Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
households have no access to electricity. The Philippine Institute for Development Studies
said that at least 16 million Filipinos had no access to electricity in the year 2013 (Delizo,
2016). In this case, families tends to rely on alternative sources available in their locality
but still depends on its affordability. One of the most commonly used for powering home
composed of mercury, silver, lithium, cadmium, lead, and acid. With all the environmental
electrolyte, and separator. Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions in solution
and acquires the capacity to conduct electricity. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium,
Plant-based foods are naturally high in electrolyte content particularly fruits and
vegetables, and primarily those that are red, orange, and/or yellow (Smith). Corn stalk, as
one of the large agricultural crop residues in the country after the large production of corn,
is basically composed of crude fiber, crude protein ether extract, neutral and acid detergent
fiber, micro and macro elements. The elements include Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu),
Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Lead
2
(Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Cadmium (Cd). With the presence of electrolyte elements in corn
stalk, the researchers came up with the idea of developing a bio-battery that utilizes
fermented corn stalk as an electrolyte source for which was beneficial to families living
off-grid providing them with affordable and accessible electrical energy source.
Corn (Zea mays) has become one of the most important food crops in many parts
of the world. In the Philippines, next to rice consumption is corn, which is the staple food
of 20% of the population primarily in the Southern Regions of the Visayas and Mindanao
(Ocampo and Cotter). The crop plays an important role in the production of poultry and
livestock feeds, corn ethanol, and other industrial products such as corn starch and corn
syrup. Table 1 shows the production of the general varieties of corn, white and yellow corn,
that are planted in the Philippines. An increase of 1.07% in corn production in the Bicol
However, not all part of this plant is consumed directly by humans. Table 3 shows
that in year 2011, the utilized corn supply for feeds and waste consisting of leaves and corn
stalks residues is about 4,5321 metric tons. Recent work on the industrial utilization of
agricultural wastes has included a study of methods available for the possible utilization of
and these movements of electrons from one element to another in a reaction is known as
as the gaining of electrons given by the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Oxidation occurs at the
anode while reduction is at the cathode. The presence of a closed path consisting of two
of battery is prominently progressing. Types and classifications have been identified which
and Zinc-carbon battery or standard carbon battery, either dry or wet cell and is composed
Aside from the types of battery stated above which primarily used chemicals as its
electrolyte, others are constructed to be safe, clean and environment-friendly types. These
are the liquid battery, earth battery, air battery, and batteries that uses organic compounds
as its electrolytes.
inorganic, is converted into electric energy. The conversion takes place with the help of
presence of these agents, the substrate is broken down releasing the protons and electrons.
(Narayan, 2013)
substance. Microorganisms like yeasts and bacteria usually play a role in the fermentation
process, creating beer, wine, bread kimchi, yogurt, and other foods. The fermentation
process in which microorganisms grow on solid materials without the presence of free
liquid is known as solid-state fermentation wherein the contact between the fungi or
bacteria and the insoluble substrate which is the corn stalk will achieve the highest nutrient
concentration from the resulting substance (Researchgate). Table 4 shows the mineral
content of maize stalks after being subjected to fermentation according to separate methods
Feed
Ca P K Mn Zn Cu Mg Fe Co Pb Cd
ingredient
Maize stalks
800 370 1020 462 41.8 26.2 3900 517.8 nd nd nd
raw
Maize stalks
after 833 375 10232 502 42.64 27.21 4200 523.71 nd nd nd
fermentation
With the electrolyte production capability of corn stalk due to its chemical
composition and structure, the researchers are encouraged to develop an affordable and
environmental-friendly electrolyte source for batteries. The proponents aim to test and
evaluate the performance of fermented corn stalk as an electrolyte for bio-battery which
The general objective of this study is to test and evaluate the performance of
fermented corn stalk as an electrolyte for a bio-battery to make a clean, safe and
Specific Objectives:
The following are the specific objectives of the researchers in conducting this study:
1. To determine the effect of yeast to corn stalk ratio to the amount of voltage
produced.
7
a. 1:5
b. 1:10
c. 1:20
a. 7 days
b. 14 days
c. 21 days
This study aimed to test and evaluate the performance of fermented corn stalk as
1. What is the effect of yeast to corn stalk ratio to the amount of voltage produced?
a. 1:5
b. 1:10
c. 1:20
a. 7 days
b. 14 days
c. 21 days
8
3. Is there any significant difference between the voltages produced in each stated
fermentation duration?
