DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

CAM VICE
REVIEW 1
 NAME OF THE MAXIMUM MARK
S. NO. REG. NO.
CANDIDATE MARK OBTAINED
1 17223303 DHEEPAN RAJ V 10
2 17223304 DINESH KUMAR S 10
3 17223305 EDWIN VICTOR J 10
4 17223306 FRANKLIN S 10
5 17223307 GANESH SHARMA S 10
6 17223308 GOKUL PRASANNA B 10
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
CAM VICE
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Handle
3.2 Cam mechanism
3.3 Lever
4 Design and drawing
5 Working principle
6 Merits & demerits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Number Title

1 Overall diagram
SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

This project deals with the design and fabrication of “CAM VICE” which works
in the principle or eccentric cam mechanism. The main features of the cam vice are
promotes mass production, can hold irregular jobs, more rigidity, reduces fatigue. Cam
was designed to hold the job at high pressure. The other parts were designed to hold the
job in rigid condition. Cam vice is suitable for mass production. It is possible to hold
irregular components also, and similar components can be very quickly.

Cam Vice is one of the clamping devices used to hold the job in rigid condition.
Cam vice is operated by the eccentric cam mechanism. There is a cam lever, the job can
be held tightly in between the jaws. In this, first the job is place in between jaws, and
movable jaw, and movable jaw is adjusted by adjusting the screw rod to maintain
according to the eccentricity of the cam with the cam profile. After that, cam lever at the
top is operated so that the job is held tightly in the fixture.

This type of fixture is useful for mass production where only similar size of jobs is
to be held. It reduces operator’s fatigue and also reduces setting time and cost of
production.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Cam Vice is one of the clamping devices used to hold the job in rigid
condition. Cam vice is operated by the eccentric cam mechanism. There is
a cam lever, the job can be held tightly in between the jaws. In this, first the
job is place in between jaws, and movable jaw, and movable jaw is adjusted
by adjusting the screw rod to maintain according to the eccentricity of the
cam with the cam profile. After that, cam lever at the top is operated so that
the job is held tightly in the fixture.

This type of fixture is useful for mass production where only similar
size of jobs is to be held. It reduces operator’s fatigue and also reduces
setting time and cost of production.
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an

integral part. Camshafts can be made out of several types of material. These
include:

Chilled iron castings: Commonly used in high volume production, chilled

iron camshafts have a good wear resistance since the chilling process
hardens them. Other elements are added to the iron before casting to make
the material more suitable for its application.

Billet Steel: When a high quality camshaft or low volume production is

required, engine builders and camshaft manufacturers choose steel billet.
This is a much more time consuming process, and is generally more
expensive than other methods. However the finished product is far
superior. CNC lathes, CNC milling machines and CNC camshaft grinders
will be used during production. Different types of steel bar can be used, one
example being EN40b. When manufacturing a camshaft from EN40b, the
camshaft will also be heat treated via gas nitriding, which changes the
micro-structure of the material. It gives a surface hardness of 55-60 HRC.
These types of camshafts can be used in high-performance engines.
Timing

A steel billet racing camshaft with noticeably broad lobes (very long
duration)

The relationship between the rotation of the camshaft and the rotation of
the crankshaft is of critical importance. Since the valves control the flow of
the air/fuel mixture intake and exhaust gases, they must be opened and
closed at the appropriate time during the stroke of the piston. For this reason,
the camshaft is connected to the crankshaft either directly, via
a gear mechanism, or indirectly via a belt or chain called a timing
belt or timing chain. Direct drive using gears is unusual because of the cost.
The frequently reversing torque caused by the slope of the cams tends to
cause gear rattle which for an all metal gear train requires further expense of
a cam damper. Rolls-Royce V8 (1954) used gear drive as unlike chain it
could be made silent and to last the life of the engine. [6] Where gears are
used in cheaper cars, they tend to be made from resilient fibre rather than
metal, except in racing engines that have a high maintenance routine. Fibre
gears have a short life span and must be replaced regularly, much like a
timing belt. In some designs the camshaft also drives thedistributor and
the oil and fuel pumps. Some vehicles may have the power steering pump
driven by the camshaft. With some early fuel injection systems, cams on the
camshaft would operate the fuel injectors. Honda redesigned the VF750
from chain drive to gear drive VFR750 due to insurmountable problems with
the VF750 Hi-Vo inverted chain drive.

