Group Members:

Mata, John Paulo

Dagdag, Erica
Libron, Kirsten Gweneth
Nisperos, Gemma
Palod, Christine
Wooden, June Virlin
TUMOR MARKERS COMMON THERAPY/TREATMENT
MANIFESTATIONS
MALE CANCERS
1. PROSTATE CANCER  Early stage: may or
 Circulating tumor cells of epithelial origin may not have
(CELLSEARCH®)- To inform clinical decision symptoms
making, and to assess prognosis  Prostate soecific
 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)- To help in antigen is raised but it
diagnosis, assess response to treatment, may be raised by other
and look for recurrence factors such as urinary
 Cancer Antigen 27.29 or Carbohydrate infections
Antigen 27.29 (CA 27.29)  Frequent urination,
 Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) particularly at night
 Prostate-specific membrane antigen  Urgency to pass urine
(PSMA)  Dysuria
 Thymidine kinase  Hematuria
2. PENILE CANCER  Change in color and
 No specific lab studies or /or thickening of skin
tumor markers  Non- healing growth or
sore on the penis
 Bleeding from the
penis or foreskin
 Foul smelling discharge
 Difficulty in drawing
OTHERS:
 Surgical removal of the prostate  Most common male cancer
(prostatectomy) in UK
 Radiotherapy:  Rises sharply from 50 years
 Post-operative radiotherapy- if there is if age with the highest
thought to be a risk of recurrence at surgey incidence in those 75-79
 External radiotherapy- 66% cure rate years
 Intensity modulated radiotherapy- proved to  Higher in men of Afro-
increase the effectiveness of treatment Caribbean descent
 Image guided radiotherapy- reduces  Risk factors include a first or
potential radiation dose to healthy tissues second degree relative
 Internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy)- may diagnoses with orostate
be the implantation of small radioactive cancer, mother having
seeds into the prostate breast cancer, BRCA2 gene
 Hormone therapy: mutation, diet high in
 Either stop the production of testosterone or calcium, prostatitis and
block the effects of it as prostate cancer having had a vasectomy
 Chemotherapy
 To treat the disease that has spread to other
parts of the body and is not responding to
hormone therapy
 Surgery:  Very rare
 Laser surgery  May be linked in sexually
 Cryosurgery transmitted disease
 Circumcision  Rare in thoose under 40
 Penectomy years old and most cases are
 Radiotherapy: in men over 60 years
 Treatment of choice if the disease has spread  Over 95% of tumors are
to the lymph nodes in the groin or into the squamous cell carcinomas
Group Members:
Mata, John Paulo
Dagdag, Erica
Libron, Kirsten Gweneth
Nisperos, Gemma
Palod, Christine
Wooden, June Virlin
back the foreskin
(phimosis)
3. TESTICULAR CANCER  Swelling or lump in a
 Alpha-fetoprotein- elevated (AFP) testicle, usually
painless but swelling
 Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin may increase and
Or Beta-HCG, B-HCG (HCG) cause pain
 Dull
ache/pain/heaviness in
scrotum
 Pain in the back, groin
or lower abdomen
 Nipple/breast
tenderness or swelling
due to hormones
being produced by the
tumor
 Cough, breatheless,
dysphagia if spread to
the lungs (late stage)
4. Colorectal Cancer  May not manifest
 BRAF V600 mutations symptoms in early
 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) colorectal cancer
 Circulating tumor cells of epithelial origin  change in bowel
