Voice over AAL2

- With Special Focus on AAL2 Signaling

Sumit Kasera
Technical Leader, Hughes Software Systems
email: sukasera@hss.hns.com
s.kasera@mailcity.com
mobile: 9810337337
 Agenda

! Introduction
! Voice over AAL1
! Evolution and Design of AAL2
! AAL2 Signaling
! AAL2 Signaling Applications
! AAL2 based Commercial Products
! Standards related to Voice over ATM
Carrying Voice over ATM:
Technical Considerations(1/3)
! Amongst transport of various network
traffic types, voice is probably the most
challenging.
– Echo
• Phenomenon when transmitted signal gets
reflected due to unavoidable impedance mismatch
and 4-wire/2-wire conversion
• If round-trip delay is more than 30ms, echo
becomes significant.
Carrying Voice over ATM:
Technical Considerations(2/3)
– Upper bound on End-to-end delay
• With echo cancellation, 150ms delay is acceptable.
• Delay occurs in ATM networks because of
– Packetization delay
– Buffering delay
– Encoding delay
– Means for carrying Signaling Information
• Signaling includes on/off-hook, dialled digits, etc.
– Synchronization
• Packet based networks impose additional
difficulties in maintaining synchronization.
Carrying Voice over ATM:
Technical Considerations(3/3)
– Silence Suppression
• On an average, speech activity is only for 42%.
• For remaining period, silence may not be sent,
thereby optimizing bandwidth utilization.
– Compression
• Unlike PCM encoded 64Kbps, packet based
networks can use compression algorithms to
reduce bandwidth requirements.
– For eg, ADPCM (32Kbps): Adaptive PCM
– LD-CELP (16kbps): Low Delay-Code Excited Linear
Prediction
Voice over ATM: Advantages (1/3)

! Unlike other pkt. switching technologies,

ATM has small and fixed sized cell which
is more suited for carrying voice.
– Other technologies like Frame relay and IP
have large and variable sized frames/packets.
! ATM provides single platform for all
network traffic type:
– voice,
– video,
– and data.
 Voice over ATM: Advantages (2/3)

! ATM provides extensive support for QoS.

– Cell Error Ratio
– Cell Loss Ratio
– Cell Transfer Delay
– Cell Delay Variation
! ATM provides different service categories
for carrying heterogeneous traffic
– Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
– Variable Bit Rate (VBR): Realtime/Non-Realtime
– Available Bit Rate (ABR), etc.
 Voice over ATM: Advantages (3/3)

! ATM provides different adaptation layers for

different user requirements
– AAL1 for constant bit rate voice applications
– AAL2 for low bit rate voice and video
applications
– AAL5 for data applications
! Extensive standardization support from
ITU-T and ATM Forum.
 Agenda

! Introduction
! Voice over AAL1
! Evolution and Design of AAL2
! AAL2 Signaling
! AAL2 Signaling Applications
! AAL2 based Commercial Products
! Standards related to Voice over ATM
 AAL1 Features (1/2)

! AAL1 provides
– transfer of service data units with a constant
source bit rate and the delivery of them with the
same bit rate;
– transfer of timing information between source
and destination (using SRTS or adaptive buffer
method);
– transfer of structure information between source
and destination (using Structured data transfer);
! AAL1 is thus quite suitable for constant bit
rate service and circuit emulation.
AAL1 Features (2/2)
SAR-PDU (48 bytes)
SAR-PDU header

SN SNP
Cell header SAR-PDU Payload
(4 bits) (4 bits)

CSI Sequence count CRC count field Even parity

bit field (3 bits) (3 bits) bit

SN: Sequence Number CSI: Convergence Sublayer Indication

SNP: Sequence Number Protection SAR: Segmentation and Reassembly

AAL1 SAR PDU

 Circuit Emulation using AAL1
(af-vtoa-78)

ATM Circuit ATM Circuit CBR

CBR e quipm e nt
e quipm e nt Em ulation ATM Network Em ulation
Se rvice Se rvice (e .g. PBX)
(e .g. PBX)