The researchers believe that this research study was beneficial to the following:
Residences in Corn field. Areas without electrical supply was benefited. It will
lessen their regular costing for candles and kerosene or gas without worrying about safety.
Community. This will provide an additional energy source for low power
Corn Industry. Another product derived from corn stalk through the
Business Sector. It will open doors for new opportunities and ventures in the
manufacturing of bio-battery.
Department of Energy (DOE). This study was considered as a safe, clean and
Local Government Unit (LGU) - This study will help the local government units
Future Researchers. It will serve as bases for future research and studies
9
fermentation duration.
This study tested and evaluated the capability of fermented corn stalk as a source
of electrolytes for bio-battery. The bio-battery used copper as its cathode electrode and the
aluminum plates as its anode electrode. The study was conducted at Camarines Norte from
April 2018 - August 2018. The researchers focused on determining the feasibility of
fermented corn stalk as a source of electrolytes. The target source of corn stalk was Brgy.
Malasugui, Labo, Camarines Norte. The researchers focused only in the voltage output
after 7 days, 14 days and 21 days fermentation process. The fermented mixture is fixed at
a weight of 200g.
However, the researchers did not include analyzing the chemical composition of
electrolyte which is the fermented corn stalk and the discussion on the effect of electrolysis
to the electrode. The effect of the distance between the electrodes and of its area is
neglected. The specific variety and maturity of corn to be used is not covered in this study.
The researchers did not include the time for the replacement of electrolytes.
10
Definition of Terms
Anode – the positively charged electrode by which the electrons leave a device
device
other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat
Fermentation Duration – number of days wherein the corn stalk is subjected into
budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide
11
CHAPTER 2
This chapter presents the literatures and studies related to the study. It also presents
the synthesis of the state of the art and the theoretical and conceptual framework.
inorganic, is converted into electric energy with the help of biological or biochemical
agents such as enzymes or microorganisms. Because of the presence of these agents, the
substrate is broken down releasing the protons and electrons. (Narayan, 2013)
Ceramic Technologies and Systems uses plant wastes to produce biofuels. The plant in
Dresden, Germany produces biogas from fermented corn waste like husks and stalks
excluding the cobs. As stated by Michael Stelter, the head of the research group, the corn
stalks cannot be directly fermented because of their cellulose content so a special enzyme
is used to break down the cellulose before the silage ferments. (Lombardi, 2009)
Corn stalks collected after harvesting in August 2013 from a farm located in
Cheonan, Korea were used as the raw material in this study. After collection, each sample
was homogeneously mixed and dried at 105 °C for 24 hours. Table 5 shows the properties
of the corn stalk samples used in this study. The moisture content of the corn stalks was
13.2%, with 2.1% ash content. The HHV of the sample was determined to be 18.49 MJ/kg.
Most of the “Others” components in Table 5 are inorganic materials. (Poudel & Oh, 2014)
12
Table 5. The properties of the corn stalk samples. (*HHV – higher heating value)
duration of materials usually takes 8-20 days. However, since we often used modern
practices that involves higher temperatures, the duration can be reduced to seven days.
An electric potential is a measure of the energy per unit charge created between two
the oxidation/reduction reactions to drive the reaction. The cell potential or the
electromotive force or emf has a contribution from the anode or oxidation potential and the
Division (2014), the samples for testing organic compounds, specifically plant
Foreign Studies
A study by Janodi (2014) used urine as a bio-fuel and studied the effects of using
different electrode plates in the batteries’ performance. Janodi stated that copper has the
highest electrical conductivity and it forms a rich variety of compounds with oxidation
states +1 and +2 and zinc, much like magnesium, possess low weight and good electrical
electrons. The researcher also stated that yeast fuel cells proved to be a viable power source.
