, MD, MHS James A. Feinstein, MD
Associate Clinical Professor Clinical Instructor, Section of General Pediatrics
Chief, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology The Children's Hospital Colorado
Department of Medicine Research Fellow
University of Louisville Primary Care Research Program
University of Colorado School of Medicine

EDITORS
Mark W. Ball, MD Kimberly Kallianos
Resident Harvard Medical School
The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute Class of 2012
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Cesar Raudel Padilla
Annie Dude, MD University of Rochester School of Medicine
Resident Class of 2012
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Duke University Medical Center Lauren Rothkopf, MD
Masters in Public Health candidate
Rebecca L. Hoffman, MD Temple University College of Health Professions and
Resident Social Work
Department of General Surgery
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania James Yeh, MD
Resident
Mark Robert Jensen Department of Medicine
University of Rochester School of Medicine Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge Health Alliance
Class of 2012

New York / Chicago / San Francisco / Lisbon / London / Madrid / Mexico City
Milan / New Delhi / San Juan / Seoul / Singapore / Sydney / Toronto

Copyright © 2012 by Tao Le. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-0-07-174596-3

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 P O W E R E D BY usmte

FIRST AID
STEP 1 EXPRESS

FIRST AID

RESPIRATORY
PHYSIOLOGY
TAO LE, MD, MHS The official FIRST AID course
Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics
Chief, Section of Allergy and Immunology
Department of Medicine
by the FIRST AID authors
University of Louisville

50+ hours of high-yield online

lectures based on FIRST AID
600+ new color images & multimedia
expand key FIRST AID concepts
Exclusive FIRST AID color PDF
workbook reinforces your test prep
Watch as many times as you want
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www.usmlerx.com
 D e i c at i o

d
n
To the contributors to this and future editions, who took time to share their
knowledge, insight, and humor for the benefit of students, residents, and
clinicians.

and

To our families, friends, and loved ones, who supported us in the task of
assembling this guide.
This page intentionally left blank
 C

ontents
Authors vii

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

How to Contribute xiii

S EC TI O N I G e e r a l P r i c i le s 1

n
n
p

Chapter 1 Behavioral Science 3


Chapter 2 Biochemistry 17


Chapter 3 Embryology 53


Chapter 4 Microbiology 71


Chapter 5 Immunology 101


Chapter 6 Pathology 123


Chapter 7 Pharmacology 141


S EC TI O N I I r a yst e m s 159

O
g
n
S

Chapter 8 Cardiovascular 161


Chapter 9 Endocrine 197


Chapter 10 Gastrointestinal 233


Chapter 11 Hematology-Oncology 271


Chapter 12 Musculoskeletal 307


Chapter 13 Neurology 339


Chapter 14 Psychiatry 363


Chapter 15 Renal 379


Chapter 16 Reproductive 415


Chapter 17 Respiratory 451


v
 S EC T I O N I I I F u ll- e th x am i at i o s 487

L
ng
E
n
n

Test Block 1 489

Test Block 2
527

Test Block 3 563

Test Block 4 599

Test Block 5 633

Test Block 6 669

Test Block 7 705

Appendix: Common Laboratory Values 741

Index 743

About the Authors 767

vi
 AUTHORS

K A K L
irsten
ustad
atherine
atimer
Fellow Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics Class of 2012
Harvard University
J L
E B

oseph
iao
Boston University School of Medicine
ike
lohm
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Class of 2012
Class of 2012
J L
B C , MD

erry
oo
University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
enjamin
aplan
Resident Class of 2012
Department of Family Medicine
Boston University A M , MD

ya
ichaels
Resident
P -H C Department of Radiology
o
ao
hen
Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Class of 2012
S M , MD
L L , MD
omala
uhammed
Resident
auren
de
eon
Intern Department of General Surgery
Department of Internal Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine
The Alpert Medical School of Brown University
B zN , MD
P E
ehrou
amdari
Resident
hilip
ye
Boston University School of Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
Class of 2012
Duke University Medical Center
J G , MD
T P , MD
im
riffin
Resident
ashera
erry
Resident
Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Johns Hopkins Hospital
The University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine
J H
C R x
ohn
egde
Harvard Medical School
hristopher
o
bury
Class of 2012 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Class of 2012
E H
N S
mily
eikamp
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
eepa
hah
Class of 2014 Boston University
Class of 2012
T R H , MD
B S
homas
obert
ickey
Resident
ethany
trong
Department of Anesthesiology Harvard Medical School
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Class of 2012

H R. K , MD S S , MD, DMD, MPH

eenu
usarla
enry
ramer
Resident Resident
Department of Medicine Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital

T L J T
effrey
osoian
homas
ardaro
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Class of 2012 Class of 2012

vii
Jackson
V , MD M E. W

ane
arc
alker
Resident Harvard Medical School
Department of Pediatrics Class of 2012
University of California, Irvine School of Medicine

D J. V , MD
aniel
erdini
Resident
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Nevada School of Medicine at Reno

viiiviii
 P

reface
With the third edition of First Aid Q&A for the USMLE Step 1, we continue
our commitment to providing students with the most useful and up-
to-date preparation guides for the USMLE Step 1. This new edition represents
an outstanding effort by a talented group of authors and includes the following:

 Almost 1000 high-yield USMLE-style questions based on the top-rated

 
USMLERx Qmax Step 1 Test Bank (www.usmlerx.com)
 Concise yet complete explanations to correct and incorrect answers
 
 Questions organized by general principles and organ systems
 
 Seven full-length test blocks simulate the actual exam experience
 
 High-yield images, diagrams, and tables complement the questions and
 
answers
 Organized as a perfect complement to First Aid for the USMLE Step 1
 
We invite you to share your thoughts and ideas to help us improve First Aid
Q&A for the USMLE Step 1. See How to Contribute, p. xiii.

Louisville Tao Le

Denver James A. Feinstein

ixix
ix
This page intentionally left blank
A
cknowledgments
This has been a collaborative project from the start. We gratefully acknowl-
edge the thoughtful comments and advice of the medical students, interna-
tional medical graduates, and faculty who have supported the authors in the
continuing development of First Aid Q&A for the USMLE Step 1.

For support and encouragement throughout the project, we are grateful to

Thao Pham, Louise Petersen, Selina Franklin, Jonathan Kirsch, and Vikas
Bhushan. Thanks to our publisher, McGraw-Hill, for the valuable assistance
of their staff. For enthusiasm, support, and commitment to this challenging
project, thanks to our editor, Catherine Johnson. For outstanding editorial
work, we thank Mary Dispenza and Emma D. Underdown. A special thanks
to Rainbow Graphics for remarkable production work.

Louisville Tao Le

Denver James A. Feinstein

xi
This page intentionally left blank
 H ow
C

to
ontribute
This edition of First Aid Q&A for the USMLE Step 1 incorporates hundreds of contributions and
changes suggested by faculty and student reviewers. We invite you to participate in this process. We also
offer paid internships in medical education and publishing ranging from three months to one year (see
next page for details). Please send us your suggestions for:

 Corrections or enhancements to existing questions and explanations

 
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For each entry incorporated into the next edition, you will receive a $10 gift certificate, as well as per-
sonal acknowledgment in the next edition. Diagrams, tables, partial entries, updates, corrections, and
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the authors.

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N N P PP N
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TER
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ORTU
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The First Aid Team is pleased to offer part-time and full-time paid internships in medical education and
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yahoo.com.

xiii
This page intentionally left blank
Section

I
General Principles

 Behavioral Science

 Biochemistry

 Embryology

 Microbiology

 Immunology

 Pathology

 Pharmacology

1
This page intentionally left blank
C
hapter 1

Behavioral Science

3
 s
Hig -Yield Princi le
4 Section I: General Principles • Questions
p
1. Researchers investigating the development
of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
h
(IIMs) such as polymyositis read that vitamin
D may act as an immunomodulator that re-
duces the development and severity of autoim-
mune diseases. Given that many Americans
are vitamin D deficient, the researchers design
an observational study to assess the impact of
vitamin D supplementation on IIM symptom
severity. Subjects are surveyed at time 0 and af-
Behavioral Science
ter two years, and the results are listed in the
chart. Which equation represents the chance
of symptom improvement in subjects who took
vitamin D supplements relative to subjects
who did not take vitamin D supplements?
Vitamin D
supplement
taken
Symptoms improved 50
Symptoms not
300
improved
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
(A) (50 / 300) / (60 / 400)
(B) (50 / 350) / (60 / 460)
(C) (50 / 460) / (60 / 300)
(D) (60 / 400) / (50 / 300)
(E) (60 / 460) / (50 / 350)
2. A 16-year-old boy is brought to the pediatri-
cian by his mother because of excessive day-
time sleepiness. She states that over the past
six months she has received numerous phone
calls from the boy’s school informing her
that her son sleeps throughout all of his after-
noon classes and is often difficult to arouse at
the end of class. The patient reports that oc-
casionally when he wakes up in the morning
he cannot move for extended periods. He says
that sometimes when he laughs at jokes or be-
Q u e st i o n s
comes nervous before a test, he feels as if he
cannot move his legs. He admits that he has
even fallen to the floor because of leg weak-
ness while laughing. Which of the following is
the best choice for treating this patient?
(A) Chloral hydrate
(B) Hydroxyzine
(C) Modafinil
(D) Prochlorperazine maleate
(E) Zolpidem
3. A 52-year-old woman is being treated by a
male psychiatrist for depression stemming
from her recent divorce. Recently, the patient
has been coming to her appointments dressed
up and wearing expensive perfumes. She has
also started to flirt with the doctor. The pa-
Vitamin D
supplement tient’s demeanor and appearance had initially
not taken reminded the psychiatrist of his aunt. He is
60 uncomfortable with the patient’s new behav-
ior patterns and tells her so. She becomes very
400 angry and storms out of the office, canceling
all remaining appointments on her way out.
Which of the following behaviors is an exam-
ple of negative transference?
(A) The doctor seeing the patient as his aunt
(B) The doctor telling the patient he is un-
comfortable
(C) The patient being angry with the doctor
(D) The patient dressing up for appointments
(E) The patient flirting with the doctor
4. A 28-year-old woman presents to her primary
care physician because of depressed mood.
She states that she has been depressed for as
long as she can remember and feels bad about
herself almost all of the time. She states that
her only happy moments were during her hon-
eymoon two years ago, and during a ski trip in
college when she felt “on top of the world.”
She confides that for a couple weeks last
month she felt life was no longer worth living.
At that time, she was having extreme difficulty

sleeping, a complete loss of energy, and a lack
of appetite. A review of the patient’s history
shows that during the past two years she has
seen a physician for complaints of stomach up-
set, fatigue, headaches, and an unintentional
3.6-kg (8-lb) weight gain. Physical examina-
tion and results of laboratory tests are within
normal limits. Which of the following is an ad-
verse effect the patient may experience during
the course of the treatment of this illness?
(A) Agranulocytosis
(B) Anorgasmia
(C) Arrhythmia
(D) Polyuria
(E) Stevens-Johnson syndrome
5. A 6-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician
by her mother because of fecal incontinence.
The mother says this behavior usually occurs
at school. According to Freud, which stage of
psychosexual development has this child failed
to progress through?
(A) Anal stage
(B) Genital stage
(C) Latency stage
(D) Oral stage
(E) Phallic stage
6. A 20-year-old man became very agitated at a
party, and as a result was brought to the emer-
gency department. In the waiting room he is
belligerent and uncooperative. A physical ex-
amination reveals fever, tachycardia, horizon-
tal nystagmus, hyperacusis, and pupils that are
3 mm in diameter bilaterally. Which of the
following substances is most likely causing the
behavioral changes and physical findings ex-
hibited by this patient?
(A) Alcohol
(B) Amphetamines
(C) Cocaine
(D) Lysergic acid diethylamide
(E) Nicotine
(F) Phencyclidine
Hig -Yield Princi le
Chapter 1: Behavioral Science • Questions 5
h

