AUTO RICKSHAW

DESIGN PROJECT
Shantanu Maheshwari
Product Design (2016-2020)
Guide- Pritam Mandavkar

Woxsen School of Arts and Design

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CONTENTS

Copyright 2018 - 2019

INTRODUCTION 2
Student document publication,
meant for private circulation only. BRIEF GENERATION 4
All rights reserved.

Bachelor in Design, RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 6

Product Design, 2016-2020 -SECONDARY RESEARCH 6
Woxsen School of Arts and Design, Hyderabad, India. -PRIMARY RESEARCH 14

No part of this document will be reproduced or transmitted

DESIGN DIRECTION 29
in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically,
including photocopying, xerography and videography recording -PARAMETERS 29
without written permission from the publisher, Shantanu -FINAL BRIEF 30
Maheshwari and Woxsen School of Arts and Design. -ERGONOMICS 32
-CENTRE OF GRAVITY 36
All illustrations and photographs in this document are
-IDEATIONS 40
Copyright 2018 - 2019 by respective people/ organizations.

Edited and designed by - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 46

Name : Shantanu Maheshwari -RIG TEST 47
E-mail : shantanu1998@gmail.com
shantanu.maheshwari@design.woxsen.edu.in
LOOK BOOK 50
shantanu1620108@gmail.com

Processed at - BIBLIOGRAPHY 56
Woxsen School of Arts and Design
Mumbai Hwy, Kothur Patti Digwal,
Hyderabad, Telangana 502345
design.woxsen.edu.in

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INTRODUCTION TO
PROJECT

Auto Rickshaw has been one of the most important means of public transport
in India. It is known to be the most efficient and cheap transportation for
short distances in India. In terms of design, there has been very minimal
changes throughout the years in India. Technology wise, there has been lots
of improvements.

Auto Rickshaws now run on CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) due to

Government regulations and are Environmental friendly compared to other
fuel run vehicles. Electric Rickshaws have also entered the market, more
efficient and profitable to the drivers.

The brief for the project was ‘ To Redesign an Auto Rickshaw ’ with no
preconceived solutions in the beginning. As it processed forward, some
opportunities were generated. The design had some restrictions as the
context was India and the vehicle chosen was Auto Rickshaw, a Utility vehicle.

The journey of the project was great with learning happening at every stage.
The aim was to come up with a better design of Auto Rickshaw that fits in
today’s Indian context.

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Painting credit- Milind Mulick
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BRIEF GENERATION

Given the theme 5 senses, TOUCH was the most

prominent sense chosen. With touch comes
Experience, user interaction with the product.

The first thing that comes to the mind when it is said

‘Experiencing the Product’ is a Utility Product. It is a
NEED for the people. It has to be experienced to
know how it is used or how it works.

‘ ‘
Interested more in Transportation Design, the topic
chosen was Auto Rickshaw, as it is one of the
most important means of transport in India. Looking
at the current scenario of the market and the world,
the brief was generated. TO REDESIGN AN AUTO RICKSHAW

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RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

SECONDARY RESEARCH EXISTING MARKET

Area of Research Bajaj RE Auto Rickshaw

The area chosen for the research was India. As it

is not possible to cover all the cities of India, three The Bajaj RE is a remarkably reliable three-wheeler
places were picked to understand the Auto Rickshaw from the famous producer company BAJAJ.
world at the given time. The two cities are different
from each other making them explicit for study and Fit to the behavior of high-class features, this auto
diverse in all terms such as language, lifestyle, food rickshaw guarantees high resale cost also. The
habits, sociographics, demographics, culture and features and designing of this three-wheeler are
problems faced by people. truly eye-catching and give extra leg space for the
The two cities were- auto driver.

