⊡The antenna that is operated at microwave frequency
⊡1 GHz to 100 GHz in frequency ⊡ Range of wavelengths from 10 millimeters (0.4 inches) to 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) ⊡ easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves ⊡Broader Bandwidth ⊡High Transmission Rate ⊡Smaller Antenna Microwave Millimetric Antennas Applications Cellular Radar Satellite Operation Applications Horn Antenna
with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves.
⊡ Parabolic reflector antennas are frequently
used in radar systems. Parts of Paraboloid Antenna Paraboloid Antenna
Power Gain and –3 dB Beamwidth:
Beamwidth is the angular
separation in which the magnitude of the radiation pattern decrease by 50% (or -3 dB) from the peak of the main beam. Paraboloid Antenna
Parabolic Gain Theory
• Ideal for high gain
application
Factors affecting gain
• Diameter of reflecting surface G = gain over an isotropic source • Antenna efficiency K = efficiency (0.55 typical) • Operational Wavelength D = diameter of parabolic reflector Λ = wavelength of signal Paraboloid Antenna
Parabolic Reflector Radiation
REFLECTORS
CASSEGRAIN ANTENNA CASSEGRAIN ANTENNA CASSEGRAIN ANTENNA Cassegrain Feed Antenna The feed is located on or behind the dish, and radiates forward, illuminating a convex hyperboloidal secondary reflector at the focus of the dish
Typical efficiency levels of 65 to 70% can be
achieved using this form of parabolic reflector feed system REFLECTORS
GREGORIAN ANTENNA GREGORIAN ANTENNA Similar to the Cassegrain design except that the secondary reflector is concave, (ellipsoidal) in shape. Aperture efficiency over 70% can be achieved. REFLECTORS
AXIAL FEED ANTENNA
AXIAL FEED ANTENNA AXIAL FEED ANTENNA
A feed/receiving horn, built around this focus, gathers signals reflected to it
A disadvantage of this type is that the feed supports and block some of the beam, which limits the aperture efficiency to only 55–60% REFLECTORS
OFFSET FEED ANTENNA
OFFSET FEED ANTENNA REFRACTORS refractors
DIRECTING RADIATION SPHERICAL PLANAR
LENS LENS
feeding lens antenna
PARTS LENS
BASIC ZONED & STEPPED
STRUCTURE LENS CONVERGING LENS
DIVERGING LENS
COLLIMATING LENS refractors
PLANAR SPHERICAL
FZPL FZPL
FZPL Where F = focal length λ0 = free-space wavelength p is an integer (zone) RADIATORS Radiator
HORN ANTENNA Horn Antenna
⊡ Horn radiators can be used to obtain directive
radiation at microwave frequencies. ⊡ Horn radiators are used with waveguides because they serve both as an impedance- matching device and as a directional radiator. ⊡Horn radiators may be fed by coaxial and other types of lines. Horn Antenna
⊡Horn Radiators are constructed in a variety of
shapes. ⊡The shape of the horn determines the shape of the field pattern. ⊡The ratio of the horn length to the size of its mouth determines the beam angle and directivity. Types of Horn Antenna
⊡Sectoral Horn ⊡Pyramidal Horn ⊡Conical Horn Types of Horn Antenna
Sectoral Horn ⊡Flares in one direction only Types of Horn Antenna
Pyramidal Horn ⊡Flares in two dimension ⊡Has the shape of a truncated pyramid Types of Horn Antenna
Conical Horn ⊡Flares uniformly in all directions Radiator
SLOT ANTENNA Slot Antenna
⊡Slotted antenna arrays used with waveguides
are a popular antenna in navigation, radar and other high-frequency systems. ⊡They are simple to fabricate, have low-loss and radiate linear polarization with low cross- polarization. Slot Antenna
⊡The slots on the waveguide will assumed to
have a narrow width. ⊡Increasing the width increases the bandwidth (recall that a fatter antenna often has an increased bandwidth); the expense of a larger width is a higher degree of cross-polarization. Slot Antenna HYBRIDS Hybrid
HOG-HORN ANTENNA Hog-Horn Antenna
•A type of antenna that combines a horn with a
parabolic reflector is known as a Hogg-horn, or horn-reflector antenna •invented by Alfred C. Beck and Harald T. Friis in 1941 and further developed by David C. Hogg at Bell labs in 1961. Hog-Horn Antenna Hybrid
CASS-HORN ANTENNA Cass-Horn Antenna
•In Cass-horn antenna, radio waves are collected
by the large bottom surface, which is parabolically curved and reflected upward at 45° angle. •After hitting top surface, they are reflected to the focal point. •The gain and beam width of these are just like parabolic reflectors. Cass-Horn Antenna Hybrid
DIELGUIDE ANTENNA Dielguide Antenna
•Variation of Cassegrain Antenna
•A dielectric cone fills the space between the feed and the subreflector. Dielguide Antenna Dielguide Antenna OTHER TYPES OF ANTENNA Other Antenna
PANEL ANTENNA Panel Antenna
•A panel antenna is a type of directional
antenna, which means that it sends and receives radio signals from only a single direction. •Unlike a Yagi Antenna, which typically has a very focused transmission beam, a panel antenna has a wider beam, which causes the signal to cover a larger area. Panel Antenna Other Antenna
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA Microstrip Antenna
•A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam
antenna. •Fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. Microstrip Antenna
•Some patch antennas do not use a dielectric substrate
and instead made of a metal patch mounted above a ground plane using dielectric spacers; the resulting structure is less rugged but has a wider bandwidth. Microstrip Antenna Other Antenna
BEAM WAVEGUIDE ANTENNA Beam Waveguide Antenna
⊡The ultimate multiple reflector antenna is the
beam waveguide antenna. ⊡The feedline is replaced by a series of focusing reflectors guiding the beam from the underground source to the dish. ⊡Since each reflector must be large enough for diffraction loss to be small, this is only feasible for a very large dish. Beam Waveguide Antenna Beam Waveguide Antenna MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES
jamming from the output ⊡Link quality ⊡System capacity
|BEAM FORMING A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS
Multipath propagation in mobile radio environment leads to inter-
symbol interference. Using transmit and receive beams that are directed towards the mobile of interest reduces the amount of multipath and inter-symbol interference 4
⊡ uses directional or smart antennas to
communicate on the same frequency with users in different locations within range of the same base station.