7. The figure below is a common representation
used in studying the characteristics of a test’s
results. Using the letters in the figure, which
of the following accurately describes the preva-
lence of the disease?
p
s
Disease
+ –
+ W X
Test
Behavioral Science
– Y Z
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
(A) (W+X) / (W+X+Y+Z)
(B) (W+Y) / (W+X+Y+Z)
(C) W / (W+X+Y+Z)
(D) W / (X+Y+Z)
(E) W / (X+Z)
8. A 75-year-old man is recovering in the hospi-
tal from a left-sided below-the-knee amputa-
tion. Three days after the surgery, the patient
suddenly develops chest pain and shortness of
breath that last for 20 minutes. His pain medi-
cation is increased, which improves the pain
but not the shortness of breath. X-ray of the
chest is negative for a pulmonary embolus, so
the medical team decides to monitor him ex-
pectantly. The next day, a similar episode of
shortness of breath and chest pain occurs. The
patient then sustains cardiac arrest and dies.
Autopsy reveals multiple pulmonary emboli.
The family threatens to sue for malpractice for
mismanaged postoperative care. Which of the
following is necessary to prove malpractice?
(A) A patient directly suffers harm
(B) A physician’s presence at the time of injury
(C) Intent to harm
(D) Proof beyond reasonable doubt
(E) Use of standard procedures
 s
Hig -Yield Princi le
6 Section I: General Principles • Questions
p
9. A 2-month-old boy is brought to the emer-
gency department with respiratory insuffi-
ciency and failure to thrive. The pregnancy
and perinatal course were uneventful. Gener-
alized hypotonia, tongue fasciculations, and
h
flaccid paralysis are noted on physical exami-
nation. His hospital stay is complicated by the
development of tracheobronchomalacia and
respiratory insufficiency that necessitates me-
chanical ventilation. Despite these efforts,
the patient dies of respiratory complications.
Muscle biopsy shows denervation and panfas-
cicular atrophy. A genetics consult yields the
Behavioral Science
pedigree shown in the image. Which of the
following diseases is most consistent with this
patient’s presentation and the pedigree shown
in the image?
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
(A) Becker muscular dystrophy
(B) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
(C) Kugelberg-Welander disease
(D) Spinal muscular atrophy, type II
(E) Werdnig-Hoffmann disease
10. A new screening test for the development of
mitral regurgitation in the setting of rheumatic
fever is created. A study of 1000 patients with a
history of Streptococcus pyogenes infection and
a diagnosis of rheumatic fever is performed
using this test, which has 90% sensitivity and
85% specificity. The prevalence of mitral re-
gurgitation in this population is estimated to
be 40%. What is the positive predictive value
of this test?
(A) 8%
(B) 20%
(C) 80%
(D) 85%
(E) 93%
11. A 66-year-old man presents to his primary care
physician with a complaint of erectile dysfunc-
tion. His past history is significant for hyper-
tension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, peripheral
vascular disease, and coronary artery disease
status postmyocardial infarction. His current
medications are propranolol, captopril, aspirin,
lovastatin, metformin, fluoxetine, and sublin-
gual nitroglycerin. On further questioning, he
admits to wanting a prescription for sildenafil.
Which of his medications is unsafe to take
with sildenafil?
(A) Aspirin
(B) Captopril
(C) Fluoxetine
(D) Lovastatin
(E) Metformin
(F) Nitroglycerin
(G) Propranolol
12. A 17-year-old girl presents to her primary care
physician with a complaint of missed menses.
A urine pregnancy test confirms that she is
pregnant. She returns to the office two weeks
later asking for recommendations on obtaining
an abortion. She explains that she works, lives
with her husband, and is not ready for a child.
She decides that she does not want to notify
anyone, and says she has chosen not to talk
with her parents for many months. Her doctor
understands that he must abide by her wishes
because she is emancipated. Which of the fol-
lowing makes this patient emancipated?
(A) Age 17 years is considered an adult
(B) Full-time work
(C) High school diploma
(D) Living separately from her parents
(E) Marriage

13. A group of scientists decides to conduct a study
addressing the long-term effects of maternal
alcohol consumption on their infants after
conception. Two hundred women, including
those who suffer from alcoholism and those
who do not, are recruited into the study when
they present for their first primary care visit. A
medical history is taken on alcohol use, prena-
tal care, nutritional status, and smoking behav-
iors; these are measured monthly during the
pregnancy. The researchers follow the wom-
en’s pregnancies until term, after which they
devote their attention to the health and behav-
iors of the offspring. Which of the following
is the most appropriate statistic the research-
ers will be able to calculate as a result of their
study?
(A) Attributable risk of offspring abnormalities
in mothers who smoke
(B) Odds ratio of offspring abnormalities in
mothers who consume alcohol during
pregnancy
(C) Prevalence of alcohol consumption during
pregnancy
(D) Proportion of all offspring abnormalities
that are due to alcohol consumption dur-
ing pregnancy
(E) Relative risk of offspring abnormalities in
mothers who consume alcohol during
pregnancy
14. An 11-year-old girl is brought to the pediatri-
cian with complaints of back pain. On physical
examination, a right thoracic scoliotic curve is
noted. The pediatrician mentions to the parent
that the development of adolescent idiopathic
scoliosis is due to the girl being at peak height
growth velocity. Peak height velocity is associ-
ated with a certain Tanner stage; what other
physical attributes would one expect to occur
in this girl at the same time?
(A) Elevation of the breast papilla only, and no
pubic hair
(B) Enlargement of the breast and areola with
a single contour, and darker, coarse, curled
pubic hair
(C) Mature breast, and adult quantity and pat-
tern of pubic hair that extends to the
thighs
Hig -Yield Princi le
Chapter 1: Behavioral Science • Questions 7
h

(D) Projection of the areola and papilla (with
separate contours), and adult-type pubic
hair limited to the genital area
(E) Small breast buds with elevation of breast
papilla, and sparse, straight, downy hair on
p
the labial base
s
15. A 10-year-old Hispanic boy is admitted for
bone marrow transplantation as treatment
for acute myelogenous leukemia. The doctor
wants to enroll the patient in a clinical trial
for a new pain medication, but both the par-
ents speak only Spanish. The consent form
Behavioral Science
is in English, and the physician has a limited
knowledge of Spanish. What is the physician’s
best option for obtaining consent from this pa-
tient?
(A) Explain the study to the whole family in
Spanish, to the best of the physician’s abil-
ity
(B) Have a Spanish-speaking employee of the
hospital translate for the patient
(C) Have the parents sign the English form af-
ter discussing the study via an interpreter
(D) Obtain a translated consent form and dis-
cuss the study via an interpreter
(E) The boy speaks English, so the parents’
consent will not be required
16. A 70-year-old man comes into his doctor’s of-
fice for a routine check-up. His past medi-
cal history is significant for a heart attack,
for which he takes a daily baby aspirin and a
b-blocker. He practices safe habits and always
wears his seat belt while driving. His health
has been “great” for the past few years, al-
though he is concerned about his wife because
she recently suffered a mild stroke. He denies
any visual loss or motor or sensory weakness.
The patient’s physical examination is unre-
markable. Which of the following is the lead-
ing cause of death among people age 65 years
or older?
(A) Heart disease
(B) Malignancy
(C) Motor vehicle crashes
(D) Stroke
(E) Suicide
 s
Hig -Yield Princi le
8 Section I: General Principles • Questions
p
17. A 54-year-old man with a history of poorly con-
trolled hypertension complains of new-onset
headaches. His mother passed away at an early
age due to a stroke, and his father died of a
myocardial infarction. When asked why he
h
does not take better care of his blood pressure,
he states that he is so busy with work and with
the church that, by the end of the day, he often
forgets to take his pills. He states that he “feels
fine, anyway.” What ego defense mechanism is
this patient using?
(A) Denial
Behavioral Science
(B) Displacement
(C) Projection
(D) Rationalization
(E) Repression
20. A 45-year-old man presents to a psychiatrist at
18. A 3-year-old girl presents for her regular check-
up. Her mother reports that she is fully toilet
trained, and that she can dress and undress
with minor assistance. She speaks in full sen-
tences, can name four colors, and can copy a
simple circle drawing. What other milestone
would this child most likely have reached
since her last visit one year ago?
(A) Engages in cooperative play
(B) Has imaginary friend(s)
(C) Hops on one foot
(D) Reads
(E) Rides a tricycle
(F) Stacks five blocks
19. A retrospective cohort study is examining birth
complications in women with diabetes. The
study determines that babies are more likely to
be born large for gestational age (LGA) if the
mother has diabetes. The relative risk for the
study is calculated to be 4. Which of the fol-
lowing accurately describes this relative risk?
(A) The incidence rate of diabetes among
mothers with LGA babies is four times that
of non-LGA mothers
(B) The incidence rate of LGA among women
with diabetes is four times that of women
without diabetes
(C) The incidence rate of LGA among women
without diabetes is four times that of
women with diabetes
(D) The odds of diabetes among mothers with
LGA babies is four times that of non-LGA
mothers
(E) The odds of LGA among women with dia-
betes is four times that of women without
diabetes
his wife’s prompting. He is an English profes-
sor at the University of Virginia and regularly
wins accolades for his well-organized and ar-
ticulate lectures. In the past three months, he
has become convinced that his wife is having
an affair with a co-worker, despite her protests
to the contrary. His wife recently discovered
that he hired a private investigator to track her
whereabouts. He is very defensive when the
counselor questions his suspicions about his
wife. Mental status examination reveals a well-
dressed, middle-aged man without hallucina-
tions or other mood disturbances. His speech
is normal and displays an appropriate affec-
tive range. Which of the following is the most
likely diagnosis?
(A) Antisocial personality disorder
(B) Avoidant personality disorder
(C) Delusional disorder
(D) Schizoid personality disorder
(E) Schizophrenia
(F) Schizophreniform disorder

An s w e r s
1. The correct answer is B. This prospective, ob-
servational study is a cohort study. Therefore,
the likely unit of measure is the relative risk,
which is the risk of a health outcome with a
given exposure versus the risk of a health out-
come without the exposure. In this case, the
relative “risk” of a health outcome is really the
relative chance of improvement of symptoms.
To calculate the relative “risk,” first calculate
the chance of improvement with vitamin D
supplementation by dividing the number of
subjects receiving supplementation whose
symptoms improved (50) by the total number
of subjects taking vitamin D; this is 50/350.
Then calculate the chance of improvement
without vitamin D supplementation by divid-
ing the number of subjects not receiving sup-
plementation whose symptoms improved by
the total number of subjects not taking vitamin
D; this is 60 / 460. The ratio of these values is
the relative risk: (50 / 350) / (60 / 460).
Answer A is incorrect. This value does not ap-
propriately calculate the relative risk with vita-
min D supplementation. The value is equiva-
lent to the odds ratio, which is the measure
typically used to analyze a retrospective, case-
control study.
Answer C is incorrect. This value does not ap-
propriately calculate the relative risk with vita-
min D supplementation. It does not represent
any commonly used measure of analysis.
Answer D is incorrect. This value does not ap-
propriately calculate the relative risk with vita-
min D supplementation. Instead, the value is
essentially equivalent to the inverse of a calcu-
lation for odds ratio, which is not a measure
used in data analysis.
Answer E is incorrect. This value does not ap-
propriately calculate the relative risk of vitamin
D supplementation. The value instead calcu-
lates the chance of improvement without vita-
min D supplementation relative to the chance
of improvement with vitamin D supplementa-
tion. This is the inverse of what the question
asked.
Hig -Yield Princi le
Chapter 1: Behavioral Science • Answers 9
h

2. The correct answer is C. This patient exhib-
its some of the classic symptoms of narcolepsy,
p
including daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, and
sleep paralysis. Cataplexy is defined as brief
s
episodes of bilateral weakness brought on by
strong emotions such as laughing or fear, with-
out alteration in consciousness. Sleep paralysis
is an episode of partial or total paralysis that
occurs at the beginning or end of a sleep cycle.
Patients are often aware that they are awake,
Behavioral Science
but may suffer from frightening hallucina-
tions known as hypnagogic when they occur
at sleep onset, and hypnopompic when they
occur on awakening. Modafinil is an amphet-
amine derivative used to treat attention deficit/
hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Patients
suffering from cataplexy and sleep paralysis
may also benefit from the initiation of tricyclic
antidepressants or selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors.
Answer A is incorrect. Chloral hydrate is a
nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic that is used for
sedation and insomnia. This patient does not
need help sleeping.
Answer B is incorrect. Hydroxyzine is a non-
selective antihistamine that is used in the treat-
ment of anxiety, pruritus, nausea/vomiting, se-
dation, and insomnia.
Answer D is incorrect. Prochlorperazine
maleate is a typical antipsychotic used in the
treatment of nausea, vomiting, anxiety, and
psychosis.
Answer E is incorrect. Zolpidem is a nonben-
zodiazepine hypnotic that is used in the treat-
ment of insomnia.
3. The correct answer is C. Transference occurs
when a patient projects feelings from his or her
personal life onto a doctor; countertransfer-
ence takes place when the doctor projects feel-
ings onto the patient. These feelings can be
either positive or negative. The patient’s anger
at the doctor when her sexual advances are re-
buffed is an example of negative transference.
 s
Hig -Yield Princi le
10 Section I: General Principles • Answers
p
Answer A is incorrect. The doctor being re-
minded of his aunt by this patient is an exam-
ple of countertransference.
Answer B is incorrect. The doctor telling the
h
patient that he is uncomfortable is not an ex-
ample of countertransference or transference.
Answer D is incorrect. The patient dressing
up for appointments is positive transference.
Answer E is incorrect. The patient flirting
with the doctor is positive transference. In its
most extreme form, positive transference can
Behavioral Science
take the form of sexual desire.
4. The correct answer is D. This patient has a
history of at least one major depressive episode
and at least one hypomanic episode without
the presence of mixed or manic episodes, a his-
tory consistent with bipolar II disorder. Treat-
ment for this disorder is a mood stabilizer,
most commonly lithium. A common adverse
effect of this therapy is nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus, in which the principal cells of the
renal collecting duct are unable to respond to
ADH secreted by the posterior pituitary. As a
result, the patient will be unable to concen-
trate urine and will thus experience frequent
urination.
Answer A is incorrect. Agranulocytosis is a tox-
icity associated with clozapine, an atypical an-
tipsychotic. This medication is generally used
in treatment of schizophrenia, but may be
used in cases of mania that are unresponsive to
first-line drugs such as lithium. Although the
patient did have a history of a hypomanic epi-
sode, there is no indication for clozapine as a
first-line treatment for bipolar II disorder.
Answer B is incorrect. Anorgasmia is a com-
mon adverse effect of selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors. This class of medication,
which includes fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertra-
line, and citalopram, is commonly used in the
treatment of major depression. Although this
patient has a history of feeling depressed, she
also has a history notable for a hypomanic epi-
sode. A major depressive episode is diagnosed
if the patient has 5/9 symptoms for at least two
weeks, including Sleep changes, loss of Inter-
est (anhedonia), Guilt, Energy loss, Concen-
tration changes, Appetite changes, Psychomo-
tor abnormalities, and Suicidal thoughts (SIG
E CAPS). One of the symptoms has to be de-
pressed mood or anhedonia. Major depressive
disorder is diagnosed after a major depressive
episode without a history of mania, hypoma-
nia, or mixed episodes (when criteria for both
manic and major depressive episode are simul-
taneously present for at least one week), and
is further specified by modifiers such as recur-
rent, chronic, or postpartum onset.
Answer C is incorrect. Arrhythmias are a
well-known adverse effect of the tricyclic anti-
depressants. This class of medications, which
includes imipramine, clomipramine, and
amitriptyline, work to block the reuptake of
norepinephrine and serotonin. They are com-
monly used medications in the treatment of
major depression, obsessive compulsive disor-
der, and fibromyalgia. However, the patient in
this case has a clinical history most consistent
with bipolar II disorder, and thus a mood sta-
bilizer such as lithium should be used rather
than an antidepressant, which could lead to
further manic episodes in this patient.
Answer E is incorrect. Stevens-Johnson syn-
drome is a well-known adverse effect of carba-
mazepine, an anti-epileptic drug that is some-
times used to treat bipolar disorder. Although
this patient has a medical history consistent
with bipolar II disorder, first-line treatment is
generally with a different mood stabilizer such
as lithium, as this medication has been proven
effective, is cheaper, and has a relatively less
severe adverse-effect profile.
5. The correct answer is A. The proper stage se-
quence of Freud’s psychosexual theory is oral,
anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Freud’s the-
ories of psychosexual development associate
pleasure with certain bodily functions. Freud
believed that between the ages of 18 months
and 3 years, children are preoccupied with
anal functions. Encopresis is fecal inconti-
nence and can range from mild to severe.
Answer B is incorrect. Freud’s genital stage
encompasses adolescents to adults and is char-
 Hig -Yield Princi le
Chapter 1: Behavioral Science • Answers 11

acterized by the desire to achieve sexual grati-
fication.
Answer C is incorrect. Freud’s latency stage
encompasses the ages of 6-12 years and is char-
acterized by a suppression of sexual desire.
h