(CELLSEARCH®) habits,
 KRAS gene mutation analysis  rectal bleeding,
 CA 19-9  belly pain,
pelvis  Risk factors:
 Post-operative radiotherapy- to reduce the  exposure to HPV
recurrence  multiple partners before
 Chemotherapy: the age of 20
 Chemotherapy cream  Poor hygiene and possibly
 Intravenous chemotherapy smoking
 Depressed immune system
 Surgery:  16th most common male
 Surgical removal of the testicle cancer in the UK
(orchidectomy)  Age related but unusally
 Radiotherapy: more common in young
 Post-operative radiotherapy to be advised men
for semonomas  Higher incidence in
 Chemotherapy: Caucasians than other
 Recommended for akl seminoma tumors that ethnic group
have spread to local lymph nodes and for all  Risk factors:
teartoma  Undescenced testicle
 Carcinoma in situ
 Fertility problems
 Previous testicular cancer
 Family history of testicular
cancer
 HIV / AIDS
 Surgery  the third most common
 Radiotherapy cancer in men.
 chemotherapy  It strikes about 53 of every
100,000 men.
 About 27,000 men died
from this cancer in 2007.
 Group Members:
Mata, John Paulo
Dagdag, Erica
Libron, Kirsten Gweneth
Nisperos, Gemma
Palod, Christine
Wooden, June Virlin
 Tumor m2-pk  weakness,
 weight loss.
5. Bladder Cancer  Hematuria   Bladder cancer is the fourth
 Chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and 9p21  Blood clots in the most common cancer in
 Fibrin/fibrinogen urine. men, striking 36 of every
 Nuclear matrix protein 22  frequentl and burning 100,000 men and killing
pain eight out of every 100,000
LUNG CANCER
Lung Cancer tumor markers
 Cytokeratin fragment 21-1- To help in monitoring for recurrence
 CA 15-3
Cancer Antigen 15-3 or Carbohydrate Antigen 15-3- elevated
 Cancer Antigen 125 or Carbohydrate Antigen 125- elevated (CA 125)
 Cancer Antigen 27.29 or Carbohydrate Antigen 27.29 (CA 27.29)
 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
 Cytokeratin Fragment 21-1 (Blood Test)
 Prostatic Acid Phosphatase( PAP)
 Vimentin
1. SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER  Cough  Thoracic radiation therapy  10-15% of all lung cancer
 Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)- To help in  Rust-colored sputum  Chemotherapy  Most aggressive major forms of lung
diagnosis and to assess response to  Chest pain  Surgery is not often considered cancer
treatment  Hoarseness  Drugs:
 Chromogranin A  Weight loss - Combination of cisplatin or
 Neuron-specific Enolase (NSE)  Shortness of breath carboplatin plus etoposide or
 Neurofilament  Feeling tired or weak irinotecam
A. Small-cell carcinoma (oat cell - Topotecan- if there is a relapse after
cancer) complete remission
B. Combined small- cell carcinoma
Group Members:
Mata, John Paulo
Dagdag, Erica
Libron, Kirsten Gweneth
Nisperos, Gemma
Palod, Christine
Wooden, June Virlin
2. NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
Markers:
 ALK gene rearrangements and overexpression- To help determine treatment and prognosis
 EGFR gene mutation analysis- To help determine treatment and prognosis
 KRAS gene mutation analysis- To determine whether treatment with a particular type of targeted therapy is appropriate
 Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)- To determine whether treatment with a particular type of targeted therapy is appropriate