Circuit Emulation Framework

Circuit Emulation supports:

• Structured DS1/E1 based on N*64Kbps data rates
• Unstructured DS1/E1 (1.544/2.048 Mbps)
• Unstructured DS3/E3 (44.736/34.368 Mbps)
 Dynamic Bandwidth CES

! Some of the limitations of CES were

removed in ATM Forum’s Standard af-vtoa-
85 Dynamic Bandwidth Channel Emulation
Service
– Using DBCES, when an inactive time slot is
detected, the slot is dropped from from next
ATM structure and the bandwidth is used for
other services.
• Using idle code patterns
• Using the signaling bits AB
ATM Trunking using AAL1 for
narrowband services(af-vtoa-89.001)
(1/3)
! Channel Emulation is limited to providing
fixed bandwidth for structured DS1/DS3,
E1/E3 and unstructured DS1/E1 and
N*64Kbps service.
! There is need to:
– allocate resources on as-needed basis
– Do away with dedicating narrowband channels
to every destination
– Interconnect two Narrowband networks via ATM
network
ATM Trunking using AAL1 for
narrowband services (af-vtoa-89.001)
(2/3)
! ATM Trunking using AAL1 provides the
following services:
– Call-by-call routing: This provides more effective
use of transmission and switching capability.
– Bandwidth on demand: This refers to ability to
allocate bandwidth only when need
– Support for DS1/E1 with signaling
– Means to map narrowband signaling messages
to broandband signaling messages (e.g. N-
SETUP to B-SETUP, B-CONNECT to N-
CONNECT, and so on)
ATM Trunking using AAL1 for
narrowband services (af-vtoa-89.001)
(3/3)
CALL HANDLING

N*64

Map p in g IWF-IWF
DSS1 fu n ctio n Sig.
DSS2

Q.921 AAL1 SAAL SAAL

ATM

PHY PHY

ISDN inte rface ATM inte rface

Reference model of IWF for Trunking using AAL1

 Agenda

! Introduction
! Voice over AAL1
! Evolution and Design of AAL2
! AAL2 Signaling
! AAL2 Signaling Applications
! AAL2 based Commercial Products
! Standards related to Voice over ATM
Evolution of AAL2 (1/8)

! After development of AAL1, AAL3/4 and

AAL5, there was a need for an AAL that
could transport small packets for low-data
rate applications efficiently.
– AAL1 had its inherent problems
• High packetization delay (12ms for 32kbps and
48ms for 8kbps applications)
• Partial-filled cell method can be used to reduce
delay, but are bandwidth-inefficient.
– AAL3/4 or AAL5 were suitable for bursty data
applications.
Evolution of AAL2 (2/8)

! Another requirement was to allow multiple

users to simultaneously use the channel.
– This mandated the use of some form of
multiplexing identifier (like MID is there in
AAL3/4)
Evolution of AAL2 (3/8)

! Given this, one option is to use a fixed size

channel (say 1 to 4 four bytes) and a fixed
number of channels (corresponding to
48/24/16/12 channels).

Ce ll He ade r Channe l 1 Channe l 2 ............ Channe l N

! This option is not only inflexible, but also

retains the inefficiency of circuit-switched
networks.
Evolution of AAL2 (4/8)

! The better option is to do the following:

– Use variable sized packets instead of fixed
size packets in ATM payload.
– There can be one or more packets in ATM
payload.
– Since the packet size is variable, each packet
will have its own header.
– A packet is identified uniquely by an identifier
called Channel Identifier (CID).
– Use a length Indicator to give the actual length
of the packet.
 Evolution of AAL2 (5/8)
CPS-Packet

CPS Packet
CPS Packet Payload
Header

CID LI UUI HEC

(8 bits) (6 bits) (5 bits) (5 bits)