Answer C is incorrect. Patients presenting
with acute cocaine intoxication will show
symptoms of euphoria, psychomotor agitation,
impaired judgment, tachycardia, pupillary di-
lation, hypertension, hallucinations, paranoid

p
ideations, angina, and sudden cardiac death.
Answer D is incorrect. Freud’s oral stage en- On withdrawal, they will show a post-use

compasses birth to the age of 18 months.
Freud believed that children of this age gain
satisfaction from oral functions.
Answer E is incorrect. Freud’s phallic stage
encompasses the ages of 3-5 years and is most
commonly known as the oedipal phase. Freud
s
“crash” that includes severe depression, hyper-
somnolence, fatigue, malaise, and severe psy-
chological craving.
Answer D is incorrect. Patients presenting
with acute lysergic acid diethylamide intoxica-

Behavioral Science
tion will display marked anxiety or depression,
believed that at this stage children begin to de- delusions, visual hallucinations, flashbacks,
velop sexual fantasies. and pupillary dilation.

6. The correct answer is F. This patient has Answer E is incorrect. Patients presenting
with acute nicotine intoxication will show


taken phencyclidine, or PCP. Patients with
PCP intoxication show signs of belligerence, symptoms of restlessness, insomnia, anxiety,
impulsiveness, fever, psychomotor agitation, and arrhythmias. On withdrawal, they will
vertical and horizontal nystagmus, tachycardia, have symptoms of irritability, headache, anxi-
ataxia, homicidality, psychosis, and delirium. ety, weight gain, craving, and tachycardia.
On withdrawal, patients may demonstrate a
7. The correct answer is B. The prevalence is
recurrence of intoxication when the PCP,


the number of individuals with a disease in a
which was trapped in an ionized form in the
given population at a given time. Prevalence is
acidic gastric lumen, is reabsorbed in the alka-
estimated by test results but is not a measure of
line duodenum. PCP users will have normal
a test’s validity. In the chart shown, the preva-
or small pupils. Death can result from a variety
lence can also be determined by calculating
of causes, including respiratory depression and
the number of true-positive plus false-negative
violent behavior.
results divided by the total number of patients.
Answer A is incorrect. Patients presenting with
Answer A is incorrect. This term represents
acute alcohol intoxication will show symptoms
the incidence of positive test results.
of disinhibition, emotional lability, slurred
speech, ataxia, coma, and blackouts. On with- Answer C is incorrect. This represents true-
drawal, they will demonstrate a tremor, tachy- positive results divided by the total number of
cardia, hypertension, malaise, nausea, seizures, patients. This would be the percent of true-
delirium tremens, tremulousness, agitation, positive results of all tested, but it is not used
and hallucinations. very often.
Answer B is incorrect. Patients presenting Answer D is incorrect. This represents true-
with amphetamine intoxication will display positive results divided by the total number of
psychomotor agitation, impaired judgment, patients tested less those with true-positive re-
pupillary dilation, hypertension, tachycardia, sults, and would not be a meaningful calcula-
euphoria, prolonged wakefulness and atten- tion.
tion, cardiac arrhythmias, delusions, hallucina-
Answer E is incorrect. This represents the
tions, and fever. On withdrawal, they will show
number of true-positive results over the to-
a post-use “crash” that includes depression,
tal number of patients without disease. This
lethargy, headache, stomach cramps, hunger,
would not be a meaningful calculation.
and hypersomnolence.
 s
Hig -Yield Princi le
12 Section I: General Principles • Answers
p
8. The correct answer is A. Malpractice suits
require that the patient prove dereliction,
damage, and direct harm by a physician with
whom there was an established relationship.
Direct harm is a concept that the injury is
h
causally related to the actions of the physician.
This is also known as proximal cause, and in
many cases is the most difficult aspect to prove,
as a temporal relationship does not necessarily
imply a causal relationship.
Answer B is incorrect. It is not necessary for
the doctor to have been present at the time of
Behavioral Science
injury, but there must be an established rela-
tionship between the physician and patient.
Answer C is incorrect. Intent is not a factor
in malpractice proceedings. These proceed-
ings are civil lawsuits, not criminal. As such,
when intent or gross misconduct is proven,
additional punitive damages may be assessed
against the physician.
Answer D is incorrect. As malpractice suits
are civil rather than criminal proceedings, the
plaintiff is required only to prove “more likely
than not” that the actions of the defendant led
to damages.
Answer E is incorrect. Proof of malpractice re-
quires dereliction, or deviation from standard
procedure, that leads to the injury in question.
9. The correct answer is E. Spinal muscular
atrophy (SMA) is one of the most common
autosomal-recessive diseases, affecting ap-
proximately one in 10,000 live births. It has a
carrier frequency of approximately one in 50
and is characterized by symmetric proximal
muscle weakness due to the degeneration of
the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. SMA
is classically divided into three subtypes based
on age of onset and clinical severity. Type I
SMA (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease), the most
severe, is characterized by the onset of signifi-
cant muscle weakness and hypotonia in the
first few months of life, and the inability to
sit or walk. Manifestations may even occur in
utero with reduced fetal movement. Fatal res
­
piratory failure usually occurs before the age
of 2 years. Muscle biopsy demonstrates large
numbers of atrophic fibers that involve entire
fascicles (panfascicular atrophy). Unlike SMA
types II and III, this patient’s disease developed
at an early age, so early milestones were not
achieved. This is not the case in the less severe
forms of SMA.
Answer A is incorrect. BMD involves the
same genetic locus that is affected in DMD,
but its occurrence is less common. It follows a
more indolent course, with onset often occur-
ring in late childhood.
Answer B is incorrect. Duchenne muscular
dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystro-
phy (BMD) are both characterized by defects
in the 427-kDa protein dystrophin, encoded on
the Xp21 region. DMD is the most common
form of muscular dystrophy, with an incidence
of about one in 3500 live births. Onset typi-
cally occurs after infancy and before the age
of five. The clinical course is characterized by
progressive muscle weakness and wasting that
lead to wheelchair dependence by 10-12 years
of age. Early motor milestones are met in pa-
tients with BMD and DMD.
Answer C is incorrect. Type III spinal muscu-
lar atrophy, or Kugelberg-Welander disease, is
characterized by the onset of proximal muscle
weakness after the age of 2 years, the ability
to walk independently until the disease pro-
gresses, and survival into adulthood.
Answer D is incorrect. Type II spinal mus-
cular atrophy is characterized by the onset of
proximal muscle weakness before 18 months
of age, the ability to sit but not to walk un-
aided, and survival beyond 4 years of age.
10. The correct answer is C. Positive predictive
value (PPV) is the probability that a positive
test result is truly positive. It can be calculated
by taking the number of true-positive results
and dividing it by the total positive results.
Since the prevalence is 40%, the number of
positive patients will be 0.4 × 1000 = 400 and
the number of negative patients will be 1000 -
400 = 600. The number of true-positives can
be found by multiplying the sensitivity by this
total, giving us 0.9 × 400 = 360. The number
of false-positives can be found by multiplying
the specificity by the total negative patients

and subtracting that product from the total
negatives, or 600 - (0.85 × 600) = 90. Then,
360 / (360 + 90) = 0.8, or 80%. Remember:
PPV and negative predictive value change
with prevalence in a population, so the esti-
mated prevalence must be taken into account
when calculating the number of true-positives
and true-negatives.
Answer A is incorrect. Dividing the number of
false-negative results by the total negative re-
sults would give an answer of 8%.
Answer B is incorrect. Dividing the number
of false-positive (rather than true-positive) find-
ings by the total positive results would give an
answer of 20%.
Answer D is incorrect. Switching the values
for sensitivity and specificity would give an an-
swer of 85%.
Answer E is incorrect. The negative predictive
value is 93%.
11. The correct answer is F. As is common for
many older patients, this man is taking several
prescription medications. Though a couple of
his prescriptions should be used with caution
with sildenafil (captopril and propranolol), the
only one that might significantly interact with
sildenafil is sublingual nitroglycerin. Nitroglyc-
erin is used for prompt relief of an ongoing at-
tack of angina precipitated by exercise or emo-
tional stress. Nitrates relax vascular smooth
muscle by their intracellular conversion to
nitrite ions and then to nitric oxide, which in
turn activates cGMP and increases the cell’s
cGMP level. Elevated cGMP ultimately
causes vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
This is the same mechanism sildenafil uses to
cause smooth muscle relaxation and increased
blood flow into the corpus cavernosum at a
certain level of sexual stimulation. Using these
drugs together can lead to severe hypotension
and cardiovascular collapse.
Answer A is incorrect. Aspirin and sildenafil
have no known dangerous interactions.
Answer B is incorrect. Captopril and sildenafil
have no known dangerous interactions, though
the combination may increase the risk of hypo-
Hig -Yield Princi le
Chapter 1: Behavioral Science • Answers 13
h

tension-related adverse effects. However, the
captopril is probably contributing to his erec-
tile dysfunction.
Answer C is incorrect. Fluoxetine and silden
­
afil have no known dangerous interactions.
p
However, the fluoxetine is probably contribut-
s
ing to his erectile dysfunction.
Answer D is incorrect. Lovastatin and silden
­
afil have no known dangerous interactions.
Answer E is incorrect. Metformin and silden
­
afil have no known dangerous interactions.
Behavioral Science
Answer G is incorrect. Propranolol and
sildenafil have no known dangerous interac-
­
tions, though the combination may increase
the risk of hypotension related adverse effects.
However, the propranolol may be contributing
to his erectile dysfunction.
12. The correct answer is E. Emancipation is a
legal definition through which minors become
independent of their parents and are free to
make medical decisions for themselves. A mi-
nor, which is a legal condition defined by age,
can generally acquire emancipation through
court order or marriage. These situations usu-
ally suggest that the minor will be financially
independent of his or her parents. This patient
is married and is therefore emancipated.
Answer A is incorrect. While this patient has
many adult responsibilities, 18 years is the le-
gal age of consent and adulthood.
Answer B is incorrect. Full-time work suggests
that the patient is financially independent, but
taken alone it is not proof of emancipation.
Answer C is incorrect. A high school diploma
does not provide emancipation. Even though a
minor becomes the primary decision maker af-
ter high school graduation, he or she is not nec-
essarily financially independent of the parents.
Answer D is incorrect. A teenager may state
he or she has separated from the parents, but
unless the courts have approved a legal separa-
tion, merely saying she is “separated” from her
parents is not enough; legally the parents are
still financially responsible for the child until
he or she turns 18.
 s
Hig -Yield Princi le
14 Section I: General Principles • Answers
p
13. The correct answer is E. The study described
here is a cohort study, because it includes a
group with and a group without a given risk
factor (fetal exposure to alcohol) and then
looks at whether the risk factor changes the
h
chances of offspring getting the disease (abnor-
malities). The study is prospective, because the
group members are looked at before the dis-
ease (abnormality) develops in the offspring.
Relative risk can be calculated from the results
of a cohort study by comparing the rate of dis-
ease in the group with the risk factor to the rate
of disease in the group without the risk factor.
Behavioral Science
Answer A is incorrect. Attributable risk can be
calculated from the results of a cohort study
and describes the proportion of disease that is
due to the risk factor under study. Although
smoking behavior of the women is being re-
corded, the study is not designed to look at
the impact of this risk factor on fetal abnor-
mality; the rate of smoking in the two groups
of women is unknown, and thus we do not
know whether there are sufficient numbers
of women in the “exposed” and “unexposed”
groups when it comes to tobacco.
Answer B is incorrect. An odds ratio is similar
to relative risk, but it is calculated from the re-
sults of a case-control study, not from a cohort
study. Because birth abnormality is a relatively
rare outcome, the odds ratio from a case-control
study would likely closely approximate the ac-
tual relative risk.
Answer C is incorrect. Prevalence is a mea-
sure of how many cases of a given disease exist
in a population that is at risk for that disease.
This is not the best answer in this case, be-
cause there are no data to judge whether this
group of 200 women represents the true preva-
lence of alcoholism during pregnancy in the
community.
Answer D is incorrect. The statistic described
in this answer is the population attributable
risk (PAR), which helps us understand, in a
given population, how much less common a
disease (fetal abnormality) would be if a given
risk factor (alcohol consumption during preg-
nancy) were completely eliminated. To calcu-
late PAR, the attributable risk is multiplied by
the prevalence of the risk factor in the popula-
tion, which would not be known in this study.
14. The correct answer is B. Tanner stage 3 is the
stage when most girls experience peak height
velocity. Peak height velocity occurs approxi-
mately one year after the initiation of breast de-
velopment. Also, pubic hair becomes dark and
curly during this stage.
Answer A is incorrect. This description corre-
sponds to Tanner stage 1.
Answer C is incorrect. This description corre-
sponds to Tanner stage 5.
Answer D is incorrect. This description corre-
sponds to Tanner stage 4.
Answer E is incorrect. This description corre-
sponds to Tanner stage 2.
15. The correct answer is D. Obtaining informed
consent from the patient means that the pa-
tient understands the risks, benefits, and al-
ternatives to the study, and that the doctor re-
lays to the patient pertinent matters about the
plan of care. For the non-English-speaking
patient, the consent is translated into the ap-
propriate language and discussed with him/her
through an interpreter. This allows the patient
(or in this case, his parents) freedom to read
and process the consent and to discuss it later.
Whereas this option may not be possible for
every language or reasonable for every study, it
is appropriate in this non-emergent situation.
Answer A is incorrect. With limited knowl-
edge of Spanish, the doctor will unlikely be
able to address all the important issues delin-
eated in the consent form.
Answer B is incorrect. Having someone other
than an interpreter translate will be invading
patient privacy, incomplete, and not perfectly
accurate/reliable.
Answer C is incorrect. In a non-emergent set-
ting, the best approach is to allow the patient/
family to view a translated copy of the consent
and consider all their options in an unbiased
manner. The use of an interpreter, however,
would be invaluable in an emergent setting.

