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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
AXIAL LOAD
OBJECTIVES
• Determine the deformation of members
= small displacement
L = original length
P(x) = internal axial force
A(x) = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
Constant Load and Cross-Sectional Area
- Statistical indeterminate,
since equilibrium
equation(s) are not
sufficient to determine the
two reactions on the bar.
1) Equilibrium eq:
+↑ƩF = 0; FB + FA – P = 0
2) Compatibility condition:
δA/B = 0
𝑃𝐿𝐶𝐵 𝑃𝐿𝐴𝐶
• FA = and FB =
𝐿 𝐿
FA LAC FB LCB
B / A = 0.001 = −
AE AE
FA (0.4) − FB (0.8) = 3927.0 N m (2)
Ft (60) Fb (60)
= −
(
10 2 − 52 45 103 )0 .5
(
52 75 103 )
5 Ft = 125 (1125) − 9 Fb (2)
Fb = Ft = 31556 = 31.56 kN
The stresses in the bolt and tube are therefore:
Fb 31556
b = = = 401.8 N/mm 2 = 401.8 MPa (Ans)
Ab (5)
Ft 31556
s = = = 2
= 133.9 MPa (Ans)
(
At 10 − 5
2 2
133
)
.9 N/mm
These stresses are less than reported yield stress for each
material, (σY)al = 414 Mpa and (σY)mg = 152 Mpa, therefore
this ‘elastic’ analysis is valid
THE FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Fig. (c)
• Add back the unknown redundant load, FB.
• Reaction FB must displace end B upward by
an amount δB.
2) Compatibility condition:
0 = δP - δB
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝐶 𝐹𝐵𝐿
• Thus, δP – δB = 0 = -
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝐶
FB = 𝐿
+→ 0.001 = p − B (1)
Thus,
P =
PLAC
=
( )
20 103 (0.4 )
= 0.002037 m
AE ( )
(0.0025) 200 10 9
FB (1.2 )
B =
FB LAB
AE
=
(0.0025) 200 10 9
(= 0
)
.3056(10 )
−6
FB
By substituting into Eq. 1,
(
0.001 = 0.002037 − 0.3056 10 −6 FB )
( )
FB = 3.39 103 = 3.39 kN (Ans)
+ → Fx = 0; − FA + 20 − 3.39 = 0
FA = 16.6 kN (Ans)
THERMAL STRESS
• Change in temperature cause a material to
change its dimensions.
• Since the material is homogeneous and
T = −TL
isotropic,
= linear
coefficient of thermal expansion, property of
the material
T = algebraic change in temperature of the member
L = original length of the member
T = algebraic change in length of the member
EXAMPLE
The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three posts made of A-36
steel and 2014-T6 aluminum. The posts each have a length of
250 mm when no load is applied to the bar, and the
temperature is T1 = 20°C. Determine the force supported by
each post if the bar is subjected to a uniform distributed load
of 150 kN/m and the temperature is raised to T2 = 80°C.
Solution:
From free-body diagram we have
+ Fy = 0; ( )= 0
2 Fst + Fal − 90 10 3
(1)
The top of each post is displaced by an equal amount
(+ )
and hence,
st = al (2)
Solution:
The final position of the top of each post is equal to its
displacement caused by the temperature increase and
internal axial compressive force.
(+ ) st = −( st )T + ( st )F
(+ ) al = −( al )T + ( al )F
Applying Eq. 2 gives
− ( st )T + ( st )F = −( st )T + ( al )F
With reference from the material properties, we have
(0.02) 200(10 )
2 9
(0.03) 73.1(10 )
2 9
F = 1.216F − 165.9(10 )
st al
3
(3)
max
K =
avg
Note: K is independent of the bar’s material
properties; rather it depends only on the bar’s
geometry and the type of discontinuity.
EXAMPLE
The steel strap is subjected to an axial load of 80 kN.
Find the maximum normal stress developed in the strap
and the displacement of one end of the strap with
respect to the other end. The steel has a yield stress of σY
= 700 MPa, and Est = 200 GPa.
Solution:
Maximum normal stress occurs at the smaller cross
section (B-C),
r 6 w 40
= = 0.3, = =2
h 20 h 20
Using the table and geometry ratios, we get K = 1.6. Thus
the maximum stress is
max
P
= K = 1.6
( )
80 103
= 640 MPa (Ans)
A (0.02)(0.01)
Solution:
Neglecting the localized deformations surrounding the
applied load and at the sudden change in cross section
of the shoulder fillet (Saint-Venant’s principle), we have
A/ D =
PL
= 2
( )
80 103 (0.3)
+
( )
80 103 (0.8)
AE ( ) 9
( ) 9
(0.04)(0.01) 200 10 (0.02)(0.01) 200 10
= 2.20 mm (Ans)
*INELASTIC AXIAL DEFORMATION
Member may be designed
to yield and permanently
deform; this is referred to
as being elastic perfectly
plastic or elastoplastic.
Pp = Y dA = Y A
A
*INELASTIC AXIAL DEFORMATION
Pp = Y dA = Y A
A
Using the table and geometry
ratios, we get K = 1.7. We have
PY
max = K avg ; Y = K
A
( )
250 10 = 1.75
6 PY
PY = 9.14 kN (Ans)
(0.002)(0.032)
b) As P is increased to the plastic load it gradually
changes the stress distribution from the elastic state
to the plastic state.
Pp
Y =
A
250 10 ( 6
) = (0.002)(0.032)
Pp
Pp = 16.0 kN (Ans)
DON’T BE STRANDED
WITHOUT THE RIGHT
TOOLS TO DO THE
JOB
CO 1: Ability to DETERMINE the
stresses, strain and deformation of
members in simple one-
dimensional elastic system.
THANK YOU