were used in a combined mixture to upgrade the nutritional value of maize stalks using
solid state fermentation technique. As a result, the Single P. ostreatus treatment of maize
stalks gave lower protein content compared to the simultaneously double treated maize
15
with P. ostreatus and S. cerevisiae. The crude protein also increased from 3.60% to 11.80%
when S. cerevisiae was used as biological additive material after incubation at temperature
of 28 °C for 7 days. Increasing the incubation time of the fermentation process helps
A study was conducted by Wright (2005) to determine the effect of chopping to the
nutrient content of cornstalk bales. The result indicated that chopping the cornstalks
increases its Calcium and Phosphorus content. The effect of processing prior to harvest on
Harvest Method
Standard Mean
Item Chopped Not Chopped
Error
Dry Matter, % 79 81.2 1.4
Crude Protein, % 5.4 5.5 0.18
Fat, % 0.79 0.81 0.1
Ash, % 21.3 23 1.48
ADF, % 68.2 67.6 1.2
NDF, % 100 98.2 1.77
NDIN, % 0.55 0.41 0.03
Lignin, % 6.8 6.7 0.19
Ca, % 0.52 0.45 0.02
P, % 0.17 0.15 0.01
TDN, % 40.9 39.5 0.68
16
A study by Wong and Fikri (2014) entitled Synthesis of Bio-ethanol from Corn
Stalk by Fermentation Process used commercial baker’s yeast, Mauripan as the source of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and further stated that the ratio of yeast to corn stalk for solid
Local Studies
Mijeno (2012) created a SALt LED Lamp which is powered by a galvanic cell
battery in which the electrolyte solution consists purely of salty water where two electrodes
are placed. The team said that the anode of the battery can be used for eight hours a day for
(2011) by Balleza et al. used the combination of spoiled kamias, banana and pineapple to
generate voltage that can be used in a dry cell. The mixture recorded a voltage rating that
ranges from 0.4 – 0.8 V in which the researchers concluded that the voltage generated is
enough to prove that spoiled kabapine is an effective electrolyte that can produce a voltage
Escabarte (2018) conducted a study with title, “Voltage Generation: Using Kamias
juice as Electrolyte” using different electrodes such as carbon, zinc and copper to test the
voltage generation of kamias juice. The maximum record of voltage generated using carbon
and zinc is 7.83 Volts and 0.966 Volts using copper and zinc electrodes. The study
concluded that the kamias juice is an electrolyte and the generated voltage of electrolytes
et al. (2013) studied the possibility of edible and inedible root crops and tubers to become
sources of electrical energy. The study used badiang, sweet potato and cassava in a galvanic
cell and which generated voltages of 656 mV to 949 mV, 668.2 mV, and 559 mV to 860
mV respectively. The results indicated basic information that electrical energy recovery
can be generated from root crop waste, waters and roots or tubers.
The study of Atanacio et al. (2010) with the title “Cassava Grates Processing
extracts with added salt using an improvised microbial fuel cell. The study recorded a
maximum voltage output of 546 mV and therefore proved that the voltage generated from
Synthesis of State-Of-The-Art
The review of related studies was done selectively so that the relevant features of
the work are differentiated, and their similarities and differences are pinpointed with
The study of Janodi (2014) with the title “Renewable Power Source Using Urine
Based on Bio – Battery” used urine as a bio-fuel for the bio-battery whereas this study used
fermented corn stalk. In this study, the researchers used copper and aluminum as electrodes
Mediated Biological Fuel Cell”, yeast is used to enhance the chemical content of the bio-
fuel cell. In the present study, yeast is used for the fermentation and also used to improve
The study entitled “Nutritional Value Upgrading of Maize Stalk by Using Pleurotus
used a mixture of Pleurotus Ostreatus and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae to aid the breakdown
of cellulose for the fermentation of the maize stalk. The present study, on the other hand
focused in using the baker’s yeast for fermentation and cellulose breakdown of the maize
stalk.
The study of Wright (2005) discusses the effect of chopping to the nutrient content
of cornstalks. In the present study, the cornstalk was chopped before undergoing
The study of Wong and Fikri (2014) used the commercial baker’s yeast for the
fermentation and applied a 1:10 ratio for the yeast and corn stalk media. The researchers
of the present study also used the baker’s yeast and used three different yeast to corn stalk
ratio such as 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20 for the present study.
Lighting”, salty water is used as electrolyte solution to a galvanic cell bio-battery that
powers an LED lamp. The present study is also about bio-battery however, it is more
Balleza et al. (2011) used the mixture of spoiled kamias, banana and pineapple to
serve as electrolyte for a dry cell using copper and zinc as electrodes while the present
study used the fermented corn stalk as electrolyte. The researchers also used copper
The study of Escabarte (2018) mainly focused on the voltage that can be generated
by using kamias juice as electrolyte in different electrode pairs. The study used electrodes
such as copper, zinc and carbon. The present study used aluminum and copper plates for
The study entitled “Potential of Root Crops as Source of Electrical Energy” of Tan
et al. (2013) used edible and inedible root crops and tubers, as well as wastes as sources of
electrical energy. The present study on the other hand used the fermented stalk of corn to
act as an electrolyte that can be used for generating voltage which also serves as source of
electrical energy.