Answer E is incorrect. The patient is too
young to give consent (<18 years).
16. The correct answer is A. Heart disease is the
leading cause of death among the elderly (65
years old and older), as well as the leading
cause of death if all ages are combined. The
patient is at a particularly high risk for subse-
quent cardiac events due to his previous history
of myocardial infarction. Other major risk fac-
tors for cardiac events are high blood pressure,
hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus.
18. The correct answer is E. This is a typical
Answer B is incorrect. Cancer is the second
most common cause of death. It ranks after
heart disease, but before stroke.
Answer C is incorrect. Motor vehicle crashes,
and accidents in general, are leading causes of
death. However, they are the most common
cause of death among children (1-14 years
old) and adolescents (15-24 years old) and not
among the elderly.
Answer D is incorrect. Stroke is the third most
common cause of death among the elderly, be-
hind heart disease and then cancer.
Answer E is incorrect. Suicide is not the lead-
ing cause of death in the elderly. It is a com-
mon cause of death among adolescents.
17. The correct answer is A. The mechanism of
denial is when one fails to recognize the obvi-
ous implications or consequences of a thought,
act, or situation. This ego defense mechanism
is often seen in patients with recently diag-
nosed HIV or cancer.
Answer B is incorrect. Displacement is a de-
fense mechanism whereby ideas and feelings
19. The correct answer is B. A retrospective co-
that a patient wishes to avoid are transferred
to another person or object; for example, a pa-
tient who yells at the nurse because he is angry
at news he has just received from the doctor.
Answer C is incorrect. Projection is the pro-
cess of attributing one’s thoughts or impulses,
usually ones that are unacceptable or undesir-
able, to another person.
Answer D is incorrect. Rationalization pro-
duces a more socially acceptable and appar-
Hig -Yield Princi le
Chapter 1: Behavioral Science • Answers 15
h

ently more or less logical explanation for an
act or decision actually produced by uncon-
scious impulses. This patient’s assertion that he
“feels fine, anyway” may be a form of rational-
ization, but the primary ego defense mecha-
p
nism that he is using is denial.
s
Answer E is incorrect. Repression is the un-
conscious exclusion of a painful or anxiety-
provoking thought, impulse, or memory from
awareness.
well-child visit. Other milestones reached at
Behavioral Science
approximately this age include stacking nine
blocks, riding a tricycle, and beginning to en-
gage in group play. Riding a tricycle at 3 years
is easy to remember because a tricycle has
three wheels. The number of blocks stacked
between ages 2 and 4 years is about three times
the child’s age in years; that is, a 2-year-old can
stack six blocks, whereas a 3-year-old can stack
nine blocks.
Answer A is incorrect. Engaging in coopera-
tive play is achieved between 4 and 5 years of
age.
Answer B is incorrect. Imaginary friends are
typically present between 4 and 5 years of age.
Answer C is incorrect. Hopping on one foot is
typical of a 4-year-old child.
Answer D is incorrect. Reading is most often
learned at 5-6 years of age and older.
Answer F is incorrect. Children at 2 years of
age can usually stack six blocks, whereas chil-
dren at 3 years can stack nine blocks.
hort study includes a group of subjects who
had a certain condition or received a certain
treatment at some time in the past and com-
pares their outcomes to those of another group
(a control group) made up of subjects who did
not have this condition or receive the treat-
ment. In this study the risk factor is the pres-
ence of diabetes in the mothers and the out-
come is LGA babies. The incidence of LGA
births in women with diabetes is four times
that in women without diabetes. Relative risk is
 s
Hig -Yield Princi le
16 Section I: General Principles • Answers
p

 
 
defined as the incidence rate of some outcome Answer A is incorrect. Cluster B personality
in those exposed to a risk factor divided by the disorders include antisocial, borderline, histri-
incidence rate of those not exposed. This defi- onic, and narcissistic types. Patients with anti-
nition gives the factor at which the incidence social personality disorder show a disregard for
rate of LGA among women with diabetes is and often violate the rights of others. These in-
h
larger than the incidence rate of LGA among dividuals often have a criminal history. This is
women without diabetes. the only personality disorder with an age limit
(18 years). Minors with similar behavior are
Answer A is incorrect. This choice describes
classified as having conduct disorder.
the correct type of risk analysis but describes
the relationship in reverse. Answer B is incorrect. Cluster C personal-
ity disorders are characterized by anxiety and
Answer C is incorrect. This choice reverses
include avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, and
the findings of the study, which shows that
Behavioral Science

dependent personality types. Individuals with

the incidence of LGA is four times more in
women with diabetes.
Answer D is incorrect. This choice incorrectly
uses odds rather than incidence rates and also
describes the relationship of the findings of the
study in reverse.
Answer E is incorrect. This choice describes
an odds ratio for a case-control study. A case-
control study evaluates the presence of risk
factors in people with and without a disease.
Although this is the opposite of a cohort study,
the results are still reported in terms of disease
presence with respect to risk factors; that is, the
presence or absence of disease is categorized
in the group with risk factors and compared to
the group without risk factors. The difference,
however, is that odds are used rather than inci-
dence. The incidence rate is a percentage (eg,
50 out of 100). Odds are calculated by dividing
those with disease by those without (50 to 50,
or 1 to 1).
20. The correct answer is C. Delusional disor-
der is diagnosed following one month of non-
­
bizarre delusions that are usually focused
around a particular topic, in this case, the fi-
delity of the patient’s wife. The delusions are
not attributable to another psychiatric disorder
such as schizophrenia. Delusional disorder
does not markedly impair the person’s func-
tioning in daily activities. The ramifications
are limited to the delusional content.
avoidant personality disorder are sensitive to
rejection, are socially inhibited, and have over-
whelming feelings of inadequacy.
Answer D is incorrect. Patients with schiz-
oid personality disorder exhibit voluntary so-
cial withdrawal (unlike avoidant patients) and
have limited emotional expressions. They lack
strange beliefs and thoughts of the schizotypal
personality disorder.
Answer E is incorrect. Schizophrenia is a
chronic psychiatric condition. It affects 1% of
the population and usually begins before age
25. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, specifies
the active phase of the disease and requires
that at least two of the following symptoms be
present during a one-month period: delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly
disorganized or catatonic behavior, and nega-
tive symptoms (eg, flat affect, lack of motiva-
tion, or poverty of speech). Moreover, signs of
the disturbance must be present for at least six
months, such as one of the above symptoms in
an attenuated form (eg, magical thinking, so-
cial withdrawal, or other negative symptoms).
Answer F is incorrect. Schizophreniform dis-
order is similar to schizophrenia except that
its symptoms have lasted between one and six
months. In contrast, patients with schizophre-
nia must have had symptoms for longer than
six months.
Chapter 2

Biochemistry

17
Hig -Yield Princi les
18 Section I: General Principles • Questions
p

 
 
Q u e st i o n s

1. A 6-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician 3. A 54-year-old woman complains of fatigue,

with skin lesions all over his body. For several difficulty climbing stairs, and weight loss. Her
h
years he has been very sensitive to sunlight. medical history is notable for hypertension.
Neither the boy’s parents nor his siblings have She takes no medications. Her skin is moist
the same skin lesions or sun sensitivity. Biop- and she has a prominent stare. The patient’s vi-
sies of several of the boy’s lesions reveal squa- tal signs are:
mous cell carcinoma. Which mutation would
Heart rate: 112/min
one expect to see in this patient’s DNA?
Blood pressure: 143/90 mm/Hg
(A) Methylation of the gene Respiratory rate: 14/min


(B) Missense mutation in the gene Oxygen saturation: 98% on room air


(C) Nonsense mutation in the middle of the
Biochemistry

Laboratory tests reveal markedly elevated levels

gene
of a specific hormone. What is the first mole-
(D) Point mutation within the enhancer region
cule produced within a cell in response to this


(E) Point mutation within the operator region
hormone?


(F) Point mutation within the promoter region


(G) Thymidine dimers
(A) Carbohydrate

(B) DNA


2. A metabolic process is pictured below. Which (C) Fatty acid




intermediate in this process inhibits the rate- (D) Protein


limiting enzyme of glycolysis and activates the (E) RNA


rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis?
4. A 35-year-old man presents to the physician


Pyruvate
with arthritic pain in both knees along with
back pain. He states that the pain has been
Acetyl-CoA present for months. In an effort to obtain re-
lief, he has taken only aspirin, but this has
D B been of little benefit. The patient is afebrile,
NADH
cis-aconitate
and his slightly swollen knee joints are neither
hot nor tender to palpation; however, the pain
C Isocitrate
does restrict his motion. The cartilage of his
CO2 + NADH
Fumarate ears appears slightly darker than normal. No
FADH2
A tophi are present. A urine specimen is taken
CO2 + NADH for analysis of uric acid content and turns
Succinate
GTP black in the laboratory while standing. A de-
+
CoA E fect in which of the following is the most likely
underlying cause of the patient’s condition?
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com. (A) a-Ketoacid dehydrogenase


(B) Galactokinase


(C) Homogentisic acid oxidase
(A) A


(D) Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase


(B) B


(E) Phenylalanine hydroxylase


(C) C




(D) D


(E) E


 Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Questions 19

h

 
 

5. A patient who is a carrier of sickle cell trait 6. A 57-year-old woman visits her primary care

presents to the clinic. The single base-pair mu- physician. Laboratory studies reveal an LDL of
tation for sickle cell anemia destroys the MstII 194 mg/dL and HDL of 41 mg/dL. Her phy-
restriction enzyme recognition site represented sician begins therapy with a drug that inhibits
by an asterisk in the image. The restriction production of mevalonic acid. Which of the

p
enzyme-binding sites are shown as arrows on following is a common side effect of this ther-
the map. DNA from this patient is treated with apy?
MstII and run on an electrophoresis gel. The
(A) Hepatomegaly without elevations in aspar-
DNA is then hybridized with a labeled probe

tate aminotransferase or alanine amino-
that binds to the normal gene in the posi-
transferase
tion shown on the map. In the Southern blot
(B) Muscle injury clinically similar to myositis
shown in the image, which lane represents the

(C) Spontaneous abortion of a pregnancy
patient?

(D) Suicidality and homicidality in patients

with bipolar disorder

Biochemistry
βA Globin gene (E) Tonic-clonic seizures

MstII Probe MstII MstII
A B C D E F 7. A nucleic acid fragment is added to four dif-


1.15 Kb 0.2 Kb 1.35 Kb ferent tubes along with a polymerase, a radio-
MstII MstII 1.15 Kb labeled primer, and deoxynucleotides. Each
0.2 Kb
* tube also contains one of the four bases as
βS Globin gene dideoxynucleotides. The four tubes are then
run on electrophoresis gel and visualized by
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
autoradiography. For which of the following
purposes would the described laboratory tech-
(A) A nique be utilized?


