Unit III

Rapidly Varied Flows

 Hydraulic Jump- Define

The hydraulic jump is the phenomenon that occurs where there is an

abrupt transition from super critical flow to sub critical flow. The
most important factor that affects the hydraulic jump is the
Froude number.

The most typical cases for the location of hydraulic jump are:

➢ Jump below a sluice gate.

➢ Jump at the toe of a spillway.
➢ Jump at a glacis.
(glacis is the name given to sloping floors provided in hydraulic
structures.)
 Example

Jump below a sluice gate Jump at a glacis

Jump at the toe of a spillway

 Hydraulic Jump- Assumption

General Expression for Hydraulic Jump:

In the analysis of hydraulic jumps, the following assumptions are made:

➢ The length of hydraulic jump is small. Consequently, the loss of head due to
friction is negligible.

➢ The flow is uniform and pressure distribution is due to hydrostatic before

and after the jump.

➢ The slope of the bed of the channel is very small, so that the component of
the weight of the fluid in the direction of the flow is neglected.
 Q2 Q2
+ A1 y1 = + A2 y2
gA1 gA2

Comments:
• This is the general equation governing the hydraulic jump for any shape of
channel.
• The sum of two terms is called specific force (M). So, the equation can be
written as:
M1 = M2
• This equation shows that the specific force before the hydraulic jump is equal
to that after the jump.

6
 Classification of the Jump

• The hydraulic jump can be classified based on initial Froude

number as

➢ Undular (F1 = 1.0 − 1.7)

➢ Weak (F1 = 1.7 − 2.5)
➢ Oscillating (F1 = 2.5 − 4.5)
➢ Steady (F1 = 4.5 − 9.0), and
➢ Strong (F1 > 9.0)
 Classification of the Jump
Type of Jump Froude Number Remarks

Undular jump 1 < F1 <1.7 Undulations on the surface.

Weak jump 1.7 < F1 < 2.5 ✓Uniform Velocity

✓Energy Loss - small
✓Small rollers, No baffles
✓D/S Water Surface - Smooth.
Oscillating 2.5 < F1 < 4.5 Water Oscillates back and forth from
Jump the bottom to the surface.

Steady Jump 4.5 < F1 < 9.0 Position, is sensitive to variation of

Tail Water,
Efficiency is 45 to 70 %.
Strong Jump F1 > 9.0 Efficiency is 85 %
Classification of the Jump
Applications of the Hydraulic Jump
 Define: Surge

A surge is a moving wave front which results in an abrupt

change of the depth of flow.

It is a rapidly varied unsteady flow condition

Two Types
Positive – which results in an increase depth of flow
Negative – Which results in decrease depth of flow
 Positive surge

Type A – Positive surge Type B – Positive surge

(Advancing Downstream) (Advancing Upstream)
Ex: Head Gate is opened Ex: Tail gate closed suddenly.
suddenly.
 Negative Surge

Type C – Negative Surge Type D – Negative Surge

(Retreating Downstream) (Retreating Upstream)
Ex: Head Gate is closed suddenly. Ex: Tail gate opened suddenly.
 Assumptions

• Channel is horizontal and frictionless;

• Pressure distribution is hydrostatic at locations away from the
front;
• Velocity is uniform within the cross section, at location away
from the front;
• Change in the flow depth at the front occurs over a very short
distance;
• Water surfaces behind and ahead of the wave front are parallel
to the bed.
Case A: Surge due to sudden in crease of flow

For example, consider the movement of a positive surge wave

in x-direction in an open channel having an irregular cross
section. Here, as the surge moves with an absolute velocity, Vw,
flow depth becomes equal to y2 behind the surge. Undistributed
flow depth ahead of the surge is y1. The corresponding flow
velocities behind and ahead of the slope front are V2 and V1
respectively. The surge has been created due to a sudden change
of flow rate from Q1 to Q2.
Surge due to sudden in crease of flow

Absolute Velocity of Surge Wave

To make it to steady flow , apply Vw in opposite

direction to V1 and V2 and the surge.
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
Applying momentum equation to the control volume of Fig

(5)

(6)

Sub Eq. 2 in Eq. 6

(7)
Sub Eq. 3 in Eq. 7 and subsequent simplification leads to

(8)

(9)

(10)
Now, substitution of Eq. (4) in Eq. (7) and subsequent simplification leads to

(11)

Equations (10) and (11) can be used to determine the surge wave velocity and the
surge height, if we know the values of undisturbed flow depth, y1, flow rate
before the surge, Q1, and the flow rate after the surge, Q2.

Equations (10) and (11) are non-linear equations. They can be solved by an
appropriate numerical technique.

For rectangular channels, Eqs. (10) and (11) simplify to the following.

(12)

(13)