An alternative used in the early days of OHC engines was to drive the
camshaft(s) via a vertical shaft with bevel gears at each end. This system
was, for example, used on the pre-WW1 Peugeot and Mercedes Grand Prix
cars. Another option was to use a triple eccentric with connecting rods; these
were used on certain W.O. Bentley-designed engines and also on
the Leyland Eight.

In a two-stroke engine that uses a camshaft, each valve is opened once for
every rotation of the crankshaft; in these engines, the camshaft rotates at the
same speed as the crankshaft. In a four-stroke engine, the valves are opened
only half as often; thus, two full rotations of the crankshaft occur for each
rotation of the camshaft.

The timing of the camshaft can be advanced to produce better low RPM
torque, or retarded for better high RPM power. Either of these moves the
overall power produced by the engine down or up the RPM scale
respectively. The amount of change is very little (usually < 5 deg), and
affects valve to piston clearances. Refer this
video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz1RE0ugcfU

Duration[edit]

Duration is the number of crankshaft degrees of engine rotation during

which the valve is off the seat. As a generality, greater duration results in
more horsepower. The RPM at which peak horsepower occurs is typically
increased as duration increases at the expense of lower rpm efficiency
(torque).[citation needed]

Duration can often be confusing because manufacturers may select any lift
point to advertise a camshaft's duration and sometimes will manipulate these
numbers. The power and idle characteristics of a camshaft rated at .006" will
be much different than one rated the same at .002".

Many performance engine builders gauge a race profile's aggressiveness by

looking at the duration at .020", .050" and .200". The .020" number
determines how responsive the motor will be and how much low
end torque the motor will make. The .050" number is used to estimate where
peak power will occur, and the .200" number gives an estimate of the power
potential.

A secondary effect of increased duration is increasing overlap, which is the

number of crankshaft degrees during which both intake and exhaust valves
are off their seats. It is overlap which most affects idle quality, inasmuch as
the "blow-through" of the intake charge which occurs during overlap reduces
engine efficiency, and is greatest during low RPM operation. In reality,
increasing a camshaft's duration typically increases the overlap event, unless
one spreads lobe centers between intake and exhaust valve lobe profiles.

Lift[edit]

The camshaft "lift" is the resultant net rise of the valve from its seat. The
further the valve rises from its seat the more airflow can be released, which
is generally more beneficial. Greater lift has some limitations. Firstly, the lift
is limited by the increased proximity of the valve head to the piston crown
and secondly greater effort is required to move the valve's springs to higher
state of compression. Increased lift can also be limited by lobe clearance in
the cylinder head construction, so higher lobes may not necessarily clear the
framework of the cylinder head casing. Higher valve lift can have the same
effect as increased duration where valve overlap is less desirable.

Higher lift allows accurate timing of airflow; although even by allowing a

larger volume of air to pass in the relatively larger opening, the brevity of
the typical duration with a higher lift cam results in less airflow than with a
cam with lower lift but more duration, all else being equal. On forced
induction motors this higher lift could yield better results than longer
duration, particularly on the intake side. Notably though, higher lift has more
potential problems than increased duration, in particular as valve train rpm
rises which can result in more inefficient running or loss of torque.

Cams that have too high a resultant valve lift, and at high rpm, can result in
what is called "valve bounce", where the valve spring tension is insufficient
to keep the valve following the cam at its apex. This could also be as a result
of a very steep rise of the lobe and short duration, where the valve is
effectively shot off the end of the cam rather than have the valve follow the
cams’ profile. This is typically what happens on a motor over rev. This is an
occasion where the engine rpm exceeds the engine maximum design speed.
The valve train is typically the limiting factor in determining the maximum
rpm the engine can maintain either for a prolonged period or temporarily.
Sometimes an over rev can cause engine failure where the valve stems
become bent as a result of colliding with the piston crowns.

Position[edit]

Depending on the location of the camshaft, the cams operate the valves
either directly or through a linkage of pushrods and rockers. Direct operation
involves a simpler mechanism and leads to fewer failures, but requires the
camshaft to be positioned at the top of the cylinders. In the past when
engines were not as reliable as today this was seen as too much bother, but in
modern gasoline engines the overhead cam system, where the camshaft is
on top of the cylinder head, is quite common.