(B) B (A) To amplify DNA fragments




(C) C (B) To create an allele-specific oligonucleotide




(D) D probe


(E) E (C) To decipher the order of nitrogenous bases




(F) F in the human genome


(D) To determine the base pairing of a seg-


ment of DNA with a DNA probe
(E) To determine the base pairing of a seg-


ment of RNA with a DNA probe
(F) To establish the presence of a given pro-


tein
(G) To show the presence of a specific anti-


body in plasma
Hig -Yield Princi les
20 Section I: General Principles • Questions
p
8. A 45-year-old white woman presents to her
physician complaining of several months of
worsening shortness of breath. Previously she
was told she had asthma because she was hav-
ing intermittent episodes of wheezing com-
h
bined with a productive cough and difficulty
catching her breath. She used to run two miles
every morning but can no longer walk more
than 10 city blocks without stopping. She has
never smoked. On physical examination she is
using her accessory muscles to assist with res-
piration. Pulmonary examination is notable
for an increased decreased FEV1/FVC ratio,
decreased air movement with each breath, and
Biochemistry
increased resonance upon percussion. X-ray of
the chest is shown in the image. Which of the
following is the most likely underlying cause
for this patient’s disease?
Courtesy of Dr. James Heilman.
(A) A genetic mutation resulting in deficient
levels of a protease
(B) A genetic mutation resulting in deficient
levels of a protease inhibitor
(C) A mutation in the p53 gene
(D) A mutation of the CFTR gene, which en-
codes a regulated chloride channel
(E) Airway inflammation, airflow obstruction,
and bronchial hyperresponsiveness
9. As increased intracellular calcium is detrimen-
tal to the cell, calcium homeostasis is tightly
regulated both across the cell membrane and
within the cell via sequestration in the en-
doplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In
which of the following ways does increased
intracellular calcium concentration cause the
most cell damage?
(A) Enzyme activation
(B) Free radical generation
(C) Increased membrane permeability
(D) Inhibition of glycolysis
(E) Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation
10. A scientist working in a research laboratory has
been examining different agonists of serotonin
receptor 1B (5-HT1B), a G-protein-coupled re-
ceptor. Compound A has a much higher affin-
ity for 5-HT1B than compound B. Both com-
pounds have a higher affinity for the receptor
than serotonin. Which of the following de-
scribes the relationship between compound A
and compound B when considering the guan
­
ine-nucleotide exchange activity of 5-HT1B?
(A) Km for the exchange reaction with com-
pound A is higher than that with com-
pound B
(B) Km for the exchange reaction with com-
pound A is lower than that with compound
B
(C) Km values with compounds A and B are
the same
(D) The maximum reaction rate with com-
pound A is greater than that with com-
pound B
(E) The maximum reaction rate with com-
pound B is greater than that with com-
pound A
11. A mother brings her 6-month-old son to the
pediatrician. She has noticed that he seems
“afraid of light” and, after some Internet re-
search, she is concerned that he might be an
albino. Laboratory analysis reveals uropor-
phyrin in his urine. The child most likely has
which of the following conditions?
(A) Deficiency of coproporphyrinogen oxidase
(B) Deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase
(C) Deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarbox-
ylase

(D) Inhibition of ferrochelatase and
δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase
(E) Overexpression of porphobilinogen deami-
nase
12. A 48-year-old woman of Mediterranean de-
scent presents because of fatigue, arthralgias,
discomfort in her right upper abdominal quad-
rant, and polyuria. Laboratory tests are remark-
able for elevated glucose level, elevated biliru-
bin, low hemoglobin, elevated reticulocytes,
and increased transferrin saturation. Cardiac
testing shows moderate restrictive cardiomyop-
athy. She frequently has required blood trans-
fusions throughout her life. Which hereditary
disorder does this patient most likely have?
(A) Absence of the hemoglobin a-chain
(B) Absence of the hemoglobin b-chain
(C) Mutation resulting in increased absorption
of dietary iron
(D) Mutations in the gene encoding ankyrin
(E) Mutations resulting in copper accumula-
tion
13. A 52-year-old man with a 12-year history of
poorly controlled diabetes mellitus presents to
his physician complaining of changes in his vi-
sion. Physical examination reveals opacities on
the lens of the eye similar to those seen in this
image. Which enzyme most likely contributed
to this complication?
Courtesy of Dr. Rakesh Ahuja.
Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Questions 21
h

(A) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
reductase
(B) Adenosine deaminase
(C) Aldose reductase
(D) Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase
p
(E) Hexokinase
(F) Insulin-like growth factor
14. Acquired mutation in the p53 gene is the most
common genetic alteration found in human
cancer (> 50% of all cancers). A germline
mutation in p53 is the causative lesion of Li-
Fraumeni familial cancer syndrome. In many
tumors, one p53 allele on chromosome 17p is
Biochemistry
deleted and the other is mutated. What type of
protein is encoded by the p53 gene?
(A) Caspase
(B) DNA repair enzyme
(C) Membrane cell adhesion molecule
(D) Serine phosphatase
(E) Telomerase
(F) Transcription factor
(G) Tyrosine kinase
15. A segment of DNA is isolated and added to a
mixture of four deoxynucleotides, two specific
oligonucleotide sequences, and heat-stable
DNA polymerase. The mixture is then heated
to denature the DNA, cooled, and reheated
in a number of cycles. Which of the following
laboratory techniques does this describe?
(A) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(B) Gel electrophoresis
(C) Northern blot
(D) Polymerase chain reaction
(E) Sequencing
(F) Southern blot
(G) Western blot
Hig -Yield Princi les
22 Section I: General Principles • Questions
p
16. A 32-year-old woman presents to her physician
for the third time in six months. She has been
feeling very tired and depressed, and has come
to talk about starting antidepressants. She also
complains of a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight gain over
h
the past three months. During her physical
examination the physician notices that she is
wearing a sweater and a coat, despite the room
being at a warm temperature. Problems with
the thyroid are suspected, and a biopsy is per-
formed (see image). This woman may have a
human leukocyte antigen subtype that also in-
creases her risk of which disease?
Biochemistry
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
(A) Multiple sclerosis
(B) Pernicious anemia
(C) Psoriasis
(D) Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome
17. A 65-year-old woman who has been in the hos-
pital for three weeks receiving cefotaxime to
treat Klebsiella pneumonia develops a urinary
tract infection. Urine cultures are positive for
Enterococcus faecium. Treatment with vanco-
mycin is attempted but is unsuccessful. Which
of the following aided in this microorganism’s
ability to persist despite vancomycin treat-
ment?
(A) Alteration of microorganism’s gyrase
(B) Methylation of microorganism’s rRNA at a
ribosome-binding site
(C) Microorganism’s ability to produce b-lacta-
mase
(D) Mutation in terminal amino acid of micro-
organism’s cell wall component
(E) Mutation in the microorganism’s penicil-
lin-binding protein
18. A 2-year-old boy presents to the pediatrician
with fever, facial tenderness, and a green, foul-
smelling nasal discharge. The patient is diag-
nosed with sinusitis, and the physician notes
that he has a history of recurrent episodes of
sinusitis. X-ray of the chest is ordered because
of the fever; it reveals some dilated bronchi
and shows the heart situated on the right side
of his body. A congenital disorder is diagnosed.
Which other finding would this patient be
most likely to have?
(A) Defective chloride transport
(B) Elevated blood sugar
(C) Infertility
(D) Reactive airway disease
(E) Tetralogy of Fallot
19. A 5-day-old boy is brought to the emergency
department after a tonic-clonic seizure at
home. The infant is the product of a full-term,
uneventful pregnancy, and was normal until
two days prior to presentation. The mother re-
ports irritability and poor feeding at home, and
the infant was difficult to rouse this morning
before suffering the seizure. On physical ex-
amination, the infant is tachypneic to 75/min,
has icteric sclerae, and has poor muscle tone
throughout. Laboratory studies show the fol-
lowing levels: plasma ammonia, 300 µmol/L
(normal = 10-40 µmol/L); blood urea nitro-
gen, 1.5 mg/dL; and creatinine, 0.4 mg/dL.
A plasma amino acid analysis fails to detect
citrulline. Urine amino acids demonstrate el-
evated orotic acid levels. This patient suffers
from a deficiency of which of the following en-
zymes?
(A) a-Galactosidase A
(B) Aldose B
(C) Galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
(D) Lysosomal a-glucosidase
(E) Ornithine transcarbamylase

20. A 42-year-old woman presents to her physician
with generalized itching. Physical examination
reveals scleral icterus. Laboratory tests show:
Total bilirubin: 2.7 mg/dL
Conjugated bilirubin: 2.4 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase: 253 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase: 36 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase: 40 U/L
What is the most likely mechanism underlying
this patient’s jaundice?
(A) Absence of UDP-glucuronyl transferase
(B) Decreased levels of UDP-glucuronyl trans-
ferase
(C) Extravascular destruction of the patient’s
RBCs
(D) Intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary ob-
struction
(E) Intravascular destruction of the patient’s
RBCs
21. A 5-year-old boy was playing outside during
recess when he began to experience difficulty
breathing. He was brought to his physician,
because his symptoms seemed to be getting
worse. On examination, the physician notes
that the boy is struggling to breathe and hears
diffuse wheezing bilaterally. The boy’s heart
rate is 98/min, respiratory rate is 24/min, and
oxygen saturation is 90%. His medical history
is significant only for seasonal allergies and
mild eczema. Which type of medication will
alleviate this patient’s respiratory symptoms?
(A) b1 Antagonist
(B) b1 Agonist
(C) b2 Agonist
(D) Histamine1 agonist
(E) Histamine2 agonist
22. An 8-month-old boy is brought to the pediatri-
cian by his parents because he has recently lost
the ability to crawl or hold his toys. On exami-
nation the patient is tachypneic and breathing
with considerable effort; the liver is palpable
five finger widths below the right costal mar-
Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Questions 23
h

gin. X-ray of the chest reveals cardiomegaly.
He has a difficult time sitting upright and
cannot squeeze the physician’s fingers or the
ring of his pacifier with any noticeable force.
Despite a number of interventions, the child’s
p
symptoms continue to worsen until his death
two weeks later. On autopsy, it is likely that this
patient’s cells will contain an accumulation of
which of the following substances?
(A) Glucose
(B) Glycogen
(C) Oxaloacetate
(D) Pyruvate
(E) Urea
Biochemistry
23. After consumption of a carbohydrate-rich
meal, the liver continues to convert glucose to
glucose-6-phosphate. The liver’s ability to con-
tinue this processing of high levels of glucose
is important in minimizing increases in blood
glucose after eating. What is the best explana-
tion for the liver’s ability to continue this con-
version after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal?
(A) The hepatocyte cell membrane’s permea-
bility for glucose-6-phosphate
(B) The high maximum reaction rate of gluco-
kinase
(C) The high maximum reaction rate of hexo-
kinase
(D) The high Michaelis-Menten constant of
hexokinase
(E) The low Michaelis-Menten constant of
glucokinase
24. A 30-year-old man is diagnosed with type I fa-
milial dyslipidemia. Recent laboratory studies
show an elevated triglyceride level but normal
LDL and HDL cholesterol levels. Which of
the following explains the pathophysiology of
this disease?
(A) Apolipoprotein E deficiency
(B) LDL cholesterol receptor deficiency
(C) Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
(D) VLDL cholesterol clearance deficiency
(E) VLDL cholesterol overproduction
Hig -Yield Princi les
24 Section I: General Principles • Questions
p
25. A 59-year-old woman with history of morbid
obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes
mellitus presents to the emergency depart-
ment with complaints of substernal chest pain
lasting two hours. An ECG reveals ST eleva-
h
tions in the lateral leads. The troponin level
at admission is extremely elevated, and a cre-
atine kinase-myocardial bound test is pend-
ing. Which of the following is a key cell me-
diator in the pathogenesis of an atherosclerotic
plaque?
(A) γ-Interferon
(B) Complement
(C) Interleukin-6
Biochemistry
(D) Natural killer cells
(E) Platelet-derived growth factor
28. A 6-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician’s
26. A 53-year-old man presents to his physician,
because he has blood in his urine and some
low back pain. A gross specimen of kidneys
from a patient with the same condition is
shown in the image. Which of the following
also is associated with this disorder?
29. Hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide sub-
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
(A) Astrocytomas
(B) Berry aneurysm
(C) Ectopic lens
(D) Optic nerve degeneration
(E) Squamous cell carcinoma
27. At a routine check-up, a 7-year-old boy is
found to have osteoporosis. The patient is tall
and thin with pale skin, fair hair, and flushed
cheeks. He has arachnodactyly, pes cavus,
and bilaterally dislocated lenses, and demon-
strates developmental delay with mild mental
retardation. His mother is told that her child
might benefit from folic acid supplementation.
Which is the most appropriate test to confirm
the diagnosis?
(A) Enzymatic assay for the enzyme HGPRT
(B) Genetic studies demonstrating a mutation
in type I collagen
(C) Genetic studies indicating >200 copies of
the CGG trinucleotide repeat on the X
chromosome
(D) Nitroblue tetrazolium test
(E) Nitroprusside cyanide test
office by his parents, who report that the child
has been unusually thirsty for the past week.
He also has increased urinary frequency and
has wet the bed three times in the past two
weeks. A random blood glucose level is 215
mg/dL. The pediatrician suspects that the
child has type 1 diabetes mellitus caused by
autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing
pancreatic b cells. Which of the following is
the transporter for glucose to enter pancreatic
b cells?
(A) GLUT 1
(B) GLUT 2
(C) GLUT 4
(D) Simple diffusion
units: two a subunits and two b subunits. The
arrangement of these subunits shifts between
a taut and relaxed conformation, resulting in
changes in hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity. At a
given partial pressure of oxygen, which of the
following will decrease hemoglobin’s affinity
for oxygen?
(A) Decreasing the partial pressure of carbon
dioxide
(B) Increasing the amount of 2,3-bisphospho-
glycerate in RBCs
(C) Increasing the number of oxygen mole-
cules bound to a hemoglobin from one to
three
 Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Questions 25

h

 
 

(D) Increasing the pH by moving from periph- (A) Adenosine deaminase




eral tissue to lung (B) Homogentisic acid oxidase

(E) The presence of excess carbon monoxide (C) Lysosomal a-1,4-glucosidase




(D) Ornithine transcarbamylase

30. A 15-year-old boy presents with prolonged fa- (E) Porphobilinogen deaminase

p




tigue and mild jaundice following a serious
infection. Blood tests reveal hemoglobin of 33. A 2-year-old boy is brought by his parents to

10.5 g/dL and an elevated reticulocyte count.
A peripheral blood smear reveals Heinz bodies.
Which of the following best describes the nor-
mal action associated with this patient’s meta-
bolic defect?
(A) To generate glucose-6-phosphate in all
cells
the emergency department after the discovery
of blood in a wet diaper. The physician pal-
pates an abdominal mass in the right flank. CT
of the abdomen reveals a large tumor invading
the right kidney; the gross specimen is shown
in the image. Cytogenetic analysis of the tu-
mor cells reveals a deletion of chromosome

Biochemistry
11p. Which of the following is the most likely
(B) To generate glucose-6-phosphate in RBCs
diagnosis?


only
(C) To generate mucopolysaccharides


(D) To regenerate reduced nicotinamide ade-


nine dinucleotide phosphate in all cells
(E) To regenerate reduced nicotinamide ade-


nine dinucleotide phosphate in RBCs only

31. Hyperparathyroidism is a common manifesta-

tion of several distinct genetic disorders that
predispose to endocrine gland neoplasia and
cause hormone excess syndromes. Which of
the following is a consequence of parathyroid
hormone?
(A) Increase calcium absorption in the small


intestine
(B) Inhibit the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvi-


tamin D
(C) Promote calcium excretion in the renal tu-


bules
(D) Stimulate further secretion of parathyroid


hormone
(E) Stimulate phosphate reabsorption in the


renal tubules

32. A 22-year-old woman presents to the hospital

with severe abdominal pain, abdominal dis- Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
tention, and ileus, along with peripheral neu-
ropathy. Her boyfriend notes that she has been
(A) Adrenocortical adenoma
acting strange lately, and that she “seems like


(B) Neuroblastoma
a different person.” Which of the following en-


(C) Renal cell carcinoma
zymes is deficient in this patient?


