BUILDING DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CEBU

Introduction

In this research, we conducted about the building design and maintenance of University of Cebu building.
We conducted a research on the two buildings of the University of Cebu, UC- main campus and UC
Custom building about its design and maintenance. The purpose of our research is to determine the design
and maintenance if two building is properly maintained and to survey if the two existing building is still
usable or need to be repaired.

In the study, we conducted the problems and issues of the design and maintenance of the two
buildings. We first study the UC Custom building, the problems we found out is the structure of the
building and its interior design. One of the issues we found the waterproofing issue. That every time there
is a heavy rainfall a leak in the roof occurs and flows into the ceiling. Another problem is cracks in the
wall, columns, and beams. According to Andrew Mackintosh in 1995 a Building Consultant, the common
causes of such cracks are identified to the different thickness of plastering on structures, insufficient
bonding element that hold bricks to the column or beams.

Another problem found is staining of the wall, such as the watermark, the existence of moss, fungus,
and algae. After the condition of research in UC Custom Building, the team proceeded to UC main-
campus. The problems found in UC Main-campus are the same problems found in Custom building like
cracks, waterproofing issues, staining.

A research was conducted by Ahmad Suffian 1965 in Malaysia about the building maintenance of
Infra-Structures in Malaysia. The government of Malaysia is really concern about the importance of the
building maintenance. If it can be carried out wisely it could save money besides potentially extended
lifespan of the building. The maintenance process involved two processes, the preventive maintenance,
and corrective maintenance. Of the two, preventive maintenance is more right from the beginning of the
projects. Architect, Engineers, planners should study the potential maintenance and operational problem
before working out the design. This study is presented with an attention to share his experiences on some
building defects and maintenance problems from the building owner' s perspective.

Our research could relate to the study of Ahmad Suffian about the building maintenance in Malaysia.
Because the buildings also of the University of Cebu needs to have a maintenance base on the problems
we found out during our research in the two building.

Our research team is composed of an engineering student, since as an engineering student studies the
innovation, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices,
systems, processes, and organizations. We have a great interest in this study because we are also affected
as a student at the University of Cebu since we use that two building. So our goal is to help find ways or
solution to the problems and issues found in the two buildings so no accident will happen.
Methods

The research is mainly focused on the Building Design and Maintenance of the University of Cebu
Buildings. The main purpose of this study is to determine the design and maintenance if two buildings
were built to withstand forces of nature and if it is properly maintained. There are some problems found
in the Design and Maintenance of the University of Cebu Main-Campus and Custom Building. And as a
researcher, we want to conduct a study on how the technical staff solves the problem.

The study will be conducted at University of Cebu Main-Campus and Custom Building which is
situated at Sanciangko St. Cebu City

Figure 2: Map of the Location of University of Cebu Main-Campus and Custom Building
(maps.google.com). There are four streets in the vicinity of University of Cebu Main-Campus namely
Sanciangko St. Osmena Blvd. Colon St. and Leon Kilat St.The researcher found out that the Building in
the University of Cebu Main-Campus and Custom Building having some problems/issues like
waterproofing issue, Cracks in the beams Beam and Column and Staining.
This will be the researcher' s guide instruments they must read the question carefully and encircle the
letter of their answer.

1.) What are the functions of concrete footings?

a.) To support the foundation and prevent settling

b.) Serve as the foot of the building

c.)To support the beam

2.) What is the building design?

a.)Refers to the broadly based architectural, engineering and technical applications to the design of
buildings

b.) Building design is the process of taking a client's requirements for a new building or changes to an
existing building and translating them into an agreed design that a contractor is then able to construct.

c.) A structure with a roof and walls, such as a house, school, store, or factory

3.) What are the functions of a column in the building?

a.) Used to support the weight of the roof and also in the upper floors

b.) Is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to
other structural elements below.

c.) Just a design in a building

4.) What are the functions of a beam in the building?

a.) Is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to

the beam's axis

b.) The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points.

c.)All of the above

5.) What is a structural plan?

a.) Is a plan or set of plans for how a building or other structure will be built.Structural drawings are
generally prepared by registered professional structural engineers and informed by architectural drawings

b.) Is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another
two-dimensional medium.

c.) Is typically any diagram or list of steps with details of timing and resources, used to achieve an
objective to do something.
6.) What are the ways to cure the waterproofing issues?

a.) Cementitious Waterproofing Method

b.) Liquid Waterproofing Membrane Method

c.) Put glues in the leak

7.) How many times a day you clean the comfort room?

a. ) 1x a da y

b.) 2x a day

c.) 3x a day

8.) How many times do you check the air-conditioning in rooms and offices?

a.) once a week

b.) once a month

c.) once a year

9.) How do you maintain the drainage system at the building?

a.) Use a drain guard on all your plug holes

b.)Throw garbage in the drainage

c.) Wash it out with hot water once a week.

