LE Module 02 PDF

Module 2
Open Source Applications and

Licenses
This slide deck is for LPI Academy instructors to use for lectures for LPI Academy courses.
©Copyright Network Development Group.
Exam Objective
1.2 Major Open Source Applications
Objective Summary
– Understanding Desktop, Server, and Mobile
Applications
– Introducing Development Languages and Package
Management
The Many Faces of Linux
Linux plays many roles
• Servers are usually unattended and handle
data on behalf of other machines
– file servers, web servers, mail servers
• Desktops a.k.a. clients are more interactive,
often graphical
• Mobile is a tablet or phone
• Development is much like a desktop but with
more capacity for development
Web Servers
• Serve static web pages to clients via HTTP
• Can also serve dynamic content by adding
PHP, Java, Ruby, Python, etc
• Apache and Nginx are the most popular web
servers
– 65% of websites use Apache or Nginx
Mail Servers
• Mail Transfer Agents move email between
sites
– sendmail, postfix
• Mail Delivery Agents deliver email to a user’s
mailbox
– Procmail or custom software
• POP/IMAP servers let clients download mail
– Dovecot, Cyrus
File Servers
• Network File System is the native UNIX file
sharing protocol
• Samba allows a Unix machine to emulate a
Windows client and server
• Netatalk allows a Unix machine to emulate an
Apple file server
Infrastructure
• ISC bind is a Domain Name System server
– resolves names to addresses and more
• OpenLDAP is a LDAP server for directory
information
• ISC DHCP configures dynamic clients through
the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Databases
• MySQL and PostgreSQL are relational
database servers
• Database servers store and report on
structured data
• SQL is a language used to query a relational
database:
– SELECT * FROM users;
Graphical Desktop
• X-Windows is the base graphical system
– Provides windows and basic primitives
– A.k.a. X11 or X.org
• Window managers add menus and window
management (open, close, hide, etc)
• Desktop environments provide window
managers and tools
Window Managers
• Compiz, FVWM, Enlightenment, Metacity
• Takes the basic windows and provides the
chrome to move, close, open, etc
• Switches focus between running applications
• Adds menus and application launchers
Desktop Environment (1/3)
• Window manager + tools

– Basic tools like calculator, games, notepad
– File manager
– Workflow tools, such as shortcuts to launch
applications or search the computer
• GNOME: The Gnome project took a major departure from the
traditional UI and created Gnome Shell to modernize the desktop
• Unity: is a shell developed by Canonical, the parent company of

Ubuntu and runs on top of Gnome Desktop
• LXDE: extremely lightweight desktop environment suitable for old low-

capacity computers. It is available on Ubuntu, OpenSuse, Fedora…
• XFCE: another lightweight desktop envrironment (although not as

lightweight as LXDE) with more customization options
• Pantheon: developed by Elementary OS for their distro. Inspired
heavily by Apple’s Mac OS X
• MATE: a new desktop environment that was created to help those that
were not happy with Gnome 3 and wanted something lightweight that doesn’t
require re-learning to perform the same tasks. It has been a successor of
Gnome 2.
• Cinnamon: another desktop environment created to appeal to those
Gnome users who were mot happy with the direction of the project. It is
based on Gnome 3 technologies
• KDE Plasma: the most advanced and customizable desktop
environment, better than Mac OS X and Windows. It uses modern
technologies, such as Qt, which is very popular in sectors like automotive. It
uses Dolphin the most powerful file manager
Office/Productivity
• LibreOffice is a fork of OpenOffice
• Includes word processor, spreadsheet,
presentation package, drawing tool
• Good compatibility with Microsoft Office file
formats
Web and Email
• Chromium and FireFox are popular open
source browsers
– These browsers are also cross platform and
popular, ensuring excellent support
• Thunderbird, Evolution, and KMail are
popular email clients
– Use POP/IMAP to retrieve email
Console tools
• The Shell is the primary way of interacting
with the system
– Bourne shell family
– C shell family
– Other hybrid shells such as ksh and zsh
• Text editors
– Vi/vim
– Emacs
– Pico/nano
Development
• Languages are either Compiled or Interpreted
– C, C++, Java are compiled
– PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python are interpreted
• Tradeoff of programmer productivity vs
computing resources
• Libraries bundle common behavior to reduce
the amount of code needed
Open Source Licensing
Exam Objective
1.3 Understanding Open Source
Software and Licensing
Objective Summary
– Describe the various software licenses and their
differences
– Know the organizations involved in open source
Software Licenses
• The creator of the software owns the
copyright to the software
• The creator grants a software license for
people to use the software
• Some licenses take away rights, others give
rights
Free Software Foundation
• Started by Richard Stallman in 1985
• Also run the GNU project that provides tools
to Linux and other Unix OSes
• GPLv2 and GPLv3 licenses allow you to modify
and redistribute the software
• Copyleft provision dictates that you must
share source code to your changes
GPL
• GPL is a popular Free Software license
• GPL is “viral” as changes must also use GPL
• LGPL lets you link non GPL libraries
• GPLv3 prevents “Tivoization”
– Using proprietary hardware to circumvent GPL
provisions
• You may charge a nominal fee to cover your
costs of distribution
Open Source Initiative
• Bruce Perens and Eric Raymond started the
OSI in 1998
• Copyleft clauses are too extreme, FSF was too
political
• OSI doesn’t make licenses, only endorses
them
• FSF licenses are OSI approved, but OSI licenses
aren’t necessarily FSF approved
Permissive Free Software
• An OSI license must allow the source to be
open, to be modified, redistributed, and to be
used by anyone for any purpose
• BSD and MIT licenses allow you to use and
redistribute software, or to keep your changes
private and use it in proprietary software
FOSS/FLOSS
• Free (Libre) and Open Source Software
• A catch-all term
• Software can be free as in beer and/or free as
in speech
• free as in beer: applies to Adobe’s Flash Player
and Oracle’s Java—both of these products are
freely available for anyone to use and enjoy,
but the user cannot look at the source code
and make modifications if they desire.
Non software licensing
• Art and written material can be licensed, too
• Public domain disavows any copyright
restrictions
• Creative Commons has a variety of licenses to
allow people to use the work under certain
restrictions
Creative Commons
• Attribution – must acknowledge the author
• ShareAlike – copyleft
• No-Derivs – you may not change the content
• NonCommercial – no commercial use
• Combinations are allowed, such as
Attribution-No-Derivs-NonCommercial
• No Rights Reserved – public domain
Making money with Open Source
• Sell services, support, warranty
• Work on features in exchange for money
• Use Open Source in your day job/consulting
• Use work time to fix/improve Open Source
• Build paid plugins/modules (subject to license
restrictions)
• Open Source work lends credibility to your
personal brand

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Module 2

Open Source Applications and

• Window manager + tools

• Unity: is a shell developed by Canonical, the parent company of

• LXDE: extremely lightweight desktop environment suitable for old low-

• XFCE: another lightweight desktop envrironment (although not as

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