The study with the title “Cassava Grates Processing Wastes as Source of Electrical
Energy” by Atanacio et al. (2010) generated electricity from salted cassava extracts with
using an improvised microbial fuel cell. The proponents’ study focused on generating
voltage from corn stalks fermented in different durations using baker’s yeast of varying
ratios.
The gap of this study from the other related studies revolves on the variable used
as the electrolyte or the voltage-generating factor and the specific electrodes used. This
study used fermented corn stalk to serve as electrolyte and aluminum and copper
20
electrodes. Furthermore, this study used baker’s yeast to increase the chemical content of
the corn stalk and different durations of fermentation was used in order to record the
Theoretical Framework
Several laws and theories are considered to make this study reliable and efficient.
These principles which are anchored to this study include the Principle of Electrochemistry
and the Law of Conservation of Energy. These principles serve as the basis of realization
and these movements of electrons from one element to another in a reaction is known as
electrons given by the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Oxidation occurs at the anode while
reduction is at the cathode. The presence of a closed path consisting of two connected
electrodes in an electrolyte, electrical energy can be obtained. In this study, the copper and
aluminum plates act as the reducing and oxidizing agents respectively. The fermented corn
stalk which acts as electrolyte creates a closed path with the electrode thus generating
electrical energy.
Conservation of Energy. It states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only
21
be changed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another. In this
study, the law of conservation of energy is applied as the fermented corn stalk which
Using the principles aforementioned provided the basic matters affirmed by this
study. The integration of these theoretical concepts works to the development of the
Principle of
Electrochemistry Fermented
Corn Stalk
Electrolyte
For
Bio-battery
Law of Conservation of
Energy
Conceptual Framework
This study revolves on three main factors namely the input, process and output
shown in the conceptual paradigm of the study. Also a feedback is presented. The feedback
includes gathering of data from the output which was used as basis for creating a new
theory for each of the inputs. The connection between the feedback and the process in the
conceptual paradigm is represented by broken lines because only if necessary, the feedback
can also be used as foundation for formulating adjustments in the processes in order to
The input is the most vital factor that comprises this study. In this case, the main
input is the fermented corn stalk which is utilized as an electrolyte, the yeast was used for
the fermentation and the zinc and copper plates for electrodes. The gathered data and
electrical concepts are also inputs that influenced the fabrication of this study.
The process includes the series of activities that needs to be done to achieve the
desired output. In this study, the process involves the gathering of data regarding the use
The output of this study is the voltage produced from the fermented corn stalk
electrolyte.
24
Gathering of data
Fermented regarding the use of
Corn Stalk fermented corn stalk
Aluminum and as electrolyte for
Bio-Battery Voltage produced
Copper Plates from the Fermented
Preparation of
Electrical Corn Stalk
materials and
Concepts Electrolyte
executing
Gathered Data fermentation process
about the topic Fabrication of device
Testing of Voltage
from fermented corn
stalk
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods and procedures that was used by the researchers
in doing the study and the statistical tool that was employed to achieve the desired
objectives. This chapter guides the researchers in cultivating the entire study.
Research Design
The researchers used the experimental method of study for gathering data essential
to achieve the objectives of the study. The repeated measure type of experimental method
was implemented.
Research Parameters/Variables
The controlled variables in this experimental process was the setup of the container
including the plate electrodes and the amount of fermented mixture to be used. These
variables was set constant for all of the experiments and tests to be performed. The
experimental variables in this process was the fermentation duration and the yeast to corn
stalk ratio of the fermented mixture. These variables was varied in every experiments and
tests.
Research Procedure
The study was subjected to different processes such as gathering of data, planning
and designing, preparation of materials and equipment, testing and experiments, statistical
26
analysis and evaluation. The flow chart process included in the research procedure is shown
in Figure 3.