(D) Transitional cell carcinoma


(E) Wilms tumor


Hig -Yield Princi les
26 Section I: General Principles • Questions
p
34. A 6-year-old boy is diagnosed with a worsening
ataxic gait and a cardiac dysrhythmia. His un-
cle also has this condition, but his symptoms
did not appear until he was 12 years of age.
What is the molecular mechanism of this dis-
h
ease?
(A) Unstable repeats affect protein folding
(B) Unstable repeats affect protein splicing
(C) Unstable repeats cause an amino acid sub-
stitution
(D) Unstable repeats impede protein transla-
tion
(E) Unstable repeats result in a truncated pro-
tein
Biochemistry
35. A 3-month-old child is brought to his pediatri-
cian’s office for a check-up. On examination,
the physician notices that he has a social smile,
but does not hold his head up on his own or
make noises. The infant also has pale skin, ec-
zema, odd odor, and hyperreflexia. What is the
most appropriate treatment for the condition
the infant most likely has?
(A) A diet low in isoleucine and leucine
(B) A diet low in phenylalanine
(C) A diet low in tyrosine
(D) A high-protein diet
(E) Recombinant enzyme therapy
36. A 63-year-old man who is an alcoholic is
brought into the emergency department by his
daughter. She states that the patient’s memory
has been very poor, and he constantly creates
elaborate yet untrue stories. Physical examina-
tion reveals ataxia and bilateral horizontal nys-
tagmus. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, caused
by a water-soluble vitamin deficiency, is sus-
pected. Which of the following conditions is
also a result of a water-soluble vitamin defi-
ciency?
(A) Increased erythrocyte hemolysis
(B) Neonatal hemorrhage
(C) Night blindness
(D) Osteomalacia
(E) Pellagra
37. A term child is delivered by spontaneous vagi-
nal delivery without complications. Upon
physical examination the child has bilateral
hip dislocations, restricted movement in shoul-
der and elbow joints, and coarse facial features.
Laboratory studies show that the activities of
b-hexosaminidase, iduronate sulfatase, and
arylsulfatase A are deficient in cultured fibro-
blasts, but are 20 times normal in the patient’s
serum. The primary abnormality in this disor-
der is associated with which of the following
organelles?
(A) Golgi apparatus
(B) Lysosomes
(C) Ribosomes
(D) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(E) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
38. Patients with albinism appear white-pink (skin
color), have white hair, and have nonpig-
mented or blue irises. In many cases, these
individuals may have melanocytes, but lack
melanin in their skin. What is the most use-
ful advice to give to a guardian of a child diag-
nosed with albinism?
(A) To avoid foods with lactose
(B) To avoid foods with phenylalanine
(C) To avoid strenuous activity
(D) To give growth hormone to help the child
grow to a normal height
(E) To wear clothing and sunscreen that pro-
tect from the sun when outside
39. A 65-year-old African-American man presents
to his physician because of jaundice. He says
that in the past few months he has not had
much of an appetite and has lost 13.6 kg (30
lb). Physical examination is notable for a gall-
bladder that is palpable. What set of character-
istics is expected in this patient?

Type of Urine
Choice
hyperbilirubinemia bilirubin
conjugated
A
conjugated
B
C unconjugated
D unconjugated
E unconjugated
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D
(E) E
40. A 3-year-old boy recently developed weak-
ness of his lower extremity and uses his arms
to stand up even though his lower legs appear
quite muscular. Laboratory tests reveal a cre-
atine kinase level of 20,000 U/L. A DNA test
confirms the working diagnosis. What is the
function of the altered gene product in this pa-
tient?
(A) Exocytosis of acetylcholine at the neuro-
muscular junction
(B) Linking actin filaments to laminin
(C) Promoting actin-myosin cross-bridge cy-
cling
(D) Receptor for acetylcholine
(E) Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
41. A 55-year-old man is found unresponsive and
breathing rapidly in his apartment. His daugh-
ter found him while stopping by to visit. She
stated that she was concerned after he told her
on the phone that he was “drowning his sor-
rows,” having been fired from his job earlier
that day. He has no significant medical history
other than moderate hypertension, for which
he takes a b-blocker. Relevant laboratory find-
ings are:
Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Questions 27
h

Urine
Na+: 135 mEq/L
urobilinogen K+: 4.5 mEq/L
normal
Cl-: 95 mEq/L
HCO3-: 9 mEq/L
Glucose: 40 mEq/L
p
Serum pH: 6.8
Lactate: 9.5 mmoL/L
What metabolic process induced this patient’s
current condition?
(A) Decreased levels of glycerol 3-phosphate
(B) Elevated pyruvate levels
(C) Inappropriate induction of gluconeogene-
sis
Biochemistry
(D) Overproduction of reduced nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide
(E) Thiamine deficiency
42. A 78-year-old man with asthma presents to his
primary care physician for an annual check-
up. The physician performs a physical exami-
nation and orders routine blood work, which
reveals a macrocytic anemia. Subsequent
laboratory tests show an elevated serum meth-
ylmalonic acid level. A peripheral blood smear
is shown in the image. If this patient’s vitamin
deficiency is not corrected, what neurological
symptoms is he most likely to experience?
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
(A) Confusion and confabulation
(B) Deficiency in this vitamin does not cause
neurological symptoms
(C) Dysarthria and diplopia
(D) Paresthesias and ataxia
(E) Syncope and lethargy
Hig -Yield Princi les
28 Section I: General Principles • Questions
p

 
 
43. A young woman currently being treated for is notable only for the ocular findings shown


HIV is brought to the emergency department in the image. Deficiency of which enzyme is
because of a headache and cyanosis of her nail responsible for this disease?
beds and lips. She also reports feeling dizzy.
The resident on call immediately places her
h
on supplemental oxygen and draws blood for
arterial blood gas analysis. While drawing the
blood, he notes that the arterial blood has a
dark brown color. Blood gas analysis reveals a
pH of 7.39, partial oxygen pressure of 96 mm
Hg, partial carbon dioxide pressure of 35 mm
Hg, and oxygen saturation of 82% on room air.
What enzyme is primarily responsible for pre-
venting this condition in the normal adult?
Biochemistry

(A) ATPase
(B) Flavin adenine dinucleotide reductase
(C) GTPase
(D) Lactase
(E) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduc-
tase
(F) Pyruvate kinase
44. A mass is felt in the groin of an infant girl dur-
ing a physical examination. Surgical resection
shows that it is a testicle. The baby is diag-
nosed with testicular feminization syndrome.
In this syndrome, androgens are produced but
cells fail to respond to the steroid hormones
because they lack appropriate intracellular re-
ceptors. After binding intracellular receptors,
steroids regulate the rate of which of the fol-
lowing?
Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.
(A) a-Galactosidase A
(B) Arylsulfatase A
(C) Hexosaminidase A
(D) Iduronate sulfatase
(E) Lysyl hydrolase
46. A pediatrician examines a baby with a defi-
ciency in fructose metabolism. Upon adminis-
tration of a fructose bolus, the child becomes
symptomatic and blood glucose levels begin to
decrease. Which of the following will also oc-
cur after the administration of a fructose bolus
in this patient?

(A) Initiation of protein synthesis (A) A fall in serum phosphate levels

(B) A rise in cellular ATP levels


(B) mRNA degradation


(C) A sustained rise in serum fructose levels


(C) mRNA processing


(D) An increase in the serum pH


(D) Protein translation


(E) Large amounts of fructose in the urine


(E) Transcription of genes




45. The wife in an Ashkenazi Jewish family brings


her 1-year-old daughter to the pediatrician.
Her previous pregnancy was uneventful and
resulted in a full-term healthy girl who is now
4 years old. Her younger daughter, however,
has demonstrated a progressive series of behav-
iors over the first year of life. Her motor skills
have diminished and she demonstrates an in-
creased startle reaction. Physical examination
 Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Questions 29

47. A 28-year-old African-American man is re-
ceiving primaquine therapy for treatment of
malaria, which he contracted while visiting
Asia. He presents to his physician after noting
blood in his urine. Physical examination is sig-
h

50. A 28-year-old woman is trying to conceive a
child. She has a nephew with fragile X syn-
drome (a genetic disorder characterized by
trinucleotide repeat expansion) and she would
like to assess her risk as a carrier for the disease.

nificant for scleral icterus, and urinalysis shows
hemoglobinuria. A peripheral blood smear
shows spherocytes, bite cells, and Heinz bod-
ies. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
(A) Alkaptonuria
(B) Cystinuria
(C) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase defi-
ciency
p
Blood is drawn, and DNA is extracted and cut
by restriction enzymes that flank the CGG
repeat region. The DNA is then treated with
a labeled probe that binds the affected region
of the gene. The woman is found to carry one
normal X chromosome and one X chromo-
some with some expansion of the CGG se-
quence. However, the number of CGG repeats
in this X chromosome is not sufficient to alter

Biochemistry
phenotype. Which lane on the Southern blot
(D) Hereditary fructose intolerance
represents this woman’s genotype?


(E) Hereditary spherocytosis


(F) Lactase deficiency


Affected Unaffected
48. A neonate born at 28 weeks’ gestation is having nephew husband A B C D E


difficulty breathing. On physical examination, _
the neonate’s heart rate is 120/min, blood pres-
sure is 100/60 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is
55/min. He has nasal flaring and subcostal re-
tractions. Which of the following components
+
is deficient in this infant?
(A) Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine Reproduced, with permission, from USMLERx.com.


(B) Elastase


(C) Functional cilia
(A) A


(D) Phosphatidylglycerol


(B) B


(E) Sphingomyelin


(C) C




49. A group of scientists at a pharmaceutical com- (D) D


(E) E


pany are conducting in vitro experiments to in-


vestigate the effects of an antineoplastic drug.
Under the microscope, it appears that with
treatment, the majority of the cells are arrested
at a stage in which their chromosomes are
aligned in the vertical axis of the cells. Which
antineoplastic agent has a mechanism of ac-
tion similar to the one described?
(A) 5-Fluorouracil


(B) Cyclophosphamide


(C) Etoposide


(D) Methotrexate


(E) Vincristine


Hig -Yield Princi les
30 Section I: General Principles • Answers
p
An s w e r s
1. The correct answer is G. This patient has xe-
roderma pigmentosa, an autosomal recessive
h
disease characterized by a defect in excision
repair. This disease results in an inability to
repair thymidine dimers that can form in the
presence of ultraviolet light. This can lead to
the development of skin cancer and photosen-
sitivity.
Answer A is incorrect. Methylation of a partic-
ular gene does not cause xeroderma pigmento-
sum.
Biochemistry
Answer B is incorrect. A missense mutation
does not cause xeroderma pigmentosum.
Answer C is incorrect. A nonsense mutation
does not cause xeroderma pigmentosum.
Answer D is incorrect. A mutation in the en-
hancer region of a gene does not cause xero-
derma pigmentosum.
Answer E is incorrect. A mutation in the oper-
ator region of a gene does not cause xeroderma
pigmentosum.
Answer F is incorrect. A mutation in the pro-
moter region of a gene does not cause xero-
derma pigmentosum.
2. The correct answer is B. Citrate, formed from
oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA by the enzyme
citrate synthase, inhibits phosphofructokinase
and allosterically activates acetyl CoA carbox-
ylase. Citrate synthase regenerates a molecule
of CoA and is an important regulator of the tri-
carboxylic acid cycle. It is inhibited by adeno
­
sine triphosphate.
Answer A is incorrect. a-Ketoglutarate is not
an important regulator of the tricarboxylic acid
cycle, but it is an important intermediate in
protein metabolism.
Answer C is incorrect. Malate is not an impor-
tant regulator of the tricarboxylic acid cycle,
but it is important in the malate shuttle.
Answer D is incorrect. Oxaloacetate is not an
important regulator of the tricarboxylic acid
cycle, but it is important in glyconeogenesis.
Answer E is incorrect. Succinyl-CoA down-
regulates its own synthesis by inhibiting the
enzyme responsible for dehydrogenation of
a-ketoglutarate.
3. The correct answer is E. Characteristic symp-
toms of hyperthyroidism include tachycardia,
heat intolerance, weight loss, weakness, tremu-
lousness, and diarrhea. This patient also displays
another symptom of elevated thyroid hormone
levels, exophthalmos. Thyroid hormone enters
target cells through carrier-mediated transport
or possibly diffusion, and binds to nuclear re-
ceptors. The hormone-receptor complex then
binds DNA and acts as a transcription factor,
regulating the transcription of genes. Tran-
scription results in the production of RNA,
specifically messenger RNA.
Answer A is incorrect. Carbohydrate is pro-
duced by the joining of sugar molecules dur-
ing cellular metabolism; for example, glycogen
is produced from the linkage of glucose mol-
ecules by glycogen synthase.
Answer B is incorrect. DNA binding occurs
when the thyroid hormone molecule enters
the nucleus and binds on nuclear receptors.
However, this leads to the transcription of
RNA from DNA, not production of new DNA
or DNA replication.
Answer C is incorrect. Fatty acid is synthe-
sized from acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) in the
cell cytoplasm via the action of acetyl-CoA car-
boxylase and other enzymes.
Answer D is incorrect. Protein may be pro-
duced from the RNA template but is not the
first molecule produced in response to thyroid
hormone.
4. The correct answer is C. The patient has al-
kaptonuria, a condition corresponding to the
one described in the stem. A deficiency of the
enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase leads to de-
position of homogentisic acid in the joints and
cartilage, giving them a dark color (ochronosis)
and resulting in degenerative changes. Clas-