10.) What are the ways to cure the concrete and staining?

a.) Use a wire brush to clean the crack of all dirt, grease and loose grit.

b.) Mixing equal amounts of the two-part epoxy crack sealer.

c.)All of the above

Data Gathering Procedure

We chose 10 employee's because the population of the building design and maintenance in the University
of Cebu have an approximately not more than 20 employee's in this institution. We select the employee's
involving the maintenance of the building like technicians, janitors, the tenant association's officers, and
the civil engineer instructor and we can assume that we're selecting by asking them first how long they
work here in this institution.

Results and Discussion

1.) What are the functions of concrete footings?

Majority of the maintenance personnel answered that the functions of concrete footings are to prevent
from settling and support the foundation.

2.) What is a building design?

According to the engineer that a Building design based on engineering, architectural and technical
applications to the design of buildings.

3.) What are the functions of a column in a building?

According to the engineer, the functions of a column is used to support loads of upper floors and also to
support the weight of the roof.

4.) What are the functions of a beam in a building?

According to the engineer that a beam primarily resists loads applied to the beam axis. Its deflection is
by bending.

5.) What is the structural design?

In structural design, according to the engineer we ask the structural design is the analysis and design of
steel, concrete, or timber framed structures such as high rise buildings, bridges, dams, towers, stadiums,
retaining walls and foundations.

6.) What are the ways to cure the waterproofing issues?

Majority of the maintenance personnel said that to cure waterproofing they make object or structure
waterproof or water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of
water under specified conditions and cement waterproofing method because they find it effective.

7.) How many times do you clean the comfort room?

According to the maintenance, majority of them, they maintain the comfort room three times a day. By
cleaning the comfort room issues
8.) How many times do you check the air condition in room and offices?

Majority of the maintenance that they checked the air condition in the room and offices once a month.

9.) How do you maintain the drainage system at the building?

According to the maintenance answered, they always check the drainage if there clog debris and
remove it so it cannot cause clogs.

10.) What are the ways to cure the concrete cracks and staining?

According to the maintenance, to cure the concrete cracks and staining is u must make sure that there's
no oil or dirt still on the floor before using any concrete filler.

Analysis of Data

Design

What are the functions of concrete footings?

As we conducted survey Civil Engineer instructor said that the functions of the concrete footings is to
support the foundation and to prevent settling. The footing is rough spots. No key is needed, but
reinforcement rod should be used. For instance, a block walls should be capped with either concrete or
solid block. Anchor bolts are mortared in the last row of hollow block. They then pass through the mortar
joint of the solid cap.

In the study conducted, according to Hearn, E. J. the wall between the footing and the floor of the
building is called foundation. It is sometimes made of concrete. However , it also maybe made of
concrete blocks, bricks or stone. In some regions, foundation walls are made of treated plywood as well.
Special forms are available pouring concrete foundations. These forms are easily put up and taken down.
Often footing and the foundation are made in one solid piece. If you know your soil bearing capacity,
concrete footings are also be needed for the foundation.

As a researcher local building codes determine the exact details on locating the footing. Usually, footings
are laid out several inches below the frost line. However, in buildings with basements, the top of the
footing is placed 12 inches below the frost line. The second factor is the width of the footing. Keep in
mind that the footing should be wider for soft soil. Generally, footings are about two times as wide as they
are thick. The footing is about the same thickness as the foundation wall.

What is the Building design?

As we conducted survey the civil engineer instructor said that the most important of the building design
begins with a careful consideration of function and site selection and, not infrequently, with a tight
budget. The first two consideration set the internal and external environmental requirements, and the
latter, the economic limits within which a solution must be sought. It is the essential function of the
designer to create an architecture which satisfies and aesthetically expresses these requirements. Rarely
will the designer be seeking only the most economical solution, and rarely will he be able to achieve all
that either he or the client wants.