CID: Channel Identifier LI: Length Indicator

UUI: User-to-User Indication HEC: Header Error Control

AAL2 CPS Packet Structure

Evolution of AAL2 (6/8)
! Only CPS packets alone are not sufficient.
! If one cell is lost, there must be means to
identify the beginning of CPS Packet in the
next cell .
! This functionality is served by CPS-PDU
header of 1byte.
 Evolution of AAL2 (7/8)
CPS-PDU
CPS-PDU Payload

Start Field PAD

(1 byte) (0-47bytes)

Offset Start Field SN P SN: Sequence Number

(6 bits) (1 bit) (1 bit) P: Parity

AAL2 CPS-PDU Structure

Evolution of AAL2 (8/8)
STEP 1: Thre e us e r data
A B C fram e s arrive , e ach
corre s ponding to a diffe re nt
channe l
CPS packet CPS packet CPS packet
STEP 2: For e ach us e r
data fram e , a CPS pace t
A B C is form e d by pre pe nding
a CPS he ade r
STEP 3: The CPS pace ts are
concate nate d to form a CPS-
A B B C PDU by pre pe nding a CPS-
CPS-PDU CPS-PDU PDU he ade r. One CPS pack e t
can s pan m ultiple CPS-PDU

A B B C STEP 4: The CPS-PDU

form s the payload of
Cell payload Cell payload an ATM ce ll.

Cell CPS packet

CPS packet header CPS-PDU header PAD field
header payload

Operations of AAL2
 Comparison between
AAL1 and AAL2
! Only one user supported
! Reducing delay is at cost of
bandwidth
! Bandwidth is used even
when there is no traffic (due
to CBR nature)
! Voice is always in bundles of
64K
! No standardized mechanism
for compression, silence
suppression, idle channel
removal, etc.
! Multiple users can be
supported
! Variable size packets along
with multiplexed channels
lead to lower delays
! Not so because of VBR
traffic
! Not necessarily so.
! Extensive standardization
(using SSCS) to provide
compression, silence
suppression, idle channel
removal, etc.
 Agenda