Data Gathering
The first part of the study is gathering the data and pieces of information connected
to the proposed study. The information includes the electrolyte composition and the
This section shows the clear presentation of the plan of activities to find out the
outcomes of the study. The researchers ensure the availability of the resources needed such
as the corn stalk and the plate electrodes. The resources should be selected with respect to
the features and qualities it must possess. The plan of activities must be done accordingly
and the conceptualization of the experiments and testing should corresponds to the output
desired to achieve.
Materials and Equipment Preparation. The proponents of this study ensure that all the
materials and equipment needed for the realization of the project is complete and working
to avoid having problems in the construction phase. Having reserve materials is suggested
so replacement can be done when needed without going through much hassle or having to
wait for such materials to arrive. The container setup to be used for the experimentation
consists of aluminum plates as its anode and copper as its cathode electrodes and mixture
Testing and Tabulation of Results. The mixture should be subjected to repeated tests and
all data results must be recorded at all times to serve as proof for efficiency. The output
27
voltage was measured using a multi-tester. The different output voltage measured was
compared and analyzed with the use of statistics. The Two-Factor Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) was used to determine whether there was significant relationship between the
fermentation duration with respect to its voltage output. Mean average value was computed
to compare the output voltage in each fermentation duration and to determine which of the
Data and Analysis. This section seeks to analyze, breakdown and study the data we have
gathered through the project. This chapter includes the data results and discussion on the
test conducted in order to achieve the objectives of this study and answer the problems
Furnishing and Preparation of Papers. The research papers and documents was finalized
Preparation of
Planning and
Materials and
Designing
Equipment
Statistical
Testing and
Analysis and
Experiments
Evaluation
End
The researchers used materials and equipment to develop bio-battery and for testing
to answer the problems of the research study. The specification of the materials and
equipment used and the quantity needed for each material is shown in Table 9 (see
appendix). The bill of materials and supplies needed to develop the bio-battery is shown in
Experimentation Procedures
This experimental method includes series of tests and experiments that was
conducted repeatedly in order to test the performance of the fermented corn stalk according
to the desired data. The parameter to be tested is the amount of voltage produced in terms
of fermentation duration of 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days, and in terms of yeast to corn stalk
ratio of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The output voltage was measured using a multi-tester. The
The relationship of the output voltage to the duration of fermentation of corn stalk
was determined by varying the time needed for fermentation process. The corn stalk was
gathered from Brgy. Malasugui, Labo, Camarines Norte. The gathered corn stalks was
chopped into bits and was prepared for the process of fermentation. The process involved
solid-state fermentation with the application of yeast. Chopped corn stalks was fermented
according to the number of days stated in the study. The relationship between the output
voltages and the ratio of yeast to corn stalk was determined by performing different trials
wherein the ratio of the yeast to corn stalk to be used for fermentation was changed
accordingly. The fermented corn stalk was subjected to three different trials with the ratio
30
of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The difference between the output voltages in each stated yeast to
1:5
Output Voltage
per Ratio 1:10
1:20
The fermented corn stalks was subjected to testing determining the voltage output
with respect to the number of days of fermentation. After determining the fermented
mixture with the highest voltage output in terms of yeast to corn stalk ratio, the voltage
output of mixture in terms of fermentation duration was compared and analyzed. The
significant difference between the voltages produced in each stated fermentation duration
was determined. The data acquired from repeated measures was gathered and recorded.
7 Days
Voltage
Produced per 14 Days
Duration
21 Days
2. Put the chopped cornstalk and yeast in the basin. Mix it properly.
3. Put the mixture of cornstalk and yeast in the plastic container and seal it with
4. After achieving the durations of the fermentation process, put the copper and
6. The data acquired from repeated measures was gathered and recorded.
Data Analysis
The researchers used statistical method in analyzing and interpreting the results
difference between the voltage outputs with respect to fermentation duration. The null
hypothesis was stated assuming there is no significance difference between the voltages
produced in each stated fermentation duration. Alpha of 0.05 was used in the analysis and
computation. Degrees of freedom was determined in order to get the critical value that were
based on the F-table. Using Single Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in the Microsoft
Excel Data Analysis, the value of Fcalculated was compared to the critical tabulated value,
and the decision was made whether significance difference exists between the voltage
CHAPTER 4
This chapter presents the results of the testing and experimentation done in the
research as well as the data interpretations and the statistical treatment applied to the data
gathered.