Cost- 2 Lakhs
NASHIK
HYDERABAD

Secondary Research
3,25,024

Sales : 2017-18

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Painting credit- Lindee Katdare
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Piaggio Ape City Mahindra Alfa Passenger

Piaggio Ape City is an entirely common three- Mahindra Alfa Passenger is a three-wheeler auto
wheeler vehicle for passengers in India from the rickshaw from one of the well-known brand of India.
leading company Piaggio. This auto rickshaw starts It has come with 8 Horsepower diesel engine and
with industry’s first a three-regulator engine. single cylinder which make it one of the excellent
vehicles to be used on a daily basis for a taxi purpose.
It is also available in the four fuel options i.e. PLG,
Diesel, Petrol, and CNG. The latest version that It has excellent mileage and performance and one
is started is diesel model. This three-wheeler is a of the best-selling auto rickshaw in its category.
powerful opponent for the renowned Bajaj RE auto
rickshaw. Cost- 1.50 Lakhs

Cost- 1.26 Lakhs

Secondary Research

Secondary Research
1,37,690

48,023

Sales : 2017-18 Sales : 2017-18

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TVS King ATUL

The TVS King three-wheeler is one of the excellent The Atul Company is presently involved in the
vehicles from the great company TVS. You can find manufacture of Diesel Three Wheelers like 6-seater
this vehicle in the petrol and the CNG versions. Auto Rickshaws, Pick-Up Vans and Chassis of
Passenger Vehicles.
It essentially certifies super power, style, and comfort
along with the great mileage over the road due to its These vehicles are marketed under the brand name
powerful engine. Owing to the longer warranty and of “KHUSHBU”, which is well organized and very
lesser maintenance costs, the TVS King has become popular.
one of the highest quality products at present.
Cost- 1.50 Lakhs
Cost- 1.35 Lakhs
Secondary Research

Secondary Research
35,612
14,564

Sales : 2017-18 Sales : 2017-18

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COLOURS & THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

E- Rickshaws Transport department of India has allotted specific

colours for various jobs.
Yellow colour for school, colleges. Green for transport
vehicle using CNG. Black and green/yellow for petrol/
E-rickshaws are one great replacement for the
diesel.
existing auto rickshaws running on petrol, diesel
Apart from this, in Telangana, the yellow colour is more
and LPG. The e-rickshaws are battery operated
dominant in auto rickshaws due to more visibility of the
three wheelers making them more eco- friendly and
colour and the political party Telangana Desam Party
cost efficient for drivers.
(TDP).
In Jaipur, the auto rickshaws with lady driver are pink
These rickshaws speeds are low and even they do
in colour.
not require permit. Here are some pointers, some
positive as well as negative, of e-rickshaws.

- Not preferred due to low speed

- Larger turning radius
- 4+1 Seating
- Handling a bit difficult (Long vehicle)
- Cheap
Basic Taxi Telangana
- Long
Secondary Research

Secondary Research
- Very bad leg space for drivers Colours for State-
Petrol/Diesel Telugu Desam
Cost- 1.15 Lakhs Run Vehicles CNG Powered Party (TDP) Women Drivers
Vehicles (Jaipur)
(Eco-Friendly)

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PRIMARY RESEARCH

Generally, Primary research is undertaken when the

researcher has gained some insights by reviewing
the secondary research data (Existing Market) or by
analysing the previously collected data.

So, after a considerable journey from generating

a brief, it was the time to go for a field research,
a study of relation and behaviour of people in the
chosen context to find the loopholes in order to
redesign the Auto Rickshaw.

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Painting credit- Milind Mulick
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VILLAGE vs CITY POSTURES OF THE BACKSEATERS

A small comparison between the auto rickshaws of The Backseaters take these postures unknowingly.
village and city as both have different culture and They adjust themselvs in the best possible way they
mentality. There were a lot of differences found can.
between the three wheeler of city and a village. It
was seen that the village people hardly follow any
of the rules made by the Transport Department of
India. Village City
Primary Research

Primary Research
google.com

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AUTO DRIVER HEALTH ISSUES WHY THAT TILT?