Number of camshafts[edit]
Main articles: overhead valve and overhead cam

While today some cheaper engines rely on a single camshaft per cylinder
bank, which is known as a single overhead camshaft (SOHC),
most[quantify] modern engine designs (theoverhead-valve or OHV engine being
largely obsolete on passenger vehicles), are driven by a two camshafts per
cylinder bank arrangement (one camshaft for the intake valves and another
for the exhaust valves); such camshaft arrangement is known as
a double or dual overhead cam (DOHC), thus, a V engine, which has two
separate cylinder banks, may have four camshafts (colloquially known as
a quad-cam engine[7]).
More unusual is the modern W engine (also known as a 'VV' engine to
distinguish itself from the pre-war W engines) that has four cylinder banks
arranged in a "W" pattern with two pairs narrowly arranged with a 15-degree
separation. Even when there are four cylinder banks (that would normally
require a total of eight individual camshafts), the narrow-angle design allows
the use of just four camshafts in total. For the Bugatti Veyron, which has a
16-cylinder W engine configuration, all the four camshafts are driving a total
of 64valves.

The overhead camshaft design adds more valvetrain components that

ultimately incur in more complexity and higher manufacturing costs, but this
is easily offset by many advantages over the older OHV design: multi-valve
design, higher RPM limit and design freedom to better place valves, ignition
(Spark-ignition engine) and intake/exhaust ports.

Maintenance[edit]

The rockers or cam followers sometimes incorporate a mechanism to adjust

and set the valve play through manual adjustment, but most modern auto
engines have hydraulic lifters, eliminating the need to adjust the valve lash
at regular intervals as the valvetrain wears, and in particular the valves
and valve seats in the combustion chamber.

Sliding friction between the surface of the cam and the cam follower which
rides upon it is considerable. In order to reduce wear at this point, the cam
and follower are bothsurface hardened, and modern lubricant motor
oils contain additives specifically to reduce sliding friction. The lobes of the
camshaft are usually slightly tapered, causing the cam followers or valve
lifters to rotate slightly with each depression, and helping to distribute wear
on the parts. The surfaces of the cam and follower are designed to "wear in"
together, and therefore when either is replaced, the other should be as well to
prevent excessive rapid wear. In some engines, the flat contact surfaces are
replaced with rollers, which eliminate the sliding friction and wear but adds
mass to the valvetrain.

Camshaft bearings are similar to crankshaft main bearings, being pressure-

fed with oil. However, OHC camshaft bearings do not always have
replaceable bearing shells, meaning that a new cylinder head is required if
the bearings suffer wear due to insufficient or dirty oil.
 CHAPTER III

DESCRIPTION OF
EQUIPMENTS
 CHAPTER III

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 HANDLE:

HANDLE:

The Handle System is a technology specification for assigning, managing,

and resolving persistent identifiers for digital objects and other resources on
the Internet. The protocols specified enable a distributed computer system to
store identifiers (names, or handles) of digital resources and resolve those
handles into the information necessary to locate, access, and otherwise make
use of the resources. That information can be changed as needed to reflect
the current state and/or location of the identified resource without changing
the handle.

The Handle System was developed by Bob Kahn, co-inventor of

the TCP/IP protocols that underlie the operation of the Internet, with support
from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA at
the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), which continues
to develop and manage it. The Handle System is currently in use in several
applications.[1]

The Handle System enables management of objects as first class entities,

rather than as packets of bits with dependency on other attributes such as
locations. It emerged as part of a wider Framework for Distributed Digital
Object Services[2] but has been used in independent applications. The system
is designed to be scalable[3] to very large numbers of entities without
performance degradation, to allow distributed administration, and to enable
resolution to multiple pieces of current data (each of which may be
separately managed). It also has further optional features such as public key
infrastructure capability to enable trust applications.

Resolution is the process in which an identifier is the input request to a

network service to receive in return a specific output of one or more pieces
of current information (state data) related to the identified entity: e.g., a
location (URL). The Domain Name System resolves domain names
meaningful to humans into numerical IP addresses (locations of file servers).
The Handle System is compatible with DNS but does not necessarily require
it, unlike persistent identifiers such as PURLs or ARKs which utilise domain
names and are therefore ultimately constrained by them. Other significant
differences include the administrative granularity possible with the Handle
System (administrators can be different for each handle, and there can also
be more than one per handle) and the option for extensible multiple data
types to be assigned.[4]

