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behaviour
Lecture 2
MTX9100 OUTLINE
Nanomaterjalid
-How are crystals structured?
-Why and how does nanoworld differ from the
world we live in?
-When does size matter?
What is the smallest particle in matter?
What are things made of?
Everything is made of atoms. In the Bohr atomic
model, there is a nucleus
consisting of protons
with a positive charge and a
mass of 1.67 × 10−27 kg;
and neutrons
with no charge but with the
same mass as the protons.
The nucleus is surrounded by
electrons with a negative
charge and a mass of 9.11 ×
10−31 kg that revolve around
the nucleus in discrete orbits.
What is particular about electrons?
Non-directional
Schematic classification of nano – materials: (a) three – dimensional structures; (b) two –
dimensional; (c) one – dimensional; and (d) zero – dimensional structures.
Classes of materials
Metallic materials (consist principally of one or more metallic
elements, although in some cases small additions of nonmetallic elements
are present; When a particular metallic element dissolves well in one or
more additional elements, the mixture is called a metallic alloy.
Ceramic materials (are composed of at least two different elements).
Polymeric materials (consist of long molecules composed of
manyorganic molecule units)
Composites (are formed of two or more materials with verydistinctive
properties, which act synergistically to create propertiesthat cannot be
achieved by each single material alone)
Electronic materials
Biomaterials
Nanomaterials
Metals
Characteristics:
– High electrical and thermal conductivity
– Ductile/malleable
– Moderate to high strength
– Atoms arranged on periodic lattice, i.e.
crystalline
Ceramics and polymers
Stoichiometric compounds made of Made of long molecules, with very
electropositive strong intramolecular bonds but
(metallic) and electronegative (non- weak intermolecular bonds.
metallic) elements • Examples: Polyethylene (PE),
• Examples: Al2O3, SiC, ZrO2 , WC polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, aka
• Characteristics: acrylic or plexiglass), polystyrene
– Low electrical and thermal (PS), polyvinylchloride (PVC), epoxy,
conductivity elastomers
– High melting point Characteristics:
– Very hard – Low electrical and thermal
– Brittle (flaw-sensitive) conductivity
– Low melting point
– Relatively weak (compared to
metals and ceramics)
Composites
Composite materials are made of two or more distinct
phases, often from dissimilar material categories, e.g.
polymer + ceramic, metal + ceramic
• Characteristics:
– Properties usually
intermediate to those of the
constituents
Scale changes everything
There are enormous
scale differences in
our universe!
At different scales
– Different forces dominate
– Different models better explain
phenomena
Four important ways in which nanoscale
materials may differ from macroscale
materials
– Gravitational forces become negligible and
electromagnetic forces dominate
– Quantum mechanics is the model used to
describe motion and energy instead of the classical
mechanics model
– Greater surface area to volume ratios
– Random molecular motion becomes more
important
Dominance of electromagnetic forces
• Because the mass of nanoscale objects is so small, gravity becomes negligible
– Gravitational force is a function of
mass and distance and is weak
between (low-mass) nanosized particles
Sources: http://www.physics.hku.hk/~nature/CD/regular_e/lectures/images/chap04/newtonlaw.jpg
http://www.antonine-education.co.uk/Physics_AS/Module_1/Topic_5/em_force.jpg
Quantum Effects
• Large ZnO particles
– Block UV light
– Scatter visible light
– Appear white
The following are among the most important things that quantum mechanical models can
describe (but classical models cannot):
• Discreteness of energy
• The wave-particle duality of light and matter
• Quantum tunneling
• Uncertainty of measurement
Sources: http://www.apt owders.com/images/zno/im_zinc_oxide_particles.jpg
http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1165709.htm ; http://www.4girls.gov/body/sunscreen.jpg
Discreteness of energy
It is the fact that electrons can only exist at discrete energy levels that prevents
them from spiraling into the nucleus, as classical models predict.
This quantization of energy, along with some other atomic properties that are
quantized, give quantum mechanics its name.
In 1901, Max Planck published an analysis that succeeded in reproducing the
observed spectrum of light emitted by a glowing object. To accomplish this, Planck
had to make an ad hoc mathematical assumption of quantized energy of the oscillators
(atoms of the blackbody) that emit radiation.
It was Einstein who later proposed that it is the electromagnetic radiation itself that is
quantized, and not the energy of radiating atoms.