! Introduction
! Voice over AAL1
! Evolution and Design of AAL2
! AAL2 Signaling
! AAL2 Signaling Applications
! AAL2 based Commercial Products
! Standards related to Voice over ATM
Motivation for AAL2 Signaling(1/3)
! ATM signaling alone is inefficient for
carrying low bite rate voice applications
(e.g. cellular voice).
! ATM coupled with AAL2 makes an ideal
choice for this.
! This requires a means for setting up and
tearing down AAL2 channels in an ATM
VC/VP.
! AAL2 Signaling based on ITU-T 2630.1
provides this means.
Motivation for AAL2 Signaling(2/3)
! An obvious need for AAL2 Signaling is to
assign and release CIDs for AAL2
Channels.
– There can be static techniques, but these are
quite inflexible.
– Also, applications like cellular voice demand
quick establishment/release of AAL2
channels.
– An AAL2 channel is identified as means of
transport of CPS packets over a AAL2 VC,
identified by a unique Channel Identifier (CID).
Motivation for AAL2 Signaling(3/3)
! There may be cases when multiple
applications originating at one end
terminate at different destinations.
– Eg. Handoffs in wireless networks.
! Having multiple ATM VPCs/VCCs for each
application leads to lower multiplexing
gains, and hence, lower efficiency.
! The solution is to break the notion that
AAL connections are end-to-end, and
introduce the concept of AAL2 network.
ATM versus AAL2 Signaling (1/3)
! Contrary to popular understanding, AAL2
signaling is totally independent of ATM
signaling.
– Out of all the AAL’s, only AAL2 has its
separate signaling protocol.
– For other AALs, the procedures necessary for
data transfer are merged with ATM signaling
procedures.
– Neither AAL1 nor AAL5 provide multiplexing
features of AAL2.
– While AAL3/4 provides, it is not popular.
ATM versus AAL2 Signaling (2/3)
! For AAL2, it was felt that extensions to ATM
signaling would not be sufficient.
– If ATM signaling protocol were to be extended,
then AAL2 network would get coupled to the
way the ATM connection is established (i.e. the
network has to be SVC and PVC.
– Since ATM network has many signaling
protocols like ATM Forum’s UNI 4.0 and PNNI,
ITU-T’s Q.2931/Q.2971, and ITU-T’s B-ISUP,
extensions in all these protocols have to be
made. This is practically difficult and time-
consuming.
ATM versus AAL2 Signaling (3/3)
! There were obvious consequences of the
decoupling.
– Decoupling allows existence of multiple AAL2
overlay networks operating over a single ATM
network, each having its own addressing and
routing plan.
– The independence becomes more crucial
when the operator of the ATM and AAL2
network is not the same organization, since it
allows both parties to be in charge of the
addressing within their own network.
AAL2 Signaling: Features (1/5)
! Scope and Extent: The scope of AAL2
signaling is restricted to control of AAL2
connections.
– It is assumed that the appropriate ATM
resources is present before an AAL2
connection can be established.
– AAL2 signaling endpoint is capable of
controlling AAL2 links on more than one ATM
VCC.
– To provide ATM level independence, MGT
layer provides API’s like ADD-PATH and
REMOVE-PATH for its use.
AAL2 Signaling: Features (2/5)
! Addressing: The AAL2 signaling supports
addressing of AAL2 service endpoints,
connected via a network of AAL2 switches.
– The supported address formats: E.164/NSAP.
! Routing: The AAL2 signaling supports
hop-by-hop routing.
– The routing decision is based on addressing
information, link characteristics (e.g.
Bandwidth) and other information.
– The standards do not define procedures
whereby the AAL2 switches can exchange
routing information.
AAL2 Signaling: Features (3/5)
! Independence from underlying
signalling transport: The AAL2 signaling
protocol is independent from the
underlying signaling transport.
– To achieve this independence, a Signaling
Transport Converter is used.
– The Converter provides following generic
services to upper layer AAL2 Signaling Stack:
• DATA TRANSFER request/indication;
• IN-SERVICE/OUT-SERVICE indication
• CONGESTION indication
 AAL2 Signaling: Features (4/5)
AAL2 End-point AAL2 End-point
AAL 2 AAL 2
Served AAL2 Switch Served
User User
AAL2 Sig. AAL2 Sig.
AAL2 Sig. Stack
Stack Stack
(Q.2630.1)
(Q.2630.1) (Q.2630.1)
Signaling Signaling Signaling Signaling
Transport Transport Transport Transport
Converter Converter Converter Converter

Underlying Signaling Transport Underlying Signaling Transport

(e.g. MTP3b + NNI-SAAL, UNI-SAAL, .) (e.g. MTP3b + NNI-SAAL, UNI-SAAL, .)

AAL2 Signaling Stack and Signaling Transport Converters

Examples of transport Converter:
• Q.2150.2: Signaling Transport Converters on SSCOP
• Q.2150.1: Signaling Transport Converters on Broadband MTP
AAL2 Signaling: Features (5/5)
! Independence from ATM signalling
– As discussed earlier
! Symmetry of connection control: The
AAL2 signaling protocol reflect a peer-to-
peer (rather than a master/slave)
relationship.
! Asymmetry connection: The AAL2 sign
supports asymmetric AAL2 connections:
– The end-to-end connections are bidirectional
where the information transfer capability in
different direction might be different.
AAL2 Network Architecture (1/2)
! AAL2 network comprises the following
elements:
– AAL2 end-points: This terminates an AAL2
connection.
– AAL2 switch: A system capable of switching
AAL2 connections. The switching is based on
CID.
• Thus, in AAL2 switching, a CID on a particular ATM
VC is switched on another CID on another VC.
• The concatenation of AAL2 links, each identified by
a unique CID, defines an AAL2 connection
extending between two AAL2 end-points.
 AAL2 Signaling Architecture (2/2)
Served User Served User

AAL2 Sig. AAL2 Sig. AAL2 Sig.

