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Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
in Agriculture
Disaster Risk Management
in Agriculture
Case Studies in South Asian
Countries
Edited by
Huong Ha
School of Business
Singapore University of Social Sciences
Singapore
R. Lalitha S. Fernando
Department of Public Administration
University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Keywords
disaster risk management (DRM); agriculture; South Asia; multidisciplinary
approach; stakeholders; sustainable environment
Contents
List of Figures.........................................................................................ix
List of Tables...........................................................................................xi
List of Reviewers...................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments................................................................................... xv
List of Contributors..............................................................................163
About the Authors................................................................................167
Index..................................................................................................169
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Yearwise lives lost (in numbers)........................................16
Figure 2.2 Yearwise crop area affected...............................................17
Figure 2.3 Correlation between lives lost and cropped
areas affected....................................................................18
Figure 2.4 Correlation between lives lost and houses damaged..........19
Figure 2.5 Correlation between lives lost and cattle lost....................19
Figure 6.1 Hazard profile of Himachal Pradesh...............................102
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Nuclear disaster management awareness among
respondents......................................................................42
Table 4.1 Various strategies used by farmers according to the
nature of disasters.............................................................59
Table 4.2 Sustainable agricultural practices adopted by Sri
Lankan farmers................................................................60
Table 4.3 Methods of policy analysis...............................................61
Table 5.1 Areas inundated and losses on account of major floods....83
Table 5.2 Losses on account of Hoar floods in 2017........................84
Table 5.3 The severe drought years in Bangladesh............................85
Table 5.4 Damage and loss due to devastating cyclone in
Bangladesh.......................................................................86
Table 5.5 State of food grain production.........................................88
Table 5.6 Contribution of agriculture to GDP (%).........................88
Table 5.7 Improvement of crop production.....................................92
Table 6.1 Demographic features from 1901 to 2011......................103
Table 6.2 Area, density, and decennial growth population in
different districts of Himachal Pradesh...........................104
Table 6.3 Characteristics of an agroecological zone........................105
Table 6.4 Number of operational holdings and area operated
by the size of class of holdings in Himachal Pradesh.......106
Table 6.5 Extent of damage...........................................................108
Table 6.6 Assessment of horticultural cropped area affected due
to rains...........................................................................110
Table 7.1 Household, population, and household size in
disaster-prone areas in Bangladesh..................................126
Table 7.2 The distribution of disaster-affected households by
division and disasters, 2009–2014..................................127
Table 7.3 The percentage of flood-prone areas and flood-
affected victims in West Bengal, 2009–2017..................128
xii LIST OF TABLES
Dr. Huong Ha
Prof. R. Lalitha S. Fernando
Prof. Sanjeev Kumar Mahajan
CHAPTER 1
Huong Ha
School of Business, Singapore University of Social Sciences,
Singapore
R. Lalitha S. Fernando
Department of Public Administration, University of
Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
Introduction
Disasters entail serious consequences to all groups of stakeholders,
including the environment, at all levels, international, regional, national,
and local. To the agricultural sector, disasters are synonymous with loss
of crops and productivity, loss of livelihood among farmers and those
who work in supporting sectors, soil degradation, and many other dam-
ages. To countries that rely heavily on agriculture, especially South Asian
2 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE
sector (Ha 2014, 2017; Ha, Fernando and Mahmood 2015a, b). Agricul-
tural growth and productivity depend on food production systems that
are resilient against production failures arising from shocks and climate
variability. This requires strong emphasis or sector-specific disaster risk
reduction measures, technologies, and practices as well as sustainable use
and management of vital resources, such as land, water, soil nutrients,
and genetic resources (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations 2015).
Conclusion
This chapter has discussed the issues and challenges facing DRM in the
context of the agricultural sector. Although governments and different
political sectors in South Asian countries have made an effort to prepare
for and mitigate disaster risk, several factors such as governance, lead-
ership, resources, mechanisms, and institutions hinder their efforts and
shape the outcomes, making the disaster risk process more challenging,
especially in the agricultural sector.
One of the conclusions reached by this book is that there is a chain ef-
fect operating among issues and between issues and solutions. For example,
natural disasters cause damages and losses in crops and livestock, reduc-
ing agricultural production. The reduction in agricultural output, in turn,
affects food security. Thus, policy makers and legislators should be well
acquainted with agriculture-related issues associated with disasters in order
to create feasible and effective laws and policies. Furthermore, as good pol-
icies do not produce desirable outcomes unless effectively implemented,
strong enforcement mechanisms should be in place. Second, DRM is not
a task performed solo by a single stakeholder or group of stakeholders.
Rather, it is the collective effort of all groups of stakeholders in every sec-
tor. Finally, there is a strong interdependence among activities and between
policies and implementation to address the issues associated with DRM in
the agricultural sector. A strong culture of resilience would contribute to
the mitigation of disaster risk in the agricultural sector and its subsectors.
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12 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE
Houses damaged versus lives lost, Institute of Health and Society, 145
18–19 Institute of postharvest technology, 66
Human systems, 81 Integrated Pest Management (IPM), 63
Humanitarian Assistance Integrated Plant Nutrition Systems
Programme Implementation (IPNS), 63
Guidelines, 128 Intentional Nationally Determined
Humans and agriculture disaster, Contributions (INDC), 26
pragmatic study of Internal Displacement Monitoring
conclusion, 20 Centre (Norwegian Refugee
findings, 15–17 Council), 142
introduction, 13–14 International Commission on Nuclear
methodology, 14–15 Non-Proliferation and
recommendations, 20–21 Disarmament (ICNND), 30
research objectives, 14 International Energy Agency
vital parameters, relationships/ (IEA), 27
correlations between, 17–20 International Food Policy Research
Hyogo Framework for Action, 55 Institute (IFPRI), 55, 120,
HYV seeds. See High-yielding variety 126, 130, 133
seeds International Labor Organization
Social Security Portal,
ICNND. See International 132–133
Commission on Nuclear International Panel on Climate
Non-Proliferation and Change (IPCC), 24, 27
Disarmament International Union for Conservation
ICT. See Information and of Nature (IUCN), 124
communications technology International Water Management
IEA. See International Energy Agency Institute, 52–53
IFPRI. See International Food Policy IPCC. See International Panel on
Research Institute Climate Change
IGCAR. See Indira Gandhi Centre for IPM. See Integrated Pest Management
Atomic Research IPNS. See Integrated Plant Nutrition
Ikerd, John, 56 Systems
INDC. See Intentional Nationally Irrigation systems, in Bangladesh,
Determined Contributions 90–91
India, DRM in ISHI. See Indian State Hunger Index
Disaster Management Act (2005), 121 IUCN. See International Union for
Himachal Pradesh. See Himachal Conservation of Nature
Pradesh
insurance coverage schemes, 121 Jammu and Kashmir floods, 145–146
West Bengal. See West Bengal causes of, 146–147
Indian Meteorological Department, 14
Indian State Hunger Index (ISHI), LGED. See Local Government
126 Engineering Department
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Liberation War, 86
Research (IGCAR), 26 Livelihood diversification practices, 71
Indo-U.S. Nuclear Agreement of Livestock insurance, 65
2008, 26 Local Government Engineering
Information and communications Department (LGED), 90
technology (ICT), 21, 158 Losses, compensation of, 114
INDEX
173
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