DNS has well-recognised problems of security and updating which suggest

that it will not be sufficient to assume that existing DNS technology can
simply be adapted to deal with new requirements. By explicitly separating
names from all associated data, including location, the Handle System
addresses a key requirement of future internet architecture. A joint research
project by the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and Air Force
Research Laboratory argued that "it is possible to separate the ideas of
location and identity, both of which are represented by the IP address in
today's Internet, ... the resulting architecture facilitates mobility as well as
solving other problems with today's network
The Handle System is defined in informational RFCs 3650,[6] 3651[7] and
3652[8] of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF); it includes an open set
of protocols, a namespace, and a reference implementation of the protocols.
Handles resolve to typed data. Documentation, software, and related
information is provided by CNRI on a dedicated website [9] Each handle may
have its own administrator(s) and administration of these handles can be
done in a distributed environment. The name-to-value bindings may also be
secured, both via signatures to verify the data and via challenge response to
verify the transmission of the data, allowing handles to be used in trust
management applications. The syntax of the handle encompasses
any Unicode character and leaves the string construction to the assigner
(thereby allowing inclusion of existing identifier strings if desired).

Implementation of the Handle System consists of Local Handle Services,

each of which is made up of one or more sites that provide the servers that
store specific handles. The Global Handle Registry¨ is a unique Local
Handle Service which stores information on the prefixes (also known as
naming authorities) within the Handle System and can be queried to find out
where specific handles are stored on other Local Handle Services within this
distributed system.

Handles can be used natively, or expressed as Uniform Resource Names

(URNs) or Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). Although the Handle
System is not currently a registered stand-alone implementation of URI or
URN, it is a part of the info URI [10] specification, RFC 4452.[11] Handles may
also be expressed as Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), by the use of a
http proxy server.[12]
3.2 CAM MECHANISM:

A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially

in transforming rotary motion into linear motion or vice versa. [1][2] It is often

a part of a rotating wheel (e.g. an eccentric wheel) or shaft (e.g. a cylinder

with an irregular shape) that strikes a leverat one or more points on its

circular path. The cam can be a simple tooth, as is used to deliver pulses of

power to a steam hammer, for example, or an eccentric disc or other shape

that produces a smooth reciprocating (back and forth) motion in

the follower, which is a lever making contact with the cam.

A cylindrical cam or barrel cam is a cam in which the follower rides on the
surface of a cylinder. In the most common type, the follower rides in a
groove cut into the surface of a cylinder. These cams are principally used to
convert rotational motion to linear motion parallel to the rotational axis of
the cylinder. A cylinder may have several grooves cut into the surface and
drive several followers. Cylindrical cams can provide motions that involve
more than a single rotation of the cylinder and generally provide positive
positioning, removing the need for a spring or other provision to keep the
follower in contact with the control surface.
Applications include machine tool drives, such as reciprocating saws, and
shift control barrels in sequential transmissions, such as on most
modern motorcycles.
A special case of this cam is constant lead, where the position of the
follower is linear with rotation, as in a lead screw. The purpose and detail of
implementation influence whether this application is called a cam or a screw
thread, but in some cases, the nomenclature may be ambiguous.
Cylindrical cams may also be used to reference an output to two inputs,
where one input is rotation of the cylinder, and the second is position of the
follower axially along the cam. The output is radial to the cylinder. These
were once common for special functions in control systems, such as fire
control mechanisms for guns on naval vessels[10] and mechanical analog
computers.[11]
An example of a cylindrical cam with two inputs is provided by a
duplicating lathe, an example of which is the Klotz axe handle lathe,[12]which
cuts an axe handle to a form controlled by a pattern acting as a cam for the
lathe mechanism.

A face cam produces motion by using a follower riding on the face of a

disk. The most common type has the follower ride in a slot so that the
captive follower produces radial motion with positive positioning without
the need for a spring or other mechanism to keep the follower in contact
with the control surface. A face cam of this type generally has only one slot
for a follower on each face. In some applications, a single element, such as a
gear, a barrel cam, or other rotating element with a flat face, may do duty as
a face cam in addition to other purposes.
Face cams may provide repetitive motion with a groove that forms a closed
curve, or may provide function generation with a stopped groove. Cams used
for function generation may have grooves that require several revolutions to
cover the complete function, and in this case, the function generally needs to
be invertible so that the groove does not self intersect, and the function
output value must differ enough at corresponding rotations that there is
sufficient material separating the adjacent groove segments. A common form
is the constant lead cam, where displacement of the follower is linear with
rotation, such as the scroll plate in a scroll chuck. Non-invertible functions,
which require the groove to self-intersect, can be implemented using special
follower designs.
Sash window lock, traditional cam style, for double-hung sash window
A variant of the face cam provides motion parallel to the axis of cam
rotation. A common example is the traditional sash window lock, where the
cam is mounted to the top of the lower sash, and the follower is the hook on
the upper sash. In this application, the cam is used to provide mechanical
advantage in forcing the window shut, and also provides a self-locking
action, like some worm gears, due to friction.