The auto rickshaw driver faces a lot of health issues Mostly it is seen that some of the auto rickshaw
due to an incorrect posture and continuous sitting. drivers sit in a tilted posture on the seat. Some
The image explains the pain in the body parts with reasons found for this were-
its amount of intensity.
- Change of posture due to back pain
Maximum of the drivers has a lower-back problem. - Showing off (mostly by youngsters)
Driving auto rickshaw continuously for 10-12 hours - Get use to that position as always, someone sits
or sometimes more than that, is the reason for the beside.
problem to arise. It’s also the improper seat in the - Feel easy to communicate while driving.
auto rickshaw which may lead to such problems.

The Bajaj RE auto rickshaw kind of solved this

problem by increasing the leg space for the driver
in the vehicle.
Primary Research

Primary Research
quora.com

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A GREAT ADVERTISEMENT BODY THE MONSOON TIMES

Auto rickshaw is the only type of public transport When its monsoon time, the auto rickshaw drivers
that runs throughout the city, even in the colonies put nylon curtains in order to not let the water enter
and the inside areas of the city. Taking advantage of inside .It costs them around Rs 400 per year as they
this, big brands and stores put their advertisements use it only for that year and buy a new one next
on them. monsoon.

The owner of the auto rickshaw doesn’t get paid This is a kind of JUGAAD used in the vehicle. They
for putting the advertisements. The brand provides usually hang these nylon curtains on the metal
them the cloth that is put on the auto rickshaw and frame inside.
that’s how they even do their marketing.

One of the worst parts of having these

advertisements and posters on the auto rickshaw
is that it covers the rear window of the vehicle.
Just because the brand is paying for the cloth, the
driver let them put up the posters covering the rear
window.
Primary Research

Primary Research
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THE BACK WINDOW THE BONNET

The Back Window of the auto rickshaw is rarely used The bonnet of the vehicle mainly has two problems.
by the drivers. Either the window is covered with One is that the locking system is damaged, not in
advertisement posters, or there are speakers kept a condition to use. The solution for this, what the
on the back of the seat , or the backrest of the seat drivers do, is they tie the bonnet with a nylon rope.
is big enough or people keep their luggage behind
the seating covering the back window. Second and the most important issue is that the
Engine heats up very badly and so, to cool it, the
The drivers, as seen, did not actually care about the drivers try to keep the bonnet open as seen in the
rear window. The design done is not considered at images.
all and is being neglected.
Primary Research

Primary Research
indiamart.com

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MAJOR COMPETITORS

Auto rickshaw has very few competitors in the Ola and Uber
market. One of these is the TATA Magic. It might
not be found in the overall city, but it runs in some
areas of Hyderabad. The car driver carries around Ola and Uber have shaken the market for auto
9-10 passengers in one trip. This vehicle is much rickshaws. Travelling in comfort with a reasonable
more safe than auto rickshaw and carries more cost for it made the middle class population shift
passengers in one go. from auto rickshaws to cabs.

This vehicle costs around Rs 3.75 lakhs. The city today has a maximum of taxis and cabs,
then comes the private vehicles and in the last its
The only negative point this vehicle has been that it auto rickshaws. Due to increase in the amount of
is restricted to some areas and are not allowed all vehicles, the roads always become busy and a lot
over the city. of traffic has increased throughout the city making
more of pollution and time to travel.

They even now have introduced Ola and Uber auto

rickshaw services with very reasonable cost of travel.
Primary Research

Primary Research
peautobodyparts.com

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Auto Rickshaw
POPULATION GROWTH OBSERVATIONS AND POINTERS

As seen in the given table, the population of India

has been increasing each year by around 1.5 Cr.