A. Adenocarcinoma of lung  Cough  Surgery  Most common NSCLC in US

 Hoarseness
 HER2/neu gene amplification or protein  Weight loss
overexpression  SOB
a. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
- Look like pneumonia on a chest X-ray
B. Squamous cell carcinoma  Begins as dome-
 Cacinoembryonic antigen shaped bump or a
 Squamous cell carcinoma antigen red,scaly patch of skin
 Immunosuppressive acidic protein  Usually rough and
 Alpha-fetoprotein ferritin crusty
 Carbohydrate antigen 19-9  Can bleed easily when
scraped
 Large growths may
itch/ hurt
C. Large cell carcinoma  Coughing
 Carcinoembryonic antigen  Weight loss
 SCCA  Shortness of breath
 Radiotherapy
 Chemotherapy
 Excision: cutting out the cancer spot
and some healthy skin around it
 Mohs surgery: excision and then
inspecting the excised skin using
microscope
 Dermabrasion: “sanding” the
affected area of skin with a tool to
make way for new layer
 Topical chemotherapy: a gel/cream
applied to the skin
 Lobectomy
 Radiotherapy
 Chemotherapy
 Compromise of 40% of lung cancer
 Assiciated with smoking
 Also seen in non-smokers, especially
women
 Subtype of adenocarcinoma
 Frequently develops at multiple
sites in the lungs and spreads along
preexisting alveolar walls
 More common in women
 Better prognosis
 More common than
adenocarcinoma
 25-30% of all lung cancer
 Also known as epidermoid
carcinoma
 Arise most in the central chest area
in the bronchi
 Spreads to lymph nodes and grows
quite large
 Also reffered to as undifferentiated
carcinomas
 Least common type of NSCLC
Group Members:
Mata, John Paulo
Dagdag, Erica
Libron, Kirsten Gweneth
Nisperos, Gemma
Palod, Christine
Wooden, June Virlin
 Neuro-specific enolase  Chest pain  10-15% of all lung cancer
 Cytokeratin 1a fragment pro-gastrin-  Hemoptysis  Has high tendency to spread to the
releasing peptide  Fever lymph nodes and distant sites
 Weakness
 lethargy
D. Large cell neuroendocrine tumors  Asymptomatic  Chemotherapy  Fastest growing type of NSCLC
 Carcinoembryonic antigen  Nodule/chest pain  Makes up about 2% of lung cancer
 SCCA  Non-specific flu-like diagnoses
 Neuro-specific enolase symptoms
 Cytokeratin 1a fragment pro-gastrin-  Dyspnea
releasing peptide  Night sweats
 Carcinoid syndrome
3. Other types of lung cancer  Less than NSCLC and SCLC
 5-10% of lung cancer
A. Bronchial carcinoids  Cough  Chemotherapy  5% of lung cancers
 Chromogranin A  Wheezing  Radiotherapy  Common in persons under age 40
 5-HIAA  SOB  Unrelated to cigarette smoking
5-Hydroxy-Indol Acetic Acid  Chest pain  Grow and spread more slowly than
(24 hour urine collection) bronchogenic cancer

B. Pleural Mesothelioma  Shortness of breath,  Surgery  A cancer of the lining of organs and
 Calretinin  Chest pain,  Radiation therapy not only can originate in the lungs
 Fluid in the Chest  Chemotherapy but also the abdomen, heart, and
Cavity,  Targeted therapy chest.
 Fever,  immunotherapy  It is associated with exposure to
 Hoarseness, asbestos.
 Difficulty Swallowing,
 Weight Loss,
 Hemoptysis …
C. Adenoid cystic carcinomas  Lump on the palate  Surgery: removal of the tumor  Spread along nerves
 Kearatin  Numbness of the  External-beam radiation therapy  Spreads to the lymph nodes in only
Group Members:
Mata, John Paulo
Dagdag, Erica
Libron, Kirsten Gweneth
Nisperos, Gemma
Palod, Christine
Wooden, June Virlin
 Cytokeratin upper jaw  Neutron and proton radiation about 5-10%
 Epithelial membrane antigen  Difficulty swallowing therapy
 Inhibin  Hoarseness  Chemotherapy
 Dull pain
 Paralysis of a facial
nerve
D. Bronchogenic Carcinoma  Persistent, prolonged  Surgery  Leading cause of cancer death in
 Keratin cough  Radiation therapy men and women in the United
 Cytokeratin  Coughing up blood  Chemotherapy States
 Epithelial membrane antigen  Wheezing and  Targeted therapy  Associated with smoking, air
 Inhibin shortness of breath  Immunotherapy pollution
 Chest pain  The majority who develop these
 Loss of appetite cancer are non-smokers (either
 Hoarseness never smokers or former smokers)
 Unexplained weight
loss
 Fatigue or weakness
 Repeated lung
infections