Face cams may also be used to reference a single output to two inputs,
typically where one input is rotation of the cam and the other is radial
position of the follower. The output is parallel to the axis of the cam. These
were once common is mechanical analog computationand special functions
in control systems.[13]

A face cam that implements three outputs for a single rotational input is the
stereo phonograph, where a relatively constant lead groove guides the stylus
and tone arm unit, acting as either a rocker-type (tone arm) or linear (linear
tracking turntable) follower, and the stylus alone acting as the follower for
two orthogonal outputs to representing the audio signals. These motions are
in a plane radial to the rotation of the record and at angles of 45 degrees to
the plane of the disk (normal to the groove faces). The position of the tone
arm was used by some turntables as a control input, such as to turn the unit
off or to load the next disk in a stack, but was ignored in simple units
3.3 LEVER:

A lever (/ˈliːvər/ or US /ˈlɛvər/) is a machine consisting of a beam or rigid

rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A lever is a rigid body capable of
rotating on a point on itself. It is one of the six simple machines identified by
Renaissance scientists. The word entered English about 1300 from Old
French, in which the word was levier. This sprang from the stem of the
verb lever, meaning "to raise". The verb, in turn, goes back to
the Latin levare, itself from the adjective levis, meaning "light" (as in "not
heavy"). The word's ultimate origin is the Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
stem legwh-, meaning "light", "easy" or "nimble", among other things. The
PIE stem also gave rise to the English word "light". [1] A lever amplifies an
input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to
provideleverage. The ratio of the output force to the input force is
the mechanical advantage of the lever.

Levers are classified by the relative positions of the fulcrum, effort and
resistance (or load). It is common to call the input force the effortand the
output force the load or the resistance. This allows the identification of three
classes of levers by the relative locations of the fulcrum, the resistance and
the effort:[2]

 Class 1: Fulcrum in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the
fulcrum and the resistance (or load) on the other side, for example,
a seesaw, a crowbar or a pair of scissors. Mechanical advantage may be
greater or less than 1.
 Class 2: Resistance (or load) in the middle: the effort is applied on
one side of the resistance and the fulcrum is located on the other side, for
example, a wheelbarrow, a nutcracker, a bottle opener or
the brake pedal of a car. Mechanical advantage is always greater than 1.
 Class 3: Effort in the middle: the resistance (or load) is on one side of
the effort and the fulcrum is located on the other side, for example, a pair
 of tweezers or the human mandible. Mechanical advantage is always less
than 1.

These cases are described by the mnemonic fre 123 where the fulcrum is in
the middle for the 1st class lever, the resistance is in the middle for the 2nd
class lever, and the effort is in the middle for the 3rd class lever.

Law of the lever[edit]

The lever is a movable bar that pivots on a fulcrum attached to a fixed point.
The lever operates by applying forces at different distances from the
fulcrum, or a pivot.
Assuming the lever does not dissipate or store energy, the power into the
lever must equal the power out of the lever. As the lever rotates around the
fulcrum, points farther from this pivot move faster than points closer to the
pivot. Therefore, a force applied to a point farther from the pivot must be
less than the force located at a point closer in, because power is the product
of force and velocity.[3]
If a and b are distances from the fulcrum to points A and B and the
force FA applied to A is the input and the force FB applied at B is the output,
the ratio of the velocities of pointsA and B is given by a/b, so we have the
ratio of the output force to the input force, or mechanical advantage, is given
by

This is the law of the lever, which was proven by Archimedes using
geometric reasoning.[4] It shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to
where the input force is applied (point A) is greater than the
distance b from fulcrum to where the output force is applied (point B),
then the lever amplifies the input force. On the other hand, if the
distance afrom the fulcrum to the input force is less than the
distance b from the fulcrum to the output force, then the lever reduces the
input force.
The use of velocity in the static analysis of a lever is an application of the
principle of virtual work.
 CHAPTER IV

DESIGN AND DRAWING

 CHAPTER IV

DESIGN AND DRAWING

DESIGN OF CLAMPING FORCE :

For our Angle holding double jaw vice we considered :

Analyzing of clamping force for Screw clamping:

Formula:

Fs = Fn * L / R * TAN (φ +Ө)

Where ,

Fs = force developed in screw

Fn = pull (or) push applied to handle .