With an increase in the population, there would SMALL in size

NO RESPECT for the
definitely be an increase in the automobiles as it
Design
has become a basic need for people to travel which
indirectly increases air and noise pollution and
travel time.
PREFERRED by both
rich and poor CABS more
in demand

FRUSTRATED auto
rickshaw drivers
Primary Research

Primary Research
Small TURNING Worst in SAFETY
RADIUS

RULES not followed

by the auto rickshaw
Most CONVENIENT
drivers
public transport
NOISE pollution

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DESIGN DIRECT ION

CLIENTS
ECO-FRIENDLY SAME MAT ERIALS
There are two clients , for the chosen product, which
has to be considered while proceeding further in
the process. As electricity is one The materials used
of the best and for manufacturing
One is the Auto Rickshaw Driver and the other is
cheapest source the current auto
the Passenger sitting at the back.
for running the INCREASED SEAT ING rickshaw are best DESIGN RESPECT
vehicle. It’s also eco- in its price and
friendly. structure.

More people will

Making people
travel at the same time
respect the design
with less number of
of the vehicle is one
vehicles.
great task in India.
THREE WHEELS SAFETY
Primary Research

Increasing the It’s one of the

number of wheels major points to be
will increase the cost
of the overall vehicle.
PACKAGE RESTRICT ION considered. People
go against the rules
of auto rickshaw COST OF VEHICLE
(more seating)

PARAMET ERS
making the vehicle
The package of the less safe.
designrepublic.in
vehicle is restricted as It is one of the most
increasing the size important points to
would be against be considered. If the
government norms cost increases, the
and would take drivers won’t buy it.
more space on road.
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FINAL BRIEF

After considering the parameters and taking insights

from the primary research data, the final brief was
structured.

It has been tried to the best to consider all the

parameters for designing the three-wheeler.

‘ TO REDESIGN AN AUTO RICKSHAW

WITH INCREASE IN SEATING
‘
WHILE THE PACKAGE AND COST
ARE RESTRICTED.

