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The purpose of level measurement and calibration experiment was to evaluate and
study the measurement of level using differential pressure or level transmitter and sight glass
with millimetre scale This experiment is conducted under two different conditions which is
the first one is open tank and heater off while the other one is closed tank and heater off.. The
reading of actual level (LI) is slightly different with the actual level (LG) because there is
parallax error while set the level on the suggested level as the position of the sight glass with
millimetre scale is high. There are small different between reading on the sight glass and the
level indicator. This is because sight glass reading was taken manually by human eye contact
while level indicator was taken by sensor indicator. So, the level indicator is more accurate
than the sight glass. The sight glass less accurate because of human errors while read the
readings.
INTRODUCTION
Level measuring instruments are used to measure fluid (liquid or gas) level either
continuously or discrete depending on the type of application. These instruments may be
indicators, which displays liquid level. Transmitters, which carries level information in the
form of ac signals for control purpose. Level switches are used to monitor high or low level of
liquid depending on the set point. Different types of level instruments work on different types
of principles. The selection of a particular level instrument depends on process parameters
like pressure, temperature, medium and environmental conditions etc.
One of the level measurement apparatus used in this experiment is bubbler tubes besides
the bourdon gauge, the bubbler tubes provide a simple and inexpensive but less accurate (±1-
2%) level measurement system for corrosive or slurry-type applications. Bubblers use
compressed air or an inert gas (usually nitrogen) introduced through a dip pipe (Figure 1-A).
Gas flow is regulated at a constant rate (usually at about 500 cc/min). A differential pressure
regulator across a rotameter maintains constant flow, while the tank level determines the
back-pressure.
Figure 1. Level measurement device
As the level drops, the back-pressure is proportionally reduced and is read on a pressure
gauge calibrated in percent level or on a manometer or level measurement. The dip pipe
should have a relatively large diameter (about 2 in.) so that the pressure drop is negligible.
The bottom end of the dip pipe should be located far enough above the tank bottom so that
sediment or sludge will not plug it. Also, its tip should be notched with a slot or "V" to ensure
the formation of a uniform and continuous flow of small bubbles. An alternative to locating
the dip pipe in the tank is to place it in an external chamber connected to the tank.
In pressurized tanks, two sets of dip pipes are needed to measure the level (Figure 1-
B). The two back-pressures on the two dip pipes can be connected to the two sides of a u-tube
manometer, a differential pressure gage or a d/p cell/level measurement. The pneumatic
piping or tubing in a bubbler system should be sloped toward required (when the tank is full
and the vapor pressure is at its maximum). An alternative to a the tank so that condensed
process vapors will drain back into the tank if purge pressure is lost. The purge gas supply
should be clean, dry, and available at a pressure at least 10 psi greater than the expected
maximum total pressure continuous bubbler is to use a hand pump (similar to a bicycle tire
pump) providing purge air only when the level is being read.
Bubblers do consume inert gases, which can later accumulate and blanket processing
equipment. They also require maintenance to ensure that the purge supply is always available
and that the system is properly adjusted and calibrated. When all factors are considered, d/p
cells typically are preferred to bubblers in the majority of applications.
RESULTS
Table 1 : Level measurement (Tank T1 as OPEN tank, Heater OFF)
RUN 1 SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 700 700 700
B Actual Level (LG)(mm) 700 700 700
C Actual Level (LI)(mm) 703 703 703
o
D Temperature (TG)( C) 32 32 32
E Deviation = | B-C| (mm) 3 3 3
Summarized results ;
Condition Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Average
deviation
Open tank 3 4 7 2 2 3.6
Heater off
Closed 4 4 3 2 3 3.2
tank
Heater off
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3
open tank closed tank
Calibration is the process of evaluating and adjusting the precision and accuracy of
measurement equipment. Proper calibration of an instrument allows people to have a safe
working environment and produce valid data for future reference. Calibration refers to the act
of evaluating and adjusting the precision and accuracy of measurement equipment. Instrument
calibration is intended to eliminate or reduce bias in an instrument's readings over a range for
all continuous values.
This experiment is conducted under two different conditions which is the first one is
open tank and heater off while the other one is closed tank and heater off. Based on data
tabulated on table 1 and table 2, a summarization of data is tabulated in graph 1. From the
graph, we can see that in heater off condition open tank contribute the most to the value of
deviation at 3.6 rather than closed tank at 3.2. Basically, when the temperature inside tank is
changed, the density of water is also changed. Based on theory, as the temperature increased,
the density of liquid is decreased. Because density influences pressure of a liquid, this will
make the accuracy of pressure level indicator to drop. So, the change in the accuracy will
increase the standard deviation which is difference between readings from the sight glass with
the reading from the level indicator. The measurement for heater off, which is sighted glass, is
not affected by changes in density of the liquid as during run the experiment, the level of
water inside the tank should be set at the suggested level by monitored the reading at the
sighted glass.
CONCLUSION
The two type of measurement have been compare between open and closed tank. The
tank as open tank and heater has the highest reading difference of the level indicator and
direct with indirect measurement. When the heater off condition and open tank contribute the
most to the value of deviation at 3.6 rather than closed tank at 3.2. It is because, density
influence pressure of liquid. Hence, the change in the accuracy will increase the standard
deviation which is difference between readings from the sight glass with the reading from the
level indicator. We can conclude that, closed tank system with heater off give less deviation
than open tank system.
RECOMMENDATION
For the recommendation, during take of reading, at sight glass with millimetre scale
(LG) which is the indirect measurement, the eye should sharp to the level. During the closed
tank, the pressure is adjusted to increase the level of pressure rises there of many error. In
addition, we also must check or ensure there are no troubles shooting before run the
experiment. Connection between high operating pressure and low hydrostatic pressure easy to
occur, so we must check the connection before run the experiment. Obstructed sensing lines
and draining sensing line also must be check. Hence, to get the accurate result, we must avoid
the error and double check for the trouble shooting error.
TUTORIAL
1. Level is measured in many of the processes in the industry. List and explain the most
common reasons for measuring level.
The level of measurement help to decide how to explain the data from variable
values and help to decide statistical analysis. Level is measured for the purpose of
process efficiency, inventory, safety, consistent supply of materials and custody
transfer. It is also a very simple systems employ external sight glasses or tubes to
view the height and hence the volume of the fluid.
Over-pressuring
fail immediately or diaphragm become distorted
low and high reading
ii. Omega Transaction in Measurement & Control Series, (1995). Pressure or Density
Level Instrumentation, Available at:
http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume4/t9904-12-press.html.
[Accessed on 15 April 2015].
iii. David R. Caprette (2000). All about Instrumentation [Online] Available at:
http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot206.nsf/veritydisplay/bb949b50a265ef08c1257
bf6004ccab3/$file/TI_266-EN_B-09_2013.pdf [15 April 2015]
iv. Third Edition; Bela G. Liptak Instrument Engineer Handbook –Process Control