Introduction of most fundamental and important tools of chemistry which help in various calculations.
SI Units Law of Conservation of Mass Masses
SI system has seven base units pertaining to Matter can neither be created nor destroyed. Atomic mass unit (amu or u) : Mass exactly seven fundamental scientific quantities : equal to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of C-12 isotope. Physical quantity SI unit Law of Definite Proportions Atomic mass of an element : Average Length (l) metre (m) A given compound always contains exactly the relative mass of its atoms as compared to an same proportion of elements by weight. Mass (m) kilogram (kg) atom of C-12. Average atomic mass : Given for isotopes. Time (t) second (s) Xi Ai where Xi = % abundance Law of Multiple Proportions Electric current (I) ampere (A) X i Ai = atomic mass If two elements can combine to form more than Gram atomic mass : Atomic mass of an Thermodynamic kelvin (K) one compound, the masses of one element that element expressed in grams. temperature (T) combine with a fixed mass of the other element, Molecular mass : Sum of atomic masses of Amount of substance (n) mole (mol) are in the ratio of small whole numbers. all the elements present in a molecule. Luminous intensity (Iv) candela (cd) Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes Mole Concept SI system allows the use of prefixes to indicate the multiples or submultiples of a When gases combine or are produced in a Mole : Collection of 6.022 × 1023 particles unit : chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio In case of by volume provided all gases are at same atomic substances : deci - 10–1 deka - 101 temperature and pressure. 1 mole = Gram atomic mass = 1 gram atom centi - 10–2 hecto - 102 = 6.022 × 1023 atoms molecular substances : milli - 10–3 kilo - 103 Avogadro's Law 1 mole = Gram molecular mass micro - 10–6 mega - 106 = 1 gram molecule nano - 10–9 giga - 109 Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature = 6.022 × 1023 molecules pico - 10–12 tera - 1012 and pressure should contain equal number of gaseous substances : molecules. 1 mole = 22.4 L at STP
Scientific Notation Dalton's Atomic Theory Percentage Composition
A number is represented as x × 10n Matter consists of indivisible atoms. It shows mass of a constituent in 100 parts of a n is –ve if decimal is moved towards right All the atoms of a given element have compound. and n is +ve if it is moved towards left. identical properties including identical Mass % of an element mass. Atoms of different elements differ in Mass of that element in the compound 100 mass. Molar mass of the compound Significant Figures Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio. These are all certain digits with last digit Chemical reactions involve reorganisation uncertain. Empirical Formula of atoms. These are neither created nor All non-zero digits are significant . It is the simplest whole number ratio of destroyed in a chemical reaction. Zeros preceding to first non-zero digit are different atoms present in a compound. not significant. Steps to obtain empirical formula : Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant. Stoichiometry % age Change to Molar ratio Zeros on the right side of the decimal are At. mass It deals with calculations based upon significant. chemical equations. Molar ratio Various steps involved in calculations are : Simplest molar ratio Minimum molar ratio Dimensional Analysis – Write balanced chemical equation. – Write the relative number of moles or Change to Required unit = Given value × conversion relative masses of reactants and products factor Write the numbers below Simplest whole involved below their formulae. number ratio = the symbols of elements Some useful conversion factors : – In case of gases write 22.4 L at STP in –8 –10 Simplest ratio × Integer Length – 1Å = 10 cm = 10 m place of 1 mole. Empirical formula 1 nm = 10–9 m, 1 pm = 10–12 m – Apply unitary method to make required Volume – 1 L = 1000 mL calculations. = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3 = 10–3 m3 Molecular Formula Pressure – 1 atm = 760 mm or torr = 101325 Pa It is the formula showing exact number of Limiting Reagent 1 bar = 105 Nm–2 = 105 Pa atoms present in a molecule. Energy – 1 calorie = 4.184 J The reactant which gets consumed completely Molecular formula = n × empirical formula 1 eV = 1.6022 × 10–19 J and limits the amount of product formed is 1 J = 10 7 ergs called limiting reagent. Reactions in Solutions wsolute Mass percent (%) = 100 wsolution HAVE A LOOK ! nA nB Mole fraction (xA) = ,x Mass is the quantity of matter contained in the substance and is constant whereas weight varies nA nB B nA nB from place to place. w2 1000 Molarity (M) = Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures. M2 V (in mL) Molar volume of a gas is 22.7 L at 1 bar and 0°C. w2 1000 Molality (m) = The number of molecules in 1 mL of a gas at STP is known as Loschmidt number. M2 w1(in g)