Q.2630.1 Q.2630.1 Q.2630.1
STC STC STC
(Q.2150.2) (Q.2150.2) (Q.2150.2)
SSCF SSCF SSCF
(Q.2130)
(Q.2130) (Q.2130)
SSCOP SSCOP SSCOP
(Q.2110) (Q.2110) (Q.2110)
AAL5- SAR AAL5- SAR AAL5- SAR
(I.363.5) (I.363.5) (I.363.5)

ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM

PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY

AAL 2 end-point ATM switch AAL2 switch ATM switch AAL 2 end-point

AAL2 Signaling Architecture

AAL2 Signaling Messages
Call Establishment/Release message
! ERQ (Establish Request)

! ECF (Establish Confirm)

! REL (Release Request)

! RLC (Release Confirm)

Management messages
! RES (Reset Request)

! RSC (Reset Confirm)

! BLO/UBL (Block/Unblock Request)

! BLC/UBC (Block/Unblock Confirm)

! CFN: Confusion
AAL2 Signaling Flows
AAL2 AAL2 AAL2
end-point switch end-point

ERQ
ERQ
ERQ: Establish Request
ECF
ECF ECF: Establish Confirm
REL: Release

REL RLC: Release Confirm

RLC REL
RLC

AAL2 Signaling Message Flows

 AAL2 Signaling Parameters
! Connection Element Identifier
– Path Identifier
– Channel Identifier
! Address
– NSAP address
– or E.164 address
! Link Characteristics
– Maximum/Average CPS-SDU bit rate
– Maximum/Average CPS-SDU size
! Signaling Association
– originating
– destination
! Served user generated transport
! SSCS parameters
AAL2 Signaling: Open Issues
! One of the important problems that
remain unsolved in this protocol is
acquisition and distribution of routing
information.
! Another aspect of AAL2 Signaling that
warrants notice is the use Generic
Signaling Transport Layers.
– While this provides the flexibility, it
increases the complexity of protocol stack.
– When only one of the many possible
options is primarily used, this is problematic
rather than being beneficial.
 Agenda

! Introduction
! Voice over AAL1
! Evolution and Design of AAL2
! AAL2 Signaling
! AAL2 Signaling Applications
! AAL2 based Commercial Products
! Standards related to Voice over ATM
AAL2 Application: 3G Wireless
(1/3)
CORE
UTRAN NETWORK

NODE B
CS Dom ain
RNC
NODE B

Iu interface PS Dom ain

NODE B
RNC
Broadcas t
NODE B Dom ain

CS: Circuit-s w itche d RNC: Radio Ne tw ork Controlle r

PS: Pack e t-s w itche d UTRAN: UM TS Trans port Radio Acce s s Ne tw ork

UTRAN Architecture
 AAL2 Application: 3G Wireless
(2/3)
AAL2 leg 2
S-RNC RNC

AAL2 leg 1 AAL2 leg 2

NODE B NODE B NODE B NODE B

Soft-handoff

AAL2 and Soft-handoff

During Soft-handoff, the connection of the Serving-RNC with the Core
Network does not change. Rather, the new RNC establishes an AAL2
connection with the S-RNC. This diagram shows one of the most
important applications of AAL2 Signaling in the Access Network.
AAL2 Application: 3G Wireless
(3/3)
Application Towards CORE network
(Voice/IP)

CDMA CDMA
LLC LLC

CDMA CDMA
RLC RLC

CDMA CDMA AAL2

MAC MAC

CDMA-L1 CDMA-L1
(outer-coding) (outer-coding)

AAL2 AAL2 AAL2 AAL2

CDMA-L1
CDMA-L1
(mux- ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM
(mux-demux)
demux)
Transport-1 Transport-1 Transport-1 Transport-1 Transport-1

MT BS AAL2 Switch S-RNC

Role of AAL2 Signaling- the user plane protocol stack

AAL2 Application: VoDSL (1/3)

VoDSL Architecture
 AAL2 Application: VoDSL (2/3)