In the study of IIIlston building design require the services of a building designer. Modern builings are
constructed in many different ways. However, when speaking of buildings in a structural sense, the
majority can be classified as wall-bearing, skeleton-frame, or a combination of both. With wall-bearing
construction, floors and roof are supported by load-bearing walls, the thickness of the walls are
determined largely by the number of stories and the magnitude of the loads thus brought to them for
support. With skeleton-frame construction, walls as well as floors and roof are supported by a structural
framework of beams, girders, columns, and similar members.

As researcher building design refers to the architectural, engineering and applications to the
design of the buildings. Until the past few years, wall-bearing construction generally had ceased to be
economical and practical in the United States except for low-rise buildings. Indeed , it was the practical
and economical limitations of such construction when applied to medium-rise and high-rise buildings that
led the development of the skeleton-frame. There also considerable interest in variety of other
construction concepts that do not rely, or rely only in part, on a skeleton-frame for support.

What are the functions of a column in the building?

As we conducted survey the Civil Engineer instructor said that the functions of the column in the building
used to support the weight of the roof and also in the upper floors. Columns can be formed using single
sawn members or glued-laminated sections or may be built up to form profiles that are structurally more
efficient for the type of loading to be supported and/or are required to fit particular situations. Built-up
columns are columns composed of two or more timber or wood product sections connected by adhesive
or by mechanical fasteners, enabling the combined section to function as a composite element.

In the study of American Society of civil engineers according to Mr. Kermani the design of the
columns is an indirect process. Generally , the length of the column and the applied load it is to support
are known, and the designer must select a rolled shape or built-up section in which the average (actual)
stress does not exceed the allowable stress as given in the specifications.

As researcher a column is to be supported on a concrete footing, pier, or pedestal, a rolled steel slab is
generally used to distribute the column load over the concrete support. The bottom of the column are
planed so that the loads is transmitted to the plate by direct bearing. The underside of the plate is not
planed but rests on cement grout approximately 1-inch thick on top of the footing. Angles maybe used to
fasten the column to the plate, and, by means of anchor bolts , the plate to the footing.

What are the functions of the beam in the building?

As we conducted survey the civil engineer instructor said that their primary purpose is to frame space,
and to achieve this purpose, they maybe assembled and connected in variety of ways. The simplest form
for space enclosure is a beam resting on a wall; or, if the span is great, a truss composed of struts and ties
can replace the beams or trusses be undesirable, they can be replaced by columns. However, should
connections between columns and beams, or columns and trusses, be flexible, an unstable assembly will
result and, and under any unbalanced loading condition, would collapse.
According to Mr. Johansson a beam is a structural element that resists applied laterally to beams. Another
way to provide this needed stability is to use rigid column-to-beam or column-to-truss connections. Such
connections must be sufficiently rigid to prevent rotation of one member with respect to the other, and
when they are, a structural elements results which essentially rigid also.

As researcher the beam was selected in previous chapter as the basis for gaining an understanding of
structures in static equilibrium and became a tool available for the analysis. So too will the beam be used
to introduce the study of statically indeterminate structures. As before, beam analysis requires that
reactions be determined and that shear bending moment diagrams be constructed. However, shear and
bending moment diagrams can be drawn only when external reactions are known.

What is structural plan?

As we conducted survey the foundation plan, and the first-floor framing plan. The most suitable
arrangement of beams and column is determined from a study of architectural plan. In practice, the exact
dimensions are not recorded on the framing plans until most of the members have been designed, since
clearances around elevator well,stairways, etc., often necessitate slight changes in beam locations.

In the study conducted by Mr. Somayajji in 1990, in this problem, several dimensions have been
recorded on the structural plans in order to facilitate the computations. It should be borne in mind also
that small dimensional changes may be made later without redesigning the members.

As researcher structural plan involves analysis and design of mainly-steel, concrete, or timber framed
such as buildings, bridges, dams, towers, retaining walls and foundations. Beams and girders are not
usually numbered on the framing plans since numbers are subsequently assigned to members on the shop
drawings prepared by the fabricators. However, separate key plans with beam numbers are sometimes
used by the designer. In this problem, the beam under design is designated by its position in relation to a
column.