sically, the urine of these patients turns black
on contact with air or when the urine is made
alkaline. The associated defect is on chromo-
some 3.
Answer A is incorrect. A deficiency in a-keto-
acid dehydrogenase causes maple syrup urine
disease, a metabolic disorder of autosomal re-
cessive inheritance that affects the metabo-
lism of branched-chain amino acids (leucine,
isoleucine, and valine) and causes the urine
of affected patients to smell like maple syrup.
The urine does not, however, turn black upon
standing. The disease is not classically associ-
ated with arthritis in middle-aged individuals.
Answer B is incorrect. A deficiency in galac-
tokinase causes galactosemia and galactosuria,
but is otherwise a fairly benign condition and
would not present with any of the symptoms
seen in this patient. Other symptoms would
be cataracts in affected children, owing to the
accumulation of galactitol, a by-product of ga-
lactose metabolism when galactokinase is not
present.
Answer D is incorrect. Orotate phosphoribo
­
syltransferase is an enzyme involved in pyrimi-
dine synthesis. Deficiencies in this enzyme or
in orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase
(an enzyme involved in the same pathway
and located on the same chromosome) cause
a very rare disorder called hereditary orotic ac-
iduria. Symptoms include poor growth, mega-
loblastic anemia, and orate crystals in urine.
Treatment involves cystidine or uridine to by-
pass this step in pyrimidine synthesis and also
to negatively downregulate orotic acid produc-
tion.
Answer E is incorrect. A congenital deficiency
of phenylalanine hydroxylase causes phenyl-
ketonuria. This enzyme converts phenylala-
nine to tyrosine, and a deficit of this enzyme
leads to a deficiency of tyrosine and a build-up
of phenylketones in the urine. It is associated
with mental retardation and with the presence
of phenylketones in the urine (which do not
classically turn black upon standing).
5. The correct answer is B. Lane B represents
the Southern blot of a heterozygous carrier of
Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Answers 31
h

sickle cell anemia. The b-A-globin gene re-
sults in a 1.15-kb fragment of DNA cut by the
MstII restriction enzyme. The b-S-globin gene
results in a 1.35-kb band because the single
base-pair mutation responsible for sickle cell
p
anemia eliminates an MstII restriction site. A
heterozygote will have two bands indicating
one normal allele with an intact MstII site
(two fragments), and a mutant allele with a
missing MstII site (one fragment).
Answer A is incorrect. The band in lane A is
from a sickle cell anemia patient with two cop-
ies of the b-S-globin gene. This gene results
in a 1.35-kb band because the single base-pair
Biochemistry
mutation responsible for sickle cell anemia
eliminates an MstII restriction site.
Answer C is incorrect. The band in lane C
is from an unaffected patient with two copies
of the b-A-globin gene. The gene results in a
1.15-kb fragment of DNA cut by the MstII re-
striction enzyme.
Answer D is incorrect. The bands in lane D
could not result from any patient. The labeled
DNA probe does not bind to the 0.2-kb DNA
fragment and therefore would not be visual-
ized on the Southern blot.
Answer E is incorrect. The bands in lane E
could not result from any patient. The labeled
DNA probe does not bind to the 0.2-kb DNA
fragment and therefore would not be visual-
ized on the Southern blot.
Answer F is incorrect. The bands in lane F
could not result from any patient. The labeled
DNA probe does not bind to the 0.2-kb DNA
fragment and therefore would not be visual-
ized on the Southern blot. A heterozygote will
have two bands indicating one normal allele
with an intact MstII site (two fragments), and
a mutant allele with a missing MstII site (one
fragment).
6. The correct answer is B. This patient was
started on an 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-
enzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibi-
tor (statin), which prevents the conversion of
HMG CoA to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting
step in cholesterol biogenesis. HMG CoA is
Hig -Yield Princi les
32 Section I: General Principles • Answers
p

 
 
formed from three acetyl CoA molecules and the DNA more than a million times. Dideoxy-
is a precursor to sterols and ketone bodies. nucleotides are not used in PCR techniques.
Muscle pain or injury resembling myositis has
Answer B is incorrect. Allele-specific oligo-
been known to occur with statins. Although
nucleotide probes are short, labeled DNA
the mechanism is unknown, it may be related
h
sequences complementary to an allele of in-
to a decrease in muscle tissue synthesis of
terest. These probes can be used to detect the
ubiquinone, a coenzyme used in muscle cell
presence of disease-causing mutations.
­
metabolism.
Answer D is incorrect. In a Southern blot pro-
Answer A is incorrect. Another common side
cedure, DNA is separated with electrophoresis,
effect of statins is transient elevation of trans-
denatured, transferred to a filter, and hybrid-
aminases. Alanine aminotransferase and aspar-
ized with a labeled DNA probe. Regions on
tate aminotransferase elevations are usually
the filter that base-pair with the labeled DNA
seen within 12 weeks after the onset of therapy
probes can be identified when the filter is ex-
and may be persistent. No studies have demon-
Biochemistry

posed to film that is sensitive to the radiola-

strated an adverse affect of this transaminitis.
beled probe.
Hepatomegaly, however, is not a known side
effect. Answer E is incorrect. In a Northern blot
procedure, RNA is separated by electrophore-
Answer C is incorrect. The teratogenicity of
sis, denatured, and transferred to a filter. RNA
statins is unknown. Fetal toxicity has been
is hybridized to a labeled radioactive DNA
demonstrated at high enough concentrations
probe. The hybridized RNA/DNA strand is ra-
to adversely affect the mother, but the conse-
dioactive and visualized when the filter is ex-
quence of standard doses is unknown. Statins
posed to film.
have not been shown to induce spontaneous
abortions. Answer F is incorrect. In a Western blot pro-
cedure, protein is separated by electrophore-
Answer D is incorrect. Statins have also been
sis and labeled antibodies are used as a probe.
implicated as causes of irritability and depres-
This technique can be used to detect the exis-
sion, specifically in patients with major depres-
tence of an antibody to a particular protein.
sion, but this relationship has not been con-
firmed. Homicidality is not caused by statins. Answer G is incorrect. Enzyme-linked immu-
nosorbent assay (ELISA) is an immunologic
Answer E is incorrect. Seizures are not a com-
technique used to determine whether a par-
mon side effect of statin therapy.
ticular antibody is present in a patient’s blood.
Labeled antibodies are used to detect whether
7. The correct answer is C. Sequencing is a
the serum contains antibodies against a spe-


laboratory technique that uses dideoxynucleo-
cific antigen precoated on an ELISA plate.
tides to randomly terminate growing strands of
DNA. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate
8. The correct answer is B. This patient has
the varying lengths of DNA. The DNA se-


a1-antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic disease
quence can then be read based on the position
characterized by a deficiency in the serine
of the bands on the gel.
protease inhibitor a1-antitrypsin. This protein
Answer A is incorrect. Polymerase chain reac- normally functions to inhibit neutrophil elas-
tion (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to tase in the lung. When deficient, there is over-
produce many copies of a segment of DNA. In abundant activity of elastase, which destroys
the procedure, DNA is mixed with two specific elastin and collagen in the alveolar walls, pro-
primers, deoxynucleotides and a heat-stable gressing to emphysema. Most patients with
polymerase. The solution is heated to denature a1-antitrypsin deficiency are homozygous for
the DNA and then cooled to allow synthesis. the Z allele. Clinically, a1-antitrypsin defi-
Twenty cycles of heating and cooling amplify ciency can affect the lung, liver, and less com-

monly the skin. In the lung, the most com-
mon manifestation is early onset panacinar
emphysema, which is more prominent at the
lung bases than apices. Slowly worsening dysp
­
nea is the most common symptom, although
patients may initially complain of cough, spu-
tum production, or wheezing. As in this case,
patients who present early complaining of
episodes of wheezing and productive cough
may be told they have asthma. Although treat-
ment for asthma may initially improve symp-
toms, it does not slow the progression of the
disease. Her x-ray of the chest shows a pattern
typical for this disease; hyperinflated lungs, a
flattened diaphragm, and hyperlucent lungs
due to decreased lung markings (it is difficult
to see at this resolution due to the overlying
breast tissue, but we expect that the lung mark-
ings would be especially absent at the bases).
a1-Antitrypsin deficiency can also cause cir-
rhosis of the liver and panniculitis of the skin.
Answer A is incorrect. a1-Antitrypsin defi-
ciency is characterized by low levels of a prote-
ase inhibitor. This leads to elevated activity of
the protease elastase and increased destruction
of elastin.
Answer C is incorrect. Mutations in the tu-
mor suppressor gene p53 lead to uncontrolled
cellular proliferation. Such mutations are
commonly seen in the lung cancers associated
with smoking (small cell and squamous cell),
and they have been found in many non-small
cell types. This patient’s history and x-ray find-
ings do not suggest cancer.
Answer D is incorrect. Mutations in the gene
encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator (CFTR) on chromo-
some 7 lead to the disease cystic fibrosis (CF).
CF is a multisystem disease that affects the res
­
piratory tract, digestive tract, sweat glands, and
reproductive tract. This patient does not pre
­
sent with symptoms characteristic of CF.
Answer E is incorrect. Airway inflamma-
tion, airway obstruction, and bronchial hyper-
responsiveness are characteristic of asthma.
While this patient’s presentation mimicked
that of asthma, her history, physical exam, and
Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Answers 33
h

radiographic findings are more consistent with
emphysema.
9. The correct answer is A. Calcium is main-
tained in high concentrations outside of the
p
cell and in discrete compartments within the
cell (eg, in mitochondria). Free intracellu-
lar calcium can activate several enzymes the
cumulative effect of which is to induce sig-
nificant cell injury. A few important enzyme
classes include ATPases, which decrease the
ATP supply; phospholipases, which decrease
membrane stability; endonucleases, which in-
duce DNA damage; and several proteases, re-
Biochemistry
sponsible for protein breakdown.
Answer B is incorrect. Free radical generation
is a common mechanism of cell injury, but
calcium excess does not induce free radical
generation.
Answer C is incorrect. Activation of proteases
and phospholipases induces the breakdown of
necessary components of cell membranes.
Answer D is incorrect. ATP depletion, result-
ing from the activation of ATPases, can con-
tribute to the inhibition of glycolysis.
Answer E is incorrect. Inhibition of oxidative
phosphorylation is an effect of ATP depletion
caused by enzyme activation. Although this
may contribute to cell damage, it is not the
best answer. The enzyme activation resulting
from calcium excess is the root cause of the
cell damage, and thus would be the primary
insult responsible for the majority of cell dam-
age.
10. The correct answer is B. G-protein coupled
receptors exist in an equilibrium between their
active and inactive states that is dependent on
whether ligand is present, and the affinity of the
ligand for the receptor. When active, these re-
ceptors catalyze guanine-nucleotide exchange
(GTP for guanosine diphosphate) of their asso-
ciated G proteins. The Michaelis-Menten con-
stant (Km) for any enzyme-catalyzed reaction
is inversely proportional to the affinity of the
enzyme for its substrate. Therefore, the Km for
compound A will be lower than that for com-
pound B because compound A has a higher
Hig -Yield Princi les
34 Section I: General Principles • Answers
p
affinity for the receptor than compound B.
The maximum rate of reaction (Vmax) will be
reached at a lower concentration of A than it
would for B, although the Vmax is unchanged.
h
Answer A is incorrect. The Km of compound
A will be lower than that of compound B.
Answer C is incorrect. Given that compounds
A and B have different affinities for the recep-
tor, their Michaelis-Menten constant values
cannot be the same.
Answer D is incorrect. Vmax is directly propor-
tional to the enzyme concentration, and is un-
affected by the concentration of substrates or
Biochemistry
competitive inhibitors.
Answer E is incorrect. Vmax is directly propor-
tional to the enzyme concentration, and is un-
affected by the concentration of substrates or
competitive inhibitors.
11. The correct answer is C. This individual suf-
fers from porphyria cutanea tarda. The por-
phyrias are diseases resulting from enzymatic
deficiencies in heme biosynthesis, and por-
phyria cutanea tarda is the most common
form. This disorder is caused by deficiency of
uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, the hepatic
enzyme that catalyzes the formation of copro-
porphyrinogen III from uroporphyrinogen III.
Lack of this enzyme results in uroporphyrin
accumulation in the urine (giving the urine
a tea-colored appearance) and uroporphy-
rinogen accumulation systemically. This com-
pound absorbs light and releases heat, causing
extreme photosensitivity.
Answer A is incorrect. Hereditary copropor-
phyria is a disease due to the deficiency of
coproporphyrinogen oxidase, the enzyme that
catalyzes the formation of protoporphyrinogen
from coproporphyrinogen III. Coproporphy-
rinogen III accumulates in the urine. Patients
with this condition tend to be photosensitive.
Answer B is incorrect. Acute intermittent por-
phyria is caused by a deficiency in porphobi-
linogen deaminase (also called uroporphyrino-
gen 1 synthetase), the enzyme that catalyzes
the formation of pre-uroporphyrinogen from
porphobilinogen. Lack of this enzyme causes
porphobilinogen and δ-aminolevulinic acid to
accumulate in the urine. Patients with acute
intermittent porphyria are not photosensitive,
but they do experience symptoms of painful
abdomen, polyneuropathy, and psychological
disturbances. They also have pink coloration of
their urine.
Answer D is incorrect. Ferrochelatase and
δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydrase are
sensitive to inhibition by lead. Thus, lead poi-
soning leads to an accumulation of copropor-
phyrin and ALA in the urine. Lead poisoning
is a problem seen in children who live in old
houses with chipped paint (lead was used in
paint manufacturing until the 1970s). Inges-
tion of large quantities of lead can cause lines
on the gingiva and epiphyses of long bones,
encephalopathy, erythrocyte basophilic stip-
pling, abdominal colic, sideroblastic ane-
mia, and neuropathy leading to foot and wrist
drops. It is not associated with photosensitivity.
The first line of treatment is dimercaprol and
EDTA to bind up the free lead in the serum.
Answer E is incorrect. Porphobilinogen deam-
inase deficiency, not excess, results in acute in-
termittent porphyria. One would expect to find
δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen in
the urine and no photosensitivity.
12. The correct answer is B. This woman suffers
from b-thalassemia major, the most severe
form of b-thalassemia, in which the b-chain is
absent. Clinically b-thalassemia major mani-
fests as severe hemolysis and ineffective eryth-
ropoiesis. These individuals are transfusion
dependent and frequently develop iron over-
load. The consequences of iron overload due
to transfusion dependency or secondary hemo-
chromatosis are described in the stem. These
manifestations are due to iron deposition in
various tissues including the pancreas, heart,
and skin. b-Thalassemia is more common
among Mediterranean populations, whereas
b-thalassemia is more common among Asian
and African populations.
Answer A is incorrect. This answer describes
the most severe form of a-thalassemia, a disease