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ERGONOMICS
SEAT AND SEATING COMFORT
The seat height, width and back angles are based on
the human anthropometry data collected from the
research. It’s important to provide sufficient space
for physical and psychological comfort.
-Cushion‘s length from the seat back to the waterfall
line is 440-550mm is recommended (Grandjean,
1980).
-The breadth of the cushion is recommended
48omm (Grandjean, 1980) for clothing and leg splay.
-The measurement is based on 95th percentile of
female hip breadth and additional space for comfort
since female hips are greater than male hip breadth.
-Seat back height is recommended 509mm
(Grandjean. 1980) by considering the small female,
sitting shoulder height.
-Seat back breadth may be divided into lower and
upper regions. The lower must accommodate a
tapered shape from 432mm at the hip to 367mm
at the chest (Grandjeans, 1980). 480mm is
recommended for seat back breadth (Grandjean,
1980).
33
-Horizontal adjustments accommodate differences Geometric Features of Seat Design:
in leg length that are associated with seat height Seat design can be divided into accommodation and
and preferred knee angle. Grandjean (1980) comfort. Accommodation refers to seat size and
recommended a minimum of 150mm horizontal adjustments for horizontal distance from controls,
adjustment. height and back angle. Comfort, however, refers to
stiffness, contour, climate and vehicle features that
-The joint angles in automobile are typically between promote user comfort.
95 and 120 degrees for the hip, and 95 and 135
degrees for the knee (Rebiffe, 1969).
Posture of the Body:
The seat should reduce postural stress and optimize
muscular effort. Postural stress occurs due to
adopting one posture for a long period of time, so
comfortable support for many postures is essential
and this can be accommodated by manipulation of
anthropometric data and the linkage system.
Vibration and Ride Comfort:
Vibration, shock and impacts are major factors for
judgments of comfort ability according to most
users. Thus, the seat design also must consider
the vehicle suspension system and the vibration
transmitted to the seated user.
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VISUAL FIELD AND VISUAL OBSTRUCTION
Limits of Visual Field:
Driver can turn both eyes and head to gain a
wider field of view, and moreover can make use of
peripheral vision to see objects or movements even
without turning eyes.
In the horizontal plane, the binocular field of view
extends some 120 degrees, as in the figure given
below. Vision is sharp only over a fairly small area
directly ahead. So, eyes need to be turned to focus
on objects outside the foveal area. According to SAE
J985 eyes generally only turn by about 30 degrees
before the head is turned, which can comfortably
give a further 45 degrees view to either side.
In the vertical plane eye movement is comfortable
within 15 degrees above or below the horizontal,
although the eye can see up to 45 degrees upward
or 65 degrees downward if necessary.
Ergonomics
On the other hand, head can easily incline 30
degrees upward or downward. Thus, by movement
of head and eye, the driver can have extended direct
field view. The driver has to concentrate on direct
view, that is on the road.
So glancing away from the road for a short period
is possible. Mirror and other instruments should
be close to the driver, so that the driver does not
require a much head and eye turn to have a look.
Driver’s Eye Location:
Variation of eye positions inside the vehicle for any
driving population is considerable due to variation
of seat locations and variable anthropometry of the
drivers. In order to address this problem, the SAE
J94l ‘Eyellipse’ concept was developed as a drafting
tool to define the range of eye positions within the
driving population. It is based on the position of eyes
of drivers in space. The distribution of eye position
inZ space closely approximated an ellipsoid.
During automobile design, care should be taken to
provide maximum view all around either through
direct vision or with the help of devices like mirror
or camera. It is also important to ensure minimum
visual obstruction either by vehicle components
or by driver’s own body parts. This is particularly
important for allowing unobstructed view of the
displays on the dashboard.
35
Internal and External View from Driver
Seat:
The vision is a crucial factor in the driving task as
most of the information received by the driver
come through the visual sense. The clear view of
the road (front and rear) enables the driver a safe
driving. Poor visibility conditions are stressful for the
drivers and results in a significantly increased risk of
accident.
Visual Needs:
The view ahead through the windshield has to be
sufficient and clear for the driver. It enables the driver
to stop in an emergency and necessary conditions.
Similarly, rear and side views are important for
maintaining speed, taking turns, exerting break or
during parking.
On the road driver need much longer view to
anticipate and prepare for avoiding actions. Views
close to the vehicle are equally important when
turning left or right and maintain proper distance to
avoid accidents.
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CENTRE OF GRAVITY
n Weight Ground
Acceleratio
Centre of gravity plays a very vital role in designing Transfer Clearance Here are some terms and points which had been
vehicles, especially a three- wheeler. These three looked upon for coming up with a solution. All these
wheels are arranged in a triangular pattern as terms and points are related to the Centre of Gravity
shown. The red circle denotes the centre of gravity in automobiles.
of a triangular shape.

But, a vehicle is a product that is in motion. This

motion affects the centre of gravity. The Newtons
Laws of Motions also have to be considered.
Acceleration and braking are some important
aspects in a vehicle.
Cornering Rolling
Tire Size Braking
Force Centre Height

Centre of Gravity
Load Carrying Centre of
Deceleration Wheel Width Gravity Po
Capacity int

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Considering all the pointers and terms, some things

became very clear and straight forward. If the centre
of gravity height increases, the vehicle would become
less stable and balanced. The C.G height should
be as low as possible.

‘ ‘
The 60% weight of the overall vehicle
should be backwards and 40% in the front.
This is because of the three wheeler is a moving
product and so the laws of motion play a vital role
IN ORDER TO HAVE THE VEHICLE
in it. If more people sit in the front seat, the handling
would be difficult.
BALANCED, THE PASSENGER
Even the size of the wheels plays a vital role in the SEATING ARRANGEMENT
balance of the vehicle. If the wheels are bigger, the
overall height of the vehicle increases, resulting in
an increase of C.G height. It even affects the turning
SHOULD BE PROPER AND CENTRE
radius of the vehicle.
ORIENTED.
Considering this, the wheels and the dimensions
Centre of Gravity

of the three wheeler have to be the same as of the

existing ones.

