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Class Reg Number

Candidate Name .......................................................................

Chemistry H2 9746
Tutor Tutee
Revision Exercise 4: Redox

1 A 25.0g measure of household ammonia was dissolved in water and made up to 500cm3. A
25.0cm3 portion of this solution required 29.4cm3 of 0.250 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid for
neutralisation. What is the percentage by mass ammonia in the cleaning fluid?

2 Arsenic can be oxidised to arsenic(V) acid H3AsO4. This acid oxidises I- ions to I2, which
can be estimated by titration against a standard thiosulphate solution:

As + 5HNO3 → H3AsO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

H3AsO4 + 2HI → H3AsO3 + I2 + H2O

If 0.1058g of a sample containing arsenic required 28.7cm3 of a 0.0198mol dm-3 solution of

sodium thiosulphate in the final titration, what is the percentage of arsenic in the sample?
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3 Complete and balance the following half-equations by adding e.g. electrons, hydrogen ions,
hydroxide ions and water molecules. State if each reaction is an oxidation or a reduction
reaction.

(a) SO32-(aq) → SO42-(aq)

(b) Cr2O72-(aq) → Cr3+ (aq) in acidic solution

(c) I2(aq) → 2I-(aq)

(d) S2O32-(aq) → S4O62-(aq)

(e) Fe2+(aq) → Fe3+(aq)

(f) MnO4-(aq) → Mn2+(aq)

4 Balance the following equations using the half-equations in Question 3. The reactions
occur in acidic conditions.

Determine the oxidising agent and which is the reducing agent.

(a) The reaction of the thiosulphate and iodine.

S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) → S4O62-(aq) + I-(aq)

(b) The reaction of manganate (VII) and the sulphurous acid

MnO4-(aq) + SO32-(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
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(c) The reaction between iron (II) ions and dichromate (VI) ions
Fe2+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + Cr3+(aq)

5 Power stations emit exhaust gases containing the pollutant sulphur dioxide. On way of
tackling the pollution is to pass the exhaust gases through aqueous suspension of
powdered limestone. The reaction can be represented:

2SO2(g) + 2CaCO3(s) + O2 → 2CaSO4(aq) + 2CO2(aq)

Gypsum is allowed to crystallise out as CaSO4.H2O (s).

(a) A power station produces 55000 tonnes of gypsum per year (1 tonne = 1000kg). How
many moles of gypsum is this?

(b) How many moles of sulphur dioxide were used in the formation of this mass of gypsum?

(c) What volume of sulphur dioxide is this (assuming that 1 mole of gas occupies 24dm 3 at the
operating temperature?
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6 A copper coin of mass 2.00g consists of copper alloyed with small quantities of tin and zinc.
The problem is to find the percentage of copper in the coin. The coin is dissolved in
moderately concentrated nitric acid to form a solution of copper (II) nitrate. The solution
was made up of 250cm3. A 25.0 cm3 portion was neutralised and added to an excess of
potassium iodide solution. Iodine was liberated.

2Cu2+ (aq) + 4I- (aq) → 2CuI (s) + I2 (aq)

The liberated iodine required 30.0 cm3 of 0.100mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution in a
titration.

I2 (aq) + 2Na2S2O3 (aq) → 2I- (aq) + S4O62- (aq)

(a) Which of the two reactions for which equations are given above are redox equations?

(b) Which indication could be used in the titrations?

(c)(i) What amount (in moles) of sodium thiosulphate was used in the titration?

(ii) What amount of iodine is titrated?

(iii) What mass of copper was present in the coin?

(iv) What is the percentage of copper in the coin?

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11 Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. The problem is to find the percentage by mass of tin in
the alloy. Potassium manganate (VII) oxidizes tin (II) ions to tin (IV) ions.

A 9.40g sample of powdered bronze was warmed with an excess of dilute sulphuric acid to
convert tin into tin (II) sulphate. After filtration, the solution was made up to 250cm3.

In a titration, 25.0cm3 of the solution of tin (II) sulphate required 19.0cm3 of

0.0200 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII) solution for oxidation.

(a) Why was the solution obtained from bronze filtered?

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(b) At what conditions were employed for the titration?

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(c) How was the end-point of the titration spotted?

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(d) Write the half-equations for

(i) the oxidation of tin(II) to tin (IV)

(ii) reduction of manganate (VII) to manganese (II)

(e) Combine the half-equations to give the equation for the reaction.

(f) Calculate the percentage of mass of tin in the alloy.

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12 The first ionization energy of sodium is +500 kJ mol-1.

(a) Write an equation to show this change.