HEART CANCER
1. Angiosarcoma  Raised, purplish area of skin that  Surgery  Most often occurs in the skin on the
looks lika a bruise that grows - to remove the cancer and head and neck
larger over time preserve functioning of the  Approximately 25% of
 Lesion that may bleed when heart. angiosarcomas are found in deep
scratched/bumped - Complete resection is tissue, and around 8% are found in
 Swelling in the surrounding skin usually not possible for breast tissue
 breathlessness, primary heart cancers.  Occurs in men and women of all
 chest pain, or - Heart transplantation may races and they are in children
 fluid on the lung (pleural effusion) be an option in selected  Also known as lymphedema
cases  usually located in the right upper
Group Members:
Mata, John Paulo
Dagdag, Erica
Libron, Kirsten Gweneth
Nisperos, Gemma
Palod, Christine
Wooden, June Virlin
2. Rhabdomyosarcoma
 Myo D1
 Muscle specific actin (MSA)
3. Fibrosarcoma of the heart
 Vimentin
4. Cardiac Liposarcoma
 Vimentin
5. Leiomyosarcoma
 Vimentin
 Headache
 Bulging/swelling of the eyes
 Bleeding in the nose, throat or
ears
 Trouble urinating and
haematuria
 Difficulty with bowel
movements
 A mass or bleeding in the vagina
or rectum
 Swelling/ lump in the arm/leg
 Hemoptysis
 HR problems
 Upper facial congestion
 Fever
 Weight loss
 Night sweats
 malaise
 New lump anywhere on the
body
 Painful swelling or numbness in
the area around the lump
 Blood in the stool
 Blood in vomitus
 Lump or swelling
 Abdominal discomfort
 Swelling/pain to any part of the
 Radiation therapy chamber of the heart
 Chemotherapy  the second most common type of
primary cardiac cancer in adults and
 Dietary advice to the most common heart cancer in
maintain nutritional children.
status of patient
 Palliative care to
improve symptoms in
serious conditions
 Physical therapy to
improve strength,
stamina and functional
ability
 open heart surgery  can occur as soft tissue mass or as a
 heart transplant primary or secondary bone tumors
 autotransplantaion  rare tumor with an incidence of only
around 3% within the group of
malignant cardiac tumors
 Surgical removal of the  Often, no symptoms occur
tumor  Develops in fatty tissue
 Radiation therapy  More common in males
 Chemotherapy  Found in only 1% of primary
malignant tumors
 Progresses very slowly and there is
little evidence of metastasis
 Radiotherapy after surgery  Develop in muscle, fat, blood vessel
 Chemotherapy  Most common in adults and women
 Surgery  Common place: uterus, trunk, arms
Group Members:
Mata, John Paulo
Dagdag, Erica
Libron, Kirsten Gweneth
Nisperos, Gemma
Palod, Christine
Wooden, June Virlin
body and legs
 Bleeding in the vagina that had  Rare type of connective tissue
menopause cancer, accounting for 5-10% of all
 Chest pain sort tissue sarcoma
 Lung congestion  Mostly observed to form in the left
 Breathing difficulties atrium
6. Cardiac myxosarcoma  Lump/swelling  Surgery  Very rare, high-grade malignancy of
 Vimentin  Abdominal bloating  Chemotherapy the heart
 Swelling in the limbs  Radiation therapy  Seen in individuals between 20-80
 Lung congestion years of age
 Blockage of pulmonary vein  Both males and females are affected
 Chest pain
 Breathing difficulty
 Blood in cough
 Dizziness
 fainting
7. Cardiac Osteosarcoma  Pain in the affected limb  Radiation therapy  Rare aggressive neoplasm that can
 Vimentin  Muscle soreness  Chemotherapy be difficult to diagnose
 “growing pains”  Removal of tumor  No known cause
 Chet pain
 Cough
 Dyspnea
 Right ventricular outflow tract
obstruction

References:

Sozzi G, Conte D, Leon M, et al. Quantification of free circulating DNA as a diagnostic marker in lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21:3902-3908.
Tumor Markers. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis/tumor-markers-fact-sheet#q4

Patient Guide to Tumor Markers | OncoLink. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.oncolink.org/cancer-treatment/procedures-diagnostic-tests/blood-tests-

Group Members:
Mata, John Paulo
Dagdag, Erica
Libron, Kirsten Gweneth
Nisperos, Gemma
Palod, Christine
Wooden, June Virlin
tumor-diagnostic-tests/patient-guide-to-tumor-markers

Types of lung cancer. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/lung-cancer/stages-types-grades/types

Mesothelioma. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.curemeso.org/understanding-mesothelioma/mesothelioma-diagnosis/

Iliades, C. (2018). 5 Most Common Cancers in Men. Retrieved from https://www.everydayhealth.com/mens-health/most-common-cancers-in-men.aspx

Webmd.(2018). Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Retrieved from webmd.com

MYMC.(2018).Lung cancer: Large cell carcinoma of the lung. Retrieved from www.myvmc.com

Wu, R. (2018). Lung tumor. Retrieved from www.pathologyoutlines.com