Analysing the Ergonomics and the Centre of Gravity,

a statement and a kind of solution was found.

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IDEATIONS

Ideations
Entrance Entrance Entrance Entrance
Centre of Gravity Centre of Gravity Centre of Gravity Centre of Gravity
Leg Space Leg Space Leg Space Leg Space

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Ideations

Ideations
Entrance Entrance Entrance Entrance
Centre of Gravity Centre of Gravity Centre of Gravity Centre of Gravity
Leg Space Leg Space Leg Space Leg Space

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SKETCHBOOK

Vacancy Indicating LED

The seating is the main
solution of the complete
process. As seen from the
above ideations, the selected The tennis green
seating arrangement has colour was chosen
been sketched below for as it is visible in the
better understanding. night, better than
the other colours.
The headlights
are kept rectangle
in shape for easy
manufacturing.

EXTERIORS
Considering the overall
cost and coming up with a new
look to the vehicle was one difficult
task. An auto rickshaw being a utility
vehicle, the price of it had to be kept in
mind. Materials used in different parts of the
vehicle had also been looked upon.

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

After getting the seating arrangement and the Once the 3D model was made with all correct
exteriors selected, a 3D model was made with dimensions, a RIG Test was conducted in order to
measurements and proportions. The model helped check if the package is proper or not. This is done
in understanding how the overall auto rickshaw to check the Height and Hip ratio of the clients with
looks like. the vehicle.

Design Development
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1725 mm

160 mm

1920 mm 1370 mm

2700 mm
440 mm
Design Development

390 mm
420 mm

1240 mm

780 mm

440 mm
As seen in the tests, the package designed is successful.
VEHICLE DIMENSIONS
5+1 SEATING ELECTRIC AUTO
RICKSHAW

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LOOKBOOK

The mudguards are made out of The cloth put on to cover the auto
carbon fibre in order to keep the rickshaw is of light grey colour to
repairing cost low. keep the temperature low inside.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 3. Painting Courtesy- Milind Mulick. https://in.pinterest.com/
https://i.pinimg.com/564x/43/d5/
b0/43d5b0198916bab0822e7670c5bfa191.jpg
Image Courtesy- https://www.google.co.in/
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images/
https://commercialvehicleinfo.com/wp-content/
uploads/2018/01/HERO-Raahii-%E2%80%93-Electric-
Rickshaw-4.jpg
Page 15. Painting Courtesy- Milind Mulick
https://in.pinterest.com/
https://i.pinimg.
com/564x/79/8f/92/798f928cffb3d68aade9f8b3ce3a72c3.
jpg
57
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pin/538813542904181431/ Velmurugan Sivaraman, Asst. General Manager at Ashok
Leyland
Page 19. Image Courtesy- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-most-
auto-rickshaw-drivers-sit-on-the-edge-of-their-seats
Page 22. Image Courtesy- https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/
auto-rickshaw-hoods-branding-13302960933.html
Page 24. Image Courtesy- https://www.google.co.in/
https://4.imimg.com/data4/PP/PP/GLADMIN-/wp-content-
uploads-2015-09-magic-500x500.jpg
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https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e1/92/ec/e192ec29e0fd23ff-
83def9b0fe5ec75e.jpg
Page 29. Image Courtesy- thenounproject.com Name : Shantanu Maheshwari
Page 32, www.slideshare.net Date of Birth : October 24, 1998
34.
Page 33. Image Courtesy- cz210jidousha.blogspot.com E-mail : shantanu1998@gmail.com
shantanu1620108@gmail.com
Page 35. Image Courtesy- dsource.in
Contact Number : +91 7972671889
+91 9545433447
Address : B-206, Manohar Nagar, Near Govind Nagar,
Rajmata Jijau Marg, Nashik- 422009
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