R = Pitch radius of screw thread .

Ө = helix angle of thread

Φ = friction angle of thread

L = length of handle

DESIGN OF CLAMING FORCE

For our polishing vice we are assumed

push applied to handle (Fn) =1000 N

Pitch radius (R) = 14.701 mm (from P.S.G pg: 5.43)

helix angle of thread Ө = 60

friction angle of thread Φ = 17

length of handle L = 60 mm

Force developed in screw :

Fs = Fn * L / R * TAN (φ +Ө)

Fs = 1000 *60 /14.701*tan ( 17 + 60 )

Fs = 942.25 N

CHAPTER V

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The CAMVICE is useful for mass production. It reduces labour

fatigue and setting time.

To hold the job, in the fixture, first the job to be hold is placed in
between jaws. The screw rod is adjusted, to maintain a gap equal to the
eccentricity in between job and the movable jaw. When the cam lever at the
top of the cam assembly is operated, movable jaw moves forward and holds
the hob against fixed jaw tightly. An already gap is maintained between job
and movable jaw by screwing the screw rod. When the cam lever is
operated the movable jaw may be equal to the eccentricity of the cam.

After the operations were done on the job, the job is released from the
jaws by operation cam lever opposite to the direction of locking. When the
cam lever is operated to release the job from the jaws, movable jaw moves
backward to its original position. The next job is placed in between the
jaws, and the same procedure is repeated to hold it in the fixture.
 CHAPTER VI

MERITS & DEMERITS

 CHAPTER VI

MERITS & DEMERITS

MERITS

1) Idle time of the machine is reduced.

2) When compared with the mechanical vices, it consumes less time for
clamping and unclamping the job.
3) It reduces the manual labour
4) Hence, production rate is higher
5) In this mechanism there is no backlash.


DEMERITS

1. Initial higher cost.

2. Hand Operated Vice
CHAPTER VII

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER VII

APPLICATIONS

 To hold the job rigidly while machining.

 For quick clamping and unclamping of the job.
 CHAPTER VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.

1. PROPERTIES

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the

proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

 Physical

 Mechanical

 From manufacturing point of view

 Chemical
 The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsion and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of

elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of

view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. MANUFACTURING CASE

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface

qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may

demand the use of special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the

material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less

number of components which can be fabricated much more economically by

welding or hand forging the steel.

4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may not

be a perfect substitute for the material designed. The delivery of materials

and the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.

5. SPACE CONSIDERATION

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. COST

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material

plays an important part and should not be ignored.

 Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper

materials.
 CHAPTER IX

COST ESTIMATION
 CHAPTER IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST

2. LABOUR COST

Lathe, drilling, welding, drilling, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

3. OVERGHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by” manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labor Cost

= 3000+3000

=6000

Overhead Charges = 20%of the manufacturing cost

=3000

4. TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost +Labor Cost +Overhead Charges

=3000+3000+3000 = 9000

Total cost for this project =9000

CHAPTER X

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER X

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the field of

small scale industries and automobile maintenance shops. It is very usefully

for the workers to carry out a number of operations in a single machine.

This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern.project

has been designed to perform the entire requirement task which has also

been provided.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Bottema, O., and Roth, B., Theoretical Kinematics, North Holland Press,
NY. 1990
[2] L.W. Tsai, Enumeration of Kinematic Structures According to Function,
CRC Press. , 2001
[3] Zongyu Chang , Ce Zhang, Yuhu Yang, Yuxin Wang , A new method to
mechanism kinematic chain isomorphism identification, Mechanism and
Machine Theory 37 ,2002, 411–417
[4] Krovi, V., Ananthasuresh, G. K., and Kumar, V., “Kinematic and
Kinetostatic Synthesis of Planar Coupled Serial Chain Mechanisms,” ASME
Journal of Mechanical Design, 2002, 124(2):301-312.
PHOTOGRAPHY