To determine the voltage produced in each yeast-to-corn stalk ratio, the fermented
mixture was measured accordingly for its voltage output with the use of a multi-tester and
the results were gathered and tabulated. For yeast-to-corn stalk ratio of 1:5, the voltages
produced were 0.559V, 0.569V, 0.558V, 0.511V, 0.488V, 0.438V, 0.694V, 0.542V, and
0.539V, shown in Table 8, with an average voltage output of 0.544V. For yeast-to-corn
stalk ratio of 1:10, the voltages produced were 0.545V, 0.558V, 0.550V, 0.490V, 0.493V,
0.491V, 0.517V, 0.533V, and 0.522V, shown in Table 9, with an average voltage output
of 0.522V. For yeast-to-corn stalk ratio of 1:20, the voltages produced were 0.547V,
0.544V, 0.522V, 0.467V, 0.495V, 0.489V, 0.492V, 0.517V, and 0.436V, shown in Table
T1 T2 T3 Average
7 Days 0.559 V 0.569 V 0.558 V
14 Days 0.511 V 0.488 V 0.438 V 0.544 V
21 Days 0.694 V 0.542 V 0.539 V
33
T1 T2 T3 Average
7 Days 0.545 V 0.558 V 0.55 V
14 Days 0.49 V 0.498 V 0.491 V 0.522 V
21 Days 0.517 V 0.533 V 0.522 V
T1 T2 T3 Average
7 Days 0.547 V 0.544 V 0.522 V
14 Days 0.467 V 0.495 V 0.489 V 0.501 V
21 Days 0.508 V 0.517 V 0.436 V
Based from the observation, the yeast-to-corn stalk ratio of 1:5 is the best ratio with
the highest calculated average voltage output of 0.544V and showed that the higher the
yeast-to-corn stalk ratio, the higher the voltage the mixture can produce.
After determining the yeast-to-corn stalk ratio with the highest voltage output, the
voltage output in terms of stated fermentation duration was compared and analyze
0.559V, 0.569V, and 0.558V, with an average voltage output of 0.562V. In terms of
fermentation duration of 14 days, the voltage produced were 0.511V, 0.488V, and
days, the voltage produced were 0.694V, 0.542V, and 0.539V, with an average voltage
Table 11. Voltage Produced for Fermentation Duration of 1:5 Yeast-to-Corn Stalk
Ratio
T1 T2 T3 Average
7 Days 0.559V 0.569V 0.558V 0.562V
14 Days 0.511V 0.488V 0.438V 0.479V
21 Days 0.694V 0.542V 0.539V 0.592V
Based from the observation, the fermentation duration of 21 days has the highest
voltage output produced with the average value of 0.592V, next is 7 days with the average
value of 0.562V, and last is 14 days with the average value of 0.479V. The data shows that
Degrees of freedom were determined in order to get the critical value that were
based on the F-table, shown in Table 16 (see appendix). For fermentation duration factor,
if the value of Fcalculated for column is greater than the critical value of 5.14, the decision is
to reject the null hypothesis. To determine if there is significance difference between the
voltage output in each stated fermentation duration, results were analyzed with the use of
Single Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in the Microsoft Excel Data Analysis, given
Table 17 (see appendix). Only one variable is under analysis therefore Single Factor
Analysis of Variance is used. Shown in Table 12, the researchers arrived at the Fcalculated
35
value of 0.94 which is less than the Ftabulated value of 5.14 therefore the decision is to accept
Based from the computation using Single Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA),
the decision is that there is no significant difference between the voltages produced in each
stated fermentation duration and shows that the fermented duration does not affect the level
Total 0.03904 8
36
CHAPTER 5
Presented in this chapter is the summary of the findings gathered in the entire
research. This consists of the conclusions and recommendations for future development of
Summary of Findings
1. Based from the results of the previous tests and analysis, the yeast-to-corn stalk
ratio of 1:5 is best of the other ratios with the highest calculated mean average of 0.544V.
The researchers found out that the higher the yeast-to-corn stalk ratio, the higher the voltage
2. After the comparison of mean average value of the voltage output in terms of
fermentation duration which are 0.562V for 7 days, 0.479V for 14 days, and 0.592V for 21
days, the results showed that the voltage output varies as the fermentation duration varies.
The highest voltage output was the fermentation duration of 21 days having the average
value of 0.592V.
