Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC)

Chapter-01

Introduction

Textile
The word textile is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning woven, the
past participle of the verb French word texere, ‘to weave. The word Textile
when used as a noun means anything woven or suitable for weaving.
Any fabric or product manufactured from fabrics, filament or yarns, natural
or artificial – by means of interlacing, interloping, felting or stitching the fibre
web, for example, thread ropes, knitted fabrics, etc.
Hence this is a very comprehensive term that includes all clothing, carpets,
curtains, tapes, upholstery, etc.
The word Textile when used as an adjective, means manufacture of raw
materials, processing machinery, buildings, personnel used in the
organization connected with the technology of their manufacture, which
includes the following: Textile Mill, Textile Institute, Textile Engineer, Textile
Research, Textile Printing, Textile Designer, Textile Technologist, etc.

Testing
A means of determining the capability of an item to meet specified
requirements by subjecting the item to a set of physical, chemical,
environmental or operating actions, and conditions.
Testing is the way of control or the process to check or verify the nature,
kind, or character of any material, hence control the degree of excellence.
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC)

Textile Testing
Applying engineering knowledge and science to detect the criteria and
properties of any textile material or product (such as fiber, yarn, and fabric)
is called textile testing.

 Fiber: Length, Strength, Fineness, Maturity, Identification etc

 Yarn: Count, T.P.I, Strength, Identification, Fiber Composition etc
 Fabric: Width, E.P.I, P.P.I, G.S.M, Fiber Composition, Warp & weft
count, Stiffness, Crease, Abrasion property

Reasons for Textile Testing

1. Checking the quality and suitability of raw material and selection of

material.
2. Monitoring of production i.e. process control.
3. Assessment of final product, whether the quality is acceptable or not, (how
will be the yarn Performance in weaving etc).
4. Investigation of faulty materials (analysis of customer complaint,
identification of fault in
machine etc.).
5. Product development and research.
6. Specification testing: Specifications are formed and the materials are
tested to prove whether they
fall within the limits allowed in the specification (e.g. specified by a customer).

Standardization of Testing:
Different principles and instruments may be employed to test a single
criterion. Hence it is important to standardize the testing methods or
procedures. Various national and international organizations have
established standards for textile testing.
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC)

The lack of reproducibility of results of material may be due to:

a) Variation in the material

It can be solved through,
**By proper sampling
**Use of suitable statistical methods to analyze the results

b) Variation due to test methods

**Due to operator (care in mounting of specimen, adherence to the test
procedures, etc.)
**Specimen size
**Atmospheric condition
**Type of test equipment
**Test condition – speed, pressure, etc.

Testing methods (sources of testing standards):

Various national and international organizations have established
standards for textile testing. Some of the organizations involved in
developing textile testing standards are as follows:
1. AATCC - American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
2. ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
3. ANSI - American National Standards Institute
4. ISO - International Organization for Standardization
5. BSI - British Standards Institute
6. BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards
7. BS EN - British Standard European Norm
8. IS - Indian Standards
9. Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN) – Germany Standards Institute

What is ISO???
 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an
international standard-setting body composed of representatives from
various national standards organizations.
 Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide
proprietary, industrial and commercial standards.
 Its headquarter is in Geneva, Switzerland, and as of 2013 works in
164 countries
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC)

Quality
Quality can be defined by the following words:
 The degree of excellence that an item passes.
 Meeting a specification
 Not more than 1% defective lot.
 Totality of features of a product that satisfy the needs.
 Q=P/E (P denotes Performance, E denotes Expectation)
According to International Organization for Standardization (ISO):
“Ensemble of properties and characteristics of a product or a service which
confer on it the capacity to satisfy expressed or implicit requirements” -
“suitable for use” or “fitness for use”.

Quality Control is to check or verifying, checking verification & regulation of

degree of the degree of excellence of an attribute or property of Textile
material.

There are two types of quality control

i) Online Quality Control

ii) Offline Quality Control

Figure: Input-Output Loop/ Product Cycle

Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC)

Benefits of quality control

1. Encourages quality consciousness

2. Satisfaction of consumers
3. Reduction in production cost
4. Most effective utilization of resources.
5. Increased sales
6. Improved techniques and methods of production

Quality Cycle (The Deming Cycle)

Quality Failure Cost of Production

Volume

Return

Invest

Expansion

Employment

Service to Society
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC)
Comparison between quality control and quality
assurance
Topic Quality Assurance
Definition QA is a set of activities for
ensuring quality in the
processes by which products
are developed.
Focus On QA aims to prevent defects
with a focus on the process
used to make the product. It is
a control, therefore, is a
proactive quality process
Goal The goal of QA is to improve
development and test
processes so that defects do
not arise when the product is
being developed.
How Establish a good quality
management system and the
assessment of its adequacy.
Periodic conformance audits
of the operations of the
system.
What Prevention of quality problems
through planned and
systematic activities including
documentation.
Responsibility Everyone on the team
involved in developing the
product is responsible for
quality assurance.
Example Verification is an example of
QA
Statistical Statistical Tools & Techniques
Technique can be applied in both QA &
Quality Control
QC is a set of activities for
ensuring quality in products.
The activities focus on
identifying defects in the
actual products produced.
QC aims to identify (and
correct) defects in the
finished product. Quality
reactive process.
The goal of QC is to identify
defects After a product is
developed and before it's
released.
Finding & eliminating
sources of quality problems
through tools & equipment
so that customer's
requirements are continually
met.
The activities or techniques
used to achieve and
maintain the product quality,
process and service
Quality control is usually the
responsibility of a specific
team that tests the product
for defects.
Validation/Software Testing
is an example of QC
When statistical tools &
techniques are applied to
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC)

QC. When they are applied to finished products (process

processes (process inputs &
operational parameters), they
are called Statistical Process
Control (SPC); & it becomes
the part of QA.
As a Tool QA is a managerial tool
Orientation QA is process oriented
outputs), they are called as
Statistical Quality Control
(SQC) & comes under QC.
QC is a corrective tool
QC is product oriented

Men

Machines

Materials

Figure: Quality Control is governed by Three M’s