CELL BIOLOGY I:

INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL

Dr. rer. nat. Kartika Senjarini
BIOLOGI FMIPA – UNIVERSITAS JEMBER

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

OUTLINE

A. THE UNIVERSAL FEATURES OF

CELLS ON EARTH
B. THE DIVERSITY OF GENOMES & THE
TREE OF LIFE: Bacteria, Archaea &
Eukarya

Reference:
Book: Molecular Biology of The Cell, Bruce Alberts, 6thedition-2015

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

THE UNIVERSAL FEATURES
OF CELLS ON EARTH

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

NOT LIFE

VS

LIFE
CELLS: FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

CENTRAL FOR
CELL BIOLOGY:
THE STUDY OF
STRUCTURE,
FUNCTION &
BEHAVIOUR OF
CELL

DESPITE THE
VARIETY IN
INDIVIDUAL
PARTICULAR,
THEY HAVE
CONSTANCY IN
FUNDAMENTAL
MECHANISM

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

 CELLS: FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

SINGLE CELL IS THE VEHICLE FOR ALL HEREDITARY INFORMATION THAT

DEFINE EACH SPECIES

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1. All cells store their hereditary information
in the same linear chemical code: DNA

MEDIA FOR SAVING INFORMATION ON COMPUTER

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

 1. All cells store their hereditary information
in the same linear chemical code: DNA

DNA BUILDING BLOCK

Consequently, we can take a piece of DNA from a human cell and insert it into
a bacterium or vice versa and the information will be successfully read
Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I
 2. All cells replicate their hereditary
information by templated polymerization

In different types of cells, this process of DNA

replication occurs at different rates, with different
controls to start it or stop it, and different auxiliary
molecules to help it along. But the basics are
universal: DNA is the information store for heredity,
and templated polymerization is the way in which
this information is copied throughout the living
world.

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 3. All cells transcribe portions of their hereditary
information into the same intermediary form:RNA

DNA must do more than copy

itself. It must also express its
information, by letting the
information guide the
synthesis of other molecules
in the cell  RNAs & Proteins

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

 3. All cells transcribe portions of their hereditary
information into the same intermediary form:RNA

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

 3. All cells transcribe portions of their hereditary
information into the same intermediary form:RNA

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

4. All cells use proteins as catalyst

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4. All cells use proteins as catalyst

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5. All cells translate RNA into protein
in the same way
Nucleotide information is
read in triplet (64 codon)
for 20 amino acid
This “translation” is
occurred on the
Ribosomes (a large
multimolecular molecule
composed of both
protein and rRNA)

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 6. Each Protein is encoded by a specific Gene
Gene segment of DNA sequence corresponding to a single
protein or set alternative protein variants or to single catalytic,
regulatory or structural RNA molecule

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The universal features of the cell
7. Life requires Free Energy
8. All cells function as biochemical factories
dealing with the same basic molecular
building block
9. All cells enclosed in a plasma membrane
across which nutrient & waste material must
pass  system membrane
10.A living Cell can exist with fewer than 500
genes
THE DIVERSITY OF GENOMES &
THE TREE OF LIFE
Cell can be powered by a variety of free energy sources

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

Cell can be powered by a variety of free energy sources

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 Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes Organisms (Cells)

Based on cell structure, living organisms can

be classified into Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
The eukaryotes keep their DNA in a distinct
membrane enclosed compartment called
nucleus & prokaryotes have no distinct
nuclear compartment

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The greatest biochemical diversity exists among
prokaryotic cells

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

The greatest biochemical diversity exists among
prokaryotic cells

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 The Tree of Life has Three Primary Branches:
Bacteria, Archaea & Eukayotes

Basic clasification based on comparisons of morphological

characteristic….however…

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY??

GENOM ANALYSIS

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 The Tree of Life has Three Primary Branches:
Bacteria, Archaea & Eukayotes

diverged early in the history of earth

The Archaea, in outward appearance, they are not easily distinguished from bacteria,
but in molecular level seem to resemble eukaryotes in term of replication, transcription &
translation. However in their apparatus for metabolism & energy conversion, they are
more closely to bacteria

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Theory of Eukaryotes Origin

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Gene family between three primary branches

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 Genetic information in Prokaryotes

Molecular biology began with a spotlight in E. coli

• can be easily grown in a simple nutrient broth
• easily addapt to variable chemical conditions & reproduce rapidly
• it can evolve by mutation & selection at a remarkable speed

The basic genetic mechanisms that have been turned out to be conserved throughout
evolution is studied through E. coli

These mechanisms are essentially the same in our own cells as in E. coli

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 Genetic information in Eukaryotes

Because of its complexity, understanding genetic & biochemical information is very

crucial strategy in cell biology to understand how eukaryotes organisms work

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 Genetic information in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells may have originated as predators, and the present modern eukaryotic
cells evolved from symbiosis into:
1. Animal cells 2. plant cells 3. Fungi

EUKARYOTES HAVE HYBRID GENOME

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USING MODEL ORGANISMS TO UNDERSTAND
EUKARYOTIC GENOME

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USING MODEL ORGANISMS TO UNDERSTAND
EUKARYOTIC GENOME

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Thank you!

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I