! ATM has been accepted by major vendors as the

layer 2 DSL transport protocol.
– CopperCom and Jetstream are both backing ATM.
! ATM is capable of carrying both voice or voice
over IP (VoIP)
! Even though IP is currently leading in terms of
deployment, ATM in the long run would prove to
be a more mature and reliable technology.
! As of now, no vendor has incorporated AAl2
Signaling. But this is expected in near future.
AAL2 Application: VoDSL (3/3)
 Agenda

! Introduction
! Voice over AAL1
! Evolution and Design of AAL2
! AAL2 Signaling
! AAL2 Signaling Applications
! AAL2 based Commercial Products
! Standards related to Voice over ATM
 GDC (www.gdc.com)

GDC Apex (Provides trunking using AAL2 based on af-vtoa-113 )

 Tektronix
! It’s K1297-G20 is a Protocol Tester for 3G
Network
– Software for K1297-G20 Protocol Tester supports
functional tests during UMTS system development and
system tests during the system integration at the UMTS
Iu interface.
! The software packages provide following test
functions:
– Monitoring and Simulation of RANAP (TS 25.413)
– Monitoring, Simulation and Emulation of ALCAP
(Q.2630 and Q.2150.1)
– Monitoring, Simulation and Emulation of SSCOP, SSCF,
MTP-3b, SCCP protocols
– IP Packet Generator and Comparator on top of GTP-U
– Simulation of two physical links
 Netbricks (www.netbricks.co.uk)
! ATM-BRICKS is a software source code package
with implements the signalling protocols required
for endpoint equipment (user side) and in
Switches (network side and network to network).
! The Key features include:
– ATM signalling ad User to Network interface (UNI) and
Network to Network interface (NNI) in conformance with
ATM Forum UNI specifications 3.0, 3.1 and 4.0 and ITU
Q.2931, Q.2110 (SSCOP) and Q.2130 (SSCF).
– LANE (client side) in conformance with ATM Forum
specifications
– AAL2 signalling in compliance with ITU Q.2630 and
Q.2150
 Hughes (www.hssworld.com)
! Hughes is one of the leading Communication
Software Company in India
– Product profile includes VoIP, SS7, UMTS and host of
other stacks.
– AAL2 Signaling software forms part of UMTS offering.
! Hughes’ AAL2 Signalling protocol features are:
– Extensive Statistics Collection- internal events and error
statistics
– Error/alarm reporting
– Multi-level tracing support
– Provides support to interface with a third party routing
engine
– AVL tree based search algorithm to expedite lookup.
 Trillium (www.trillium.com)
! Trillium is one of the leaders in protocol software
development.
– Product profile includes ATM and AAL2 signaling
software besides host of other stacks.
! Trillium’s AAL2 Signalling protocol features are:
– Addition and deletion of multiple AAL2 paths (ATM
VCCs) between adjacent AAL2 nodes
– Flexibility to the service user to perform its own resource
management (link characteristics and CID
management)
– Configuration of multiple transport links between
adjacent AAL2 nodes, when the signalling transport is
SAAL
– Conforms to Trillium Advanced Portability Architecture
Courtesy: http://www.trillium.com/products/atm/1078179_image.html
 Agenda

! Introduction
! Voice over AAL1
! Evolution and Design of AAL2
! AAL2 Signaling
! AAL2 Signaling Applications
! AAL2 based Commercial Products
! Standards related to Voice over ATM
ATM Standards: ITU-T based (1/4)
! I.363.1: AAL type 1 specification
! I.363.2: AAL type 2 specification
! I.363.5: AAL type 5 specification
! Q.2931: UNI Signaling (point-to-point)
! Q.2971: UNI Signaling (point-to-multipoint)
! Q.2110: AAL SSCOP (Service specific
connection oriented part)
! Q.2130: AAL SSCF at UNI(Service specific
coordination function)
ATM Standards: ITU-T based (2/4)
! Q.2140: AAL SSCF at NNI(Service specific
coordination function)
! Q.2630.1: AAL2 Signaling
! Q.2150.2: Signaling Transport Converters
on SSCOP
! Q.2150.1: Signaling Transport Converters
on Broadband MTP
 ATM Standards: ITU-T based (3/4)
! I.366.1: Segmentation and Reassembly Service
Specific Convergence Sublayer for AAL2
! I.366.2: Service Specific Convergence Sublayer for
Trunking for AAL2
Circuit Frame IWF-IWF
Voiceband Service mode data
mode data CCS
services