3. With the use of Single Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Microsoft Excel
Data Analysis, it was found out that there is no significant relationship between the voltage
Conclusions
1. The yeast-to-corn stalk ratio of the fermented mixture that yield the highest voltage
fermentation duration therefore it does not affect the voltage output of the
fermented mixture.
3. With the voltage production capability of the fermented mixture, the researchers
concluded that the fermented corn stalk can be used as an effective electrolyte
Recommendations
The following are the recommendations of the researchers for improvement of the
study:
1. Future researchers may add at least another 3 fermentation duration for more
accurate output.
Other Recommendations:
2. Future researchers may use specific variant of corn stalk in the study.
specify the constant depth and distance between the electrode plates during the
testing process.
4. Future researchers may use different sets of electrodes which can help produce
6. Future researchers may add at least another 3 fermentation duration for more
accurate output.
39
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet Materials
Books
An Introduction to Two Way ANOVA. Retrieved on October 11, 2018 from www.
ANOVA
Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electrochemistry
books?id=0os_gIvG_ccC&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=minimum+durati
on+of+fermentation&source=bl&ots=W4tHi32_wq&sig=V2O-Gz61Dogc
tX6EYtxAsnBOiMg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0iZnNlZnaAhUDvr
wKHXtvCWYQ6AEIfzAH#v=onepage&q=minimum%20duration%20of
%20fermentation&f=false
Lobo, Lewington & Allison, et al, (2013). Basic Concepts of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249625074_BasicConcepts_of_
Fluid_and_Electrolyte_Balance
Nave, C.R, (2016). Standard Electrode Potentials. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics. phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Chemical/electrode.html#c1
40
Journals
Delizo M., (2016). UP Inventors Bring Power to Off-grid Areas. Retrieved from
http://www.manilatimes.net/up-inventors-bring-power-to-off-grid-areas/
278361/
Department of Science and Technology, (2015). Standards and Testing Division. Schedule
of Fees and Charges for Testing and Analytical Services. Retrieved from
http://www.itdi .dost.gov.ph/images/stories/docs/STD/2014-STD-Test-
Fee_rev2_Feb-42015.pdf
Lombardi, C., (2009). German Electricity Plant Runs on Corn Waste. Retrieved from
https://www.cnet.com/news/german-electricity-plant-runs-on-corn-waste/
tions-Article/Bio-Batteries-Mechanism-of-Working-Advantages-and-
Potential-Applications-3051.html
tions-Article/ Bio-Batteries-Mechanism-of-Working-Advantages-and-Po
tential-Applications-3051.html
41
Smith., (n.d.). Everyone You Need to Know about Electrolyte. Retrieved from
http://www.rebootwithjoe.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-
electrolytes/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27205523_Solid_State_Ferment
ation_An_Overview
Tan, D.L.S. et al. (2013). Potential of Root Crops as Source of Electrical Energy. Retrieved
from http://atr.vsu.edu.ph/resources/pdf%20file/Vol.%2035%20No.%20
2%20Full%20Paper/2.pdf
Studies
Atanacio, M.A.R. et al. (2010). Cassava Grates Processing Wastes as Source of Electrical
2032%20No. %201%20Full%20Paper/4.pdf
kabapine-paste-as-an-electrolyte-in-common-dry-cell-2831714
Darwish, G., et al., (2011). Nutritional Value Upgrading of Maize Stalk by Using Pleurotus
_Nutritional_value_upgrading_of_maize_stalk_by_using_Pleurotus_ostre
atus_and_Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_in_solid_state_fermentation
42
Escabarte, J.A. (2018). Voltage Generation: Using Kamias juice as Electrolyte. Retrieved
from https://www.scribd.com/presentation/383982193/research-kamias
Janodi, MRB. (2014). Renewable Power Source Using Urine Based on Bio – Battery.