in which a fetus is unable to make any func-
tional hemoglobin aside from the γ4-tetramer
(Hb Bart). Clinically a-thalassemia manifests
as congestive heart failure, anasarca, and intra
­
uterine fetal death.
Answer C is incorrect. This answer describes
hereditary hemochromatosis, a disease caused
by iron overload due to an intrinsic defect in
the body’s ability to control the absorption of
iron. Clinically this disease manifests in a man-
ner similar to that of secondary hemochroma-
tosis. However, the laboratory picture in hered-
itary hemochromatosis is not characterized by
hemolysis.
Answer D is incorrect. This answer describes
hereditary spherocytosis, a disease in which
mutations in either the ankyrin or spectrin
gene contribute to instability of the RBC
plasma membranes. This condition is charac-
terized by extravascular hemolysis. Clinically
this disease manifests as gallstones, anemia,
jaundice, and splenomegaly. The definitive
treatment is splenectomy, thus obviating any
need for chronic blood transfusion.
Answer E is incorrect. This answer describes
Wilson disease, a disease in which failure of
copper to enter the circulation in the form of
ceruloplasmin results in copper accumulation
in the liver, brain, and cornea. Clinically this
disease manifests as parkinsonian symptoms,
Kayser-Fleischer rings, asterixis, and dementia.
13. The correct answer is C. Aldose reductase
catalyzes the breakdown of glucose into sorbi-
tol. Sorbitol is then metabolized to fructose, a
process that is relatively slow. In patients with
hyperglycemia, as would be present in this pa-
tient with poorly controlled diabetes, sorbitol
accumulation with the cells of the lens leads
to a rise in intracellular osmolality, causing
water movement into the cells. This results in
cellular swelling and osmotic damage. It also
leads to a decrease in intracellular myoinositol,
interfering with cellular metabolism. Swelling
of lens fiber cells can lead to rupture and cata-
ract formation. Inhibition of aldose reductase
could decrease sorbitol accumulation in the
lens and thus prevent cataract formation. No
Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Answers 35
h

drug is currently approved to inhibit aldose re-
ductase, but aldose reductase inhibitors such
as epalrestat and ranirestat are currently being
tested.
Answer A is incorrect. 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-
p
glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase
catalyzes the conversion of HMG CoA into
mevalonate and eventually into cholesterol. In-
hibition of this enzyme is commonly affected
by statin drugs to reduce cholesterol levels, but
it would not help prevent the development of
cataracts.
Answer B is incorrect. Adenosine deaminase
Biochemistry
inhibition would result in problems in the pu-
rine salvage pathway. Disrupting this pathway
would result in excess ATP and dATP via feed-
back inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase.
This excess ATP prevents DNA synthesis and
thus affects lymphocyte development. Congen-
ital deficiency of this enzyme results in severe
combined immunodeficiency. Inhibition of
this enzyme would not prevent the develop-
ment of cataracts.
Answer D is incorrect. Galactose-1-phosphate
(G-1-P) uridyltransferase is important in the
breakdown of galactose; it catalyzes the for-
mation of glucose-1-phosphate from G-1-P.
Hereditary deficiency of this enzyme leads to
hepatosplenomegaly, mental retardation, jaun-
dice, and cataract formation. Inhibition of this
enzyme in an adult would certainly not pre-
vent the development of cataracts.
Answer E is incorrect. Hexokinase is the en-
zyme that catalyzes the first step in the catab-
olism of glucose, converting glucose to glu-
cose-6-phosphate. It is stimulated by insulin.
Inhibition of hexokinase would not prevent the
development of cataracts in this patient. Con-
genital hexokinase deficiency is a rare autoso-
mal recessive condition that results in severe
hemolysis. Inhibition of hexokinase would
likely have a similar, albeit less severe, result.
Answer F is incorrect. Insulin-like growth fac-
tor (IGF) is a product synthesized in the liver
that mediates many of the physiologic effects
of growth hormone (GH). Its name refers to a
high degree of structural similarity to insulin,
Hig -Yield Princi les
36 Section I: General Principles • Answers
p
and it is even capable of binding to the insu-
lin receptor directly, although with lower affin-
ity than insulin. Its effects include increased
protein synthesis, and IGF levels are especially
high during puberty. Inhibition of IGF would
h
not help prevent the development of cataracts.
14. The correct answer is F. The p53 gene protein
product is a transcription factor that regulates
apoptosis. It acts as a cell-cycle regulator, pre-
venting cells from undergoing division. Muta-
tions in p53 cause uncontrolled cell division,
leading to various types of tumors. Another
example of a cell-cycle regulator is the retino-
Biochemistry
blastoma gene.
Answer A is incorrect. The p53 gene product
is involved in apoptosis induced by DNA dam-
age and other stimuli, but it is not a caspase
protein.
Answer B is incorrect. p53 is involved in cell
cycle regulation but not direct DNA repair ac-
tivity. DNA repair products are produced by
genes such as BRCA1 (chromosome 17) and
BRCA2 (chromosome 13), among others.
Answer C is incorrect. Membrane cell adhe-
sion products are produced by the APC gene
found on chromosome 5. Mutations in the
APC gene lead to colon cancer.
Answer D is incorrect. p53 is not a G-protein
product. G proteins such as ras can be in-
volved in oncogenesis. Mutations in ras can
lead to cancer in the lungs, pancreas, and co-
lon as well as leukemia.
Answer E is incorrect. DNA polymerase is un-
able to replicate at the end of chromosomes
(telomeres), resulting in the loss of DNA with
each replication cycle. Telomerase is an en-
zyme that adds repeats onto the 3′ends of chro-
mosomes to protect them from being recog-
nized as broken or damaged DNA. Although
most normal somatic cells do not express
enough telomerase to prevent telomerase attri-
tion with each cell division, telomerase is often
reexpressed in cancer cells. However, p53 is
not involved in the process of adding nucleo-
tides to telomeres.
Answer G is incorrect. Tyrosine kinase prod-
ucts play a role in cell signaling through phos-
phorylation. The p53 gene product is not a ty-
rosine kinase.
15. The correct answer is D. This question de-
scribes the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
PCR is a laboratory technique used to produce
many copies of a segment of DNA. In the pro-
cedure, DNA is mixed with two specific prim-
ers, deoxynucleotides and a heat-stable poly-
merase. The solution is heated to denature
the DNA and then cooled to allow synthesis.
Twenty cycles of heating and cooling amplify
the DNA over a million times.
Answer A is incorrect. Enzyme-linked immu-
nosorbent assay (ELISA) is an immunologic
technique used to determine whether a par-
ticular antibody is present in a patient’s blood.
Labeled antibodies are used to detect whether
the serum contains antibodies against a spe-
cific antigen precoated on an ELISA plate.
This is not the technique described above.
Answer B is incorrect. Gel electrophoresis
uses an electric field to separate molecules
based on their sizes.
Answer C is incorrect. Northern blots are sim-
ilar to Southern blots except that in Northern
blotting, mRNA is separated by electrophoresis
instead of DNA. This is not the technique de-
scribed above.
Answer E is incorrect. Sequencing is a labo-
ratory technique that utilizes dideoxynucleo-
tides to randomly terminate growing strands of
DNA. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate
the varying lengths of DNA. The DNA se-
quence can then be read based on the position
of the bands on the gel. This is not the tech-
nique described above.
Answer F is incorrect. In a Southern blot pro-
cedure, DNA is separated with electrophoresis,
denatured, transferred to a filter, and hybrid-
ized with a labeled DNA probe. Regions on
the filter that base-pair with the labeled DNA
probes can be identified when the filter is
exposed to film that is sensitive to the radio-

labeled probe. This is not the technique de-
scribed above.
Answer G is incorrect. In a Western blot pro-
cedure, protein is separated by electrophore-
sis and labeled antibodies are used as a probe.
This technique can be used to detect the exis-
tence of an antibody to a particular protein.
16. The correct answer is B. This woman has
symptoms of Hashimoto thyroiditis, an auto-
immune disorder resulting in hypothyroidism
(also known as myxedema), although there
may be a transient hyperthyroidism at the very
onset of disease when follicular rupture occurs.
It is a type IV hypersensitivity associated with
autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroid per-
oxidase, and the thyroid-stimulating hormone
receptor itself. The most common presenting
symptoms of Hashimoto thyroiditis are those
seen in this patient, as well as constipation
and dry skin. Histologic characteristics include
massive infiltrates of lymphocytes with germi-
nal cell formation. Hashimoto thyroiditis is as-
sociated with the DR5 human leukocyte anti-
gen subtype, as is pernicious anemia, a disease
that leads to vitamin B12 deficiency caused by
atrophic gastritis and destruction of parietal
cells.
Answer A is incorrect. Multiple sclerosis is as-
sociated with the DR2 human leukocyte an-
tigen subtype. It is not associated with Hashi-
moto thyroiditis.
Answer C is incorrect. Psoriasis is associated
with the B27 human leukocyte antigen sub-
type. It is not associated with Hashimoto thy-
roiditis.
Answer D is incorrect. Steroid-responsive ne-
phrotic syndrome is associated with the DR7
human leukocyte antigen subtype. It is not as-
sociated with Hashimoto thyroiditis.
17. The correct answer is D. Vancomycin is a gly-
copeptide antibiotic that is effective in fighting
only gram-positive bacteria. It binds tightly to
a cell wall precursor that contains the termi-
nal amino acid sequence D-ala D-ala and pre-
vents cell wall synthesis. Resistance to vanco-
mycin is transferred via plasmids and encodes
Hig -Yield Princi les
Chapter 2: Biochemistry • Answers 37
h

enzymes that convert the D-ala D-ala peptide
bridge to D-ala D-lac, preventing vancomycin
from binding. Vancomycin resistance is much
more common with Enterococcus faecium than
with Enterococcus faecalis. High-dose ampicil-
p
lin, often in combination with gentamicin, is
generally first-line treatment in urinary tract
infections due to vancomycin-resistant Entero-
coccus.
Answer A is incorrect. Microorganisms be-
come resistant to quinolones through the al-
teration of their gyrase.
Answer B is incorrect. Microorganisms be-
Biochemistry
come resistant to macrolides through the
methylation of its rRNA at a ribosome-binding
site.
Answer C is incorrect. b-Lactamases are en-
zymes produced by microorganisms that cleave
b-lactam antibiotics, deactivating them. To
overcome resistance, b-lactams are usually
given with b-lactamase inhibitors such as cla-
vulanic acid, tazobactam, and sulbactam.
Answer E is incorrect. b-Lactam antibiotics
bind to penicillin-binding proteins (enzymes
that synthesize peptidoglycan, a major com-
ponent of bacterial cell walls), preventing cell
wall synthesis by the microorganism. Microor-
ganisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphy-
lococcus aureus and penicillin-resistant Strep-
tococcus pneumoniae have alterations in their
penicillin-binding proteins that result in low
affinity and thus resistance to these b-lactams.
b-Lactam antibiotics include penicillins, ceph-
alosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems
(not vancomycin).
18. The correct answer is C. Kartagener syn-
drome, or immotile cilia, is caused by a defect
in dynein that prevents effective movement of
cilia. The full syndrome is characterized by si-
nusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, and male
infertility. Cilia play an important role in mov-
ing mucus along the airway and clearing de-
bris; the absence of this function contributes to
the pulmonary findings of the syndrome. Cilia
are also very important for leukocyte move-
ment and phagocytosis. Infertility is present in
most patients due to immotile cilia.
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