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(b)(i) What type of bonding is present in sodium oxide, Na2O?

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(ii) What type of oxide is Na2O?

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(iii) Write an equation for the reaction of Na2O with water.

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(c) Sodium also forms sodium peroxide, Na2O2. Treatment of this with dilute sulphuric acid
gives hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, and sodium sulphate.

(i) What is the oxidation number of oxygen in sodium peroxide?

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(ii) Write an equation for the conversion of sodium peroxide to hydrogen peroxide.

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(d) Hydrogen peroxide reacts with acidified potassium dichromate (VI) as follows:

Cr2O72- (aq) + 2H2O2 (aq) + 8H+ (aq) → 2Cr3+ (aq) + 7H2O (l) + 3O2 (g)

A solution containing 14.7g dm-3 of potassium dichromate (VI), K2Cr2O7, is reacted with
20.0cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm-3 solution of hydrogen peroxide.

Calculate the volume of potassium dichromate (VI) solution required.

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13 Silver used to be alloyed with copper to make coins. Before 1921, silver coinage in the UK
was mostly silver (composition by mass: Ag 92.5%, Cu 7.5%). After 1927, until World War
II, coins were half-silver (composition by mass: Ag 50%, Cu 40%, Ni 5%, Zn 5%). Today,
silver is not used in UK coins.

(a) The percentage of silver in an alloy may be found by dissolving the alloy in nitric acid and
reacting the silver nitrate produced with a solution of sodium chloride to give a precipitate of
silver chloride. After purification, the precipitate is dried and weighed.

(i) Write a balanced equation, with state symbols, for the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium
chloride.

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(ii) A sample of 1.245g of the alloy was dissolved in nitric acid and reacted with an excess of
sodium chloride. The purified silver chloride had a mass of 1.519g.

Find the percentage by mass of silver in the alloy.

14 Antimony, 51Sb, has been known since about 4000 BC. Nowadays, its main use is to
harden and to strengthen lead alloys.

(a) A typical sample of antimony consists of two isotopes and has the following composition by
mass: 121Sb, 57.25%; 123Sb, 42.75%.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the antimony sample.

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(b) Antimony is produced in a two-stage process from the sulphide ore, Sb2S3.

The ore is first roasted in oxygen to form the oxide.

2Sb2S3 (s) + 9O2 (g) → Sb4O6 (s) + 6SO2 (g)

The oxide is then reduced with carbon.

Sb4O6 (s) + 3C (s) → 4Sb (s) + 3CO2 (g)

(i) State the oxidation state of antimony in Sb4O6.

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(ii) Showing your working clearly, calculate the volume of carbon dioxide that would be
produced by the processing of 10 moles of Sb2S3.

[Assume that 1 mole of a gas occupies 24dm3 under experimental conditions.]

15 Although xenon is a noble gas, it is not chemically unreactive and over sixty compounds of
xenon are known, mainly with the three most electronegative elements: fluorine, oxygen
and nitrogen, which are sufficiently polarising to ‘force’ xenon to share electrons.

Gaseous xenon tetroxide, XeO4, is formed in the reaction of sodium perxenate, Na4XeO6,
with concentrated sulphuric acid and is unstable and highly explosive.

Xenon tetroxide has a tendency to gradually decompose to a mixture of xenon tetrioxide

and xenon.

(a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

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Sodium perxenate can be prepared by allowing XeF6 to react with sodium hydroxide
according to the reaction below:

4Na+ (aq) + 2XeF6 (s) + 16OH- (aq) → Xe (g) + O2 (g) + Na2XeO6 (aq) + 12F- (aq) + 8H2O (l)

Perxenate solutions are unstable, slowly producing oxygen, with the decomposition
becoming more rapid in acid. They are very powerful oxidising agents in acid and will
rapidly oxidise chromium (III) ions to dichromate (VI) ions and manganese (II) ions to
manganate (VII) ions.
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(b)(i) Define the term disproportionation and show how it applies to the formation of sodium
perxenate from the reaction between XeF6, and concentrated alkali.

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(ii) Deduce the formula of the perxenate ion from the formula of its sodium salt.

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(c) Write balanced half equations in acidified aqueous solution showing

(i) The oxidation of manganese (II) ions to manganate (VII) ions,

(ii) The oxidation of bromate ions, BrO3-, to perbromate ions, BrO4-,

(iii) The reduction of xenon trioxide to water and xenon.

(d) Deduce the oxidation states of xenon in the following ions:

(i) XeF+ .......................................................

(ii) Xe2F3+ .......................................................

(iii) Xe2F82- .......................................................

End of Paper