Maintenance

What are the ways to cure the waterproofing issues?

As we conducted survey the most common is the solid cast-concrete wall. However, concrete blocks are
also used, and so is plywood. Concrete block foundation should be plastered and waterproofed. First, the
concrete wall is coated with a thin coat pluster. This is called scratch coat. After this has hardened, the
surface is scratched so that the next coat will adhere more firmly. The second coat of plaster is applied
thickly and smoothly over both the wall and the top of the footing.

In the study conducted by Mr. waterproofing concrete walls no plaster is needed over a cast-concrete
wall. The wall may be quikly coated with bitumen. However, plastic sheeting also maybe applied to cover
both the footing and the foundation in one piece. The most common process, involves a bitumen layer.
This bitumen layer is sometimes reinforced by plastic panel that is then coated with another layer of
bitumen.

As researcher for many years, asphalt-based coatings have been applied to basement walls to waterproof
them. However, this coating is often damaged with the backfill and careless workmanship on part of those
resposible for cleaning up the work site. A more permanent and damage-resistant coating now has become
commonly available. Rub-R-wall foundations are coated with a 100 percent polymer membrane that is
guaranted not to leak for lifetime.

How many times you clean the comfort room?

As we conducted survey that majority of the building maintenance personnel they clean the
comfort room 3x a day.

In relation of cleaning the comfort room issues, when it comes to bathrooms, hotel housekeepers have
seen it all. Whether it’s a toothpaste-crusted sink, these masters of clean know how to tackle a mess in the
most efficiency. “We have to have a record that housekeepers follow so they don’t waste any time going
back to the cart.”

As researcher' s make sure employees know what to clean and how to clean it. Teach workers to focus on
their works key such as toilets, faucets, door handles, and floors, but remind them to also pay attention to
overlooked areas such as light switches and partitions. Have them clean from top to bottom, starting with
walls and mirrors, moving to counter tops, and ending with floors and to have them work toward the exit
to prevent cross contamination of previously cleaned areas.

How many times you check the air condition in room and offices?

As we conducted survey according to the maintenance of the building they checked the air
condition id stain, be sure to remove any remaining on the surface so the sealer will bond properly.

As researcher' s before using any concrete filler, make sure there's no oil or dirt still on the floor. You can
still stain concrete, but you have to evaluate the size of the crack and the material used to fix it before
staining concrete. Most of this issues can be avoided by properly communicating with the contractor
doing the installation, ensuring the contractor is trustworthy through either official or word of mouth
reviews, and by doing the research yourself .

How do you maintain the drainage system at the building?

As we conducted survey on how to maintain the drainage system according to the maintenance
personnel that they use a drainage guard on all plug holes to reduce amount of waste that gets washed
down the sink to maintain the drainage system.

According to Glenn Richardson regular maintenance of plumbing drains and sewers is essential
to the overall performance and lifespan of a plumbing system. Clogs, back-ups and flooding can lead to
costly repairs and clean up. Since there are many different ways to design and install these systems, it is
important to have a full understanding of a specific property to help avoid these unwanted incidents.

As a researcher's the best to maintain the drainage system is through prevention. Generally, if you
are mindful of what you put down your drains, its likely you won't need to clear them of debris very
often. However, clogs can happen and it is important you know as how to keep your drains well
maintained.
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Kermani, A., Hairstans, R. Racking resistance of structural insulated panels. American Society of Civil
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Johansson, C.J. Grading of timber with respect to mechanical properties.In; Thelandersson, S. Larsen,
H.J. (eds.) Timber Engineering. Wiley, London, 2003.

Somayajji, S. Structural Wood Design. West Publishing Company, St Paul, MN, 1990.

Raadschelders, J.G.M. Blass, H.J. Stressed skin panels. In: blass, H.J., aune, P., Choo, B.S. Et al. Timber
Engineering STEP 1, 1st edn. Centrum Hout, Almere, 1995.

BS EN 338:2009,Structural timber- Strength Classes, British Standards Institution.

Ted Mooney, P.E., Finishing. Com , Pine Beach, New Jersey, 1990

Glenn Richardson plumbing and heating, Construct. Steel Res. 44, 107 - 114, (1997).

Gere, J.M. Timoshenko, S.P. Mechanics of Materials, 3rd SI edn. Chapman and Hall, London, 1991.