N64Kbps Inband PCM Compres FAX

data Signaling voice sed voice Demod

Data SSCS
SSCS for Trunk ing (I.366.2)
(I.366.1)
AAL5
(I.363.5)
AAL2 CPS (I.363.2)

ATM Laye r (I.361)

ATM Protocol Stack for voice over AAL2

ATM Standards: ITU-T based (3/4)

! G.704: Frame structures for PDH

! G.711: Pulse Code Modulation
! G.723.1 (Annex A): Silence Compression
! G.726-729: Voice encoding (e.g ADPCM)
! G.165: Echo Cancellation
ATM Standards: ATM Forum (1/2)
! UNI 4.0: Based on Q.2931, plus some new
features
! PNNI: NNI’s Signaling and Routing protocol
! af-vtoa-78: Circuit Emulation Service(CES)
– Provides leased-line like facility
! af-vtoa-83.001: Voice and Telephony over
ATM
– Provides telephony features at desktop
! af-vtoa-85: Dynamic Bandwidth Utilization
(DBCES)
– Removes certain shortcoming of CES
ATM Standards: ATM Forum (2/2)
! af-vtoa-89: ATM Trunking using AAL1 for
narrowband services
– provides Interworking with ISDN/Narrowband
! af-vtoa-113: ATM Trunking using AAL2 for
narrowband services
– defines how AAL2 can be used for trunking
! af-vtoa-119: Low Speed CES
– Unstructured AAL1 service to carry low-speed
data (< 64Kbps)
! af-vmoa-145: Voice and Multimedia over
ATM using AAL2
– Basic model same as af-vtoa-113
Other References (1/3)
! “Adapting Voice For ATM Networks: An AAL2 Tutorial”
from General DataComm:
http://www.gdc.com/inotes/pdf/aal2tut.pdf
! “Adapting Voice For ATM Networks: A comparison of
AAL1 versus AAL2” from General
DataComm:http://www.gdc.com/inotes/pdf/aal1vs2.pdf
! “AAL-2 –A New ATM Adaptation Layer for Small
Packet Encapsulation and Multiplexing” by John H.
Baldwin, et. al, Bell Labs Technical Journal, Spring
1997.
! “ATM SVC Signaling Stack: Implementation
Guidelines” by Nishit Narang and Sumit Kasera
(http://skasera.tripod.com/papers/)
Other References (2/3)
! “Applying ATM/AAL2 as a Switching Technology in
Third-Generation Mobile Access Networks”, by G.
Eneroth et. al. IEEE Comm, June 1999.
! “ATM Networks: Concepts and Protocols”, Sumit
Kasera and Pankaj Sethi, Tata Mcgraw Hill, 2000.
(skasera.tripod.com/atmbook.htm and
www.tatamcgrawhill.com)
! "Speaking Clearly with ATM - A practical guide to
carrying voice over ATM", ATM Forum, September 99,
http://www.atmforum.com/atmforum/library/practical_v
oiceover.html
! "Delivering Voice over Frame Relay and ATM", Daniel
Minoli, Emma Minoli, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Other References (3/3)
! “Voice Over ATM”, Ramesh Jagannathan,
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis788-99/vtoa/
! “AAL2 Signaling: A White Paper”, Sumit Kasera, Anil
Sinha, Kuldeep Singh, and Pitambar Sahoo,
(http://skasera.tripod.com/papers/)
! “VoATM Gets a Lift”, Telecomm Mag, Mar, 2001
(http://www.telecoms-
mag.com/issues/200103/tcs/voatm.html)
Thanks for your Attention
- Sumit Kasera