&url=http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/5510/1/MOHD_RAZAIE_BIN_JANODI
.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwji_YeZbaAhWSFHwKHawnB9gQFjAAegQICBAB
&usg=AOvVaw3Ly9sw 5AD-T6g2yuK5o8OZ
Mijeno, A., (2012). SALt Lamp – Sustainable Alternative Lighting. Retrieved from
https://www.chang emakers.com/globalgoals2015/entries/sustainable-
alternative -lighting-salt
Poudel, J. & Oh, S., (2014). Effect of Torre faction on the Properties of Corn Stalk to
1996-1073/7/9/5586/pdf
Wong, YC. & Fikri, AM. (2014). Synthesis of Bio-ethanol from Corn Stalk by
300232
Wright, CL. (2005). Effect of Harvest Method on the Nutrient Composition of Baled
8a14886d3b 144e795451a88e4ead69.pdf
43
Appendix A
___________________________ ___________________________
Date Date
44
Appendix B
October 5, 2018
Sir:
May I/we respectfully request for the paper presentation of my/our thesis study
manuscript entitled: “FERMENTED CORN STALKS AS AN ELECTROLYTE SOURCE
FOR BIO-BATTERY” on OCTOBER 08, 2018 at 1:00 PM in ELECTRO PNEUMATICS
ROOM.
Favorably Endorsed:
Appendix C
Date: ________________
Sir:
We have the honor to request permission to your office to conduct study
entitled: “FERMENTED CORN STALKS AS AN ELECTROLYTE SOURCE FOR BIO-
BATTERY”.
________________________
Student Applicant
Recommending Approval:
Appendix D
This is to certify that all the suggestions given by the Panel of Examiners in connection
with the Oral Examination of Marinnyl A. Aguilar, Kaye J. Espina, and Charlyn Mae S. Pardo,
in the defense of their thesis study entitled “FERMENTED CORN STALKS AS AN
ELECTROLYTE SOURCE FOR BIO-BATTERY” were complied with.
Appendix E
This is to certify that the thesis study of Marinnyl A. Aguilar, Kaye J. Espina, and
Charlyn Mae S. Pardo, entitled “FERMENTED CORN STALKS AS AN ELECTROLYTE
SOURCE FOR BIO-BATTERY” was edited by the undersigned.
Appendix F
CURRICULUM VITAE
A. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Citizenship: FILIPINO
B. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
2004-2010
2010-2014
2014 - Present
BS in Electrical Engineering
49
CURRICULUM VITAE
A. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Citizenship: FILIPINO
B. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
2004-2010
2010-2014
2014 - Present
BS in Electrical Engineering
50
CURRICULUM VITAE
A. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Citizenship: FILIPINO
B. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
2004-2010
2010-2014
2014 - Present
BS in Electrical Engineering
51
Appendix G
CERTIFICATION
MARINNYL A. AGUILAR
KAYE J. ESPINA
Appendix H
52
GANTT CHART
The table below presents the schedule of researcher’s activities for the completion
NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
ACTIVITIES
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Brainstorming for
Research Title
Finalizing the
Research Title
Preparation for Title
Defense
Title Defense
Construction of
Chapter 1 to 3
Editing the Research
Paper
Revisions of Chapters
1-3
Gathering Corn Stalk
and Other Materials
Fermentation Process
and Testing
Data Analysis
Construction of
Chapter 4
Construction of
Chapter 5
Final Defense
Appendix I
Appendix J
Total
No. Qty. Unit Specifications Unit Price
Price
Aluminum Plate (100mm x
1 2 pcs ₱20.00 ₱40.00
100mm)
Copper Plate (100mm x
2 2 pcs ₱120.00 ₱240.00
100mm)
3 27 pcs Plastic Container ₱8.00 ₱216.00
4 1 kg Yeast ₱210.00 ₱210.00
5 1 pc Multi-meter ₱700.00 ₱700.00
6 5 kg Corn Stalk
7 3 pcs Knife
8 2 pack Rubber band
9 1 pack 8 x 11 plastic bag
55
Appendix K
DOCUMENTATION
Weighing 200
Weighing of yeast Weighing g of corn stalk
scale
B. Testing
The images above shows the test conducted on August 19, 2018 to tabulate and
get the average voltage produce using 7 days fermented corn stalks in terms of different
ratio of yeast.
58
The images above shows the test conducted on August 26, 2018 to tabulate and
get the average voltage produce using 14 days fermented corn stalks in terms of different
ratio of yeast.
60
The images above shows the test conducted on September 02, 2018 to tabulate
and get the average voltage produce using 21 days fermented corn stalks in terms of
different ratio of yeast.
62
Appendix L
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Single Factor
Statistical Method
The analysis focused only on one hypothesis therefore requiring one decision rule.
The critical value of this decision was based on the F-table show in Table below.
Table 17. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Single Factor using Microsoft Excel Data
Analysis