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notebook September 26, 2014
A Matter of Fact
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Sep 225:07 PM
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Sep 225:07 PM
1
Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
What is Matter???
Matter is anything that has mass and volume
Matter can have many different properties
or characterisitics (physical or chemical)
These properties and characteristics are used to classify
matter in much the same way that the characteristics of
living things are used to classify organisms
Chemistry is the study of matter, its structure and
composition, its interactions with other matter and the
energy involved
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Matter: What can't we see when we look at it?
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Mixtures and Pure Substances
Mixtures: where substances are combined physically, but
not chemically and can be separated by physical means
Ex: ocean water, oil and vinegar, lemonade
Pure Substance: substances that composed entirely of
one the same thing and cannot be separated by physical
means
Elements: Copper, Gold, Silver
Compounds: Water, Sugar, Salt
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Mixtures
• In a mixture each substance keeps its
individual properties
• Each substance in a mixture is not always
in the same ratio to other substances
• All the particles in a mixture are not the
same
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Mixtures Can Be Homogeneous or
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous:
You cannot see the different parts of the mixture.
Ex: Air, Fruit punch, milk, or chocolate
Heterogeneous:
You can see the different parts of the mixture.
Ex: Soil, cereal, eggs, sand, or salad
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Solutions
• A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture
formed when one substance dissolves in another
> Examples: Alloys like brass and steel, Koolaid in
water, ocean water
• A solution always has a substance that is dissolved
and a substance that does the dissolving
• The substance that is dissolved is the solute and
the substance that does the dissolving is the
solvent
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Different types of mixtures
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Pure Substances
Elements Compounds
C12H22O11
Zn Zn
Zn
C12H22O11
Zn C12H22O11
Zn Zn Zn
C12H22O11
Cl
Cl Cl
H O
Cl
Cl O H
H
Cl
O
H
H
H
O
O
H
H
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Elements
• Elements are the simplest pure substance
> An element cannot be changed into a simpler substance by
heating or any chemical process
• The smallest particle of an element that has the
properties of that element is called an atom
> An atom is the basic building block of matter
• More than one hundred known elements in the
universe listed on Periodic Table
> Name is formed from 12 letters (first always capitalized)
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Compounds
• Compounds are also pure substances
• But compounds are made from more than one
element
• Ex: Water is a compound
• Water can be broken down into simpler
substances – hydrogen and oxygen
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Test Yourself: Erase and reveal the correct answer.
1. Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
2. Examples of pure substances are water, sugar,
carbondioxide, carbon, and oxygen.
3. An element is a pure substance that has only one type
of atom.
4. A compound is a pure substance made up of two
or more elements chemically combined.
5. Examples of compounds are water, sugar, and carbon
dioxide.
Dec 26:55 PM
Can you identify the following?
You will be shown a series of photos. Tell if each photo
represents an item composed of an element, compound,
or mixture.
Review:
• An element contains just one type of atom.
• A compound contains two or more different atoms
joined together.
• A mixture contains two or more different substances
that are only physically joined together, not chemically.
> A mixture can contain both elements and compounds.
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Rocks
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Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Copper
Cu
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Jelly Beans
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PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Physical Properties – characteristics that can be
observed without changing the substance
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Chemical Properties – a characteristic that depends on
the action of a substance with other substances
• Examples: Reactivity, Flammability, Rusting
• Does it burn in air?
• Does it react with water?
• How does it react with acids and/or bases?
• Is it relatively inert (stable)?
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
States of Matter
Flows (takes shape Fills container
Definite shape of container)
Definite volume Changeable
Constant volume volume
No compressibility No compressibility
(particles tightly Easily compressed
(particles are close, (particles far apart)
packed) but less packed and
Very little motion/ Very high motion/
can slide past ea. vibration/kinetic
vibration/kinetic other)
energy energy
More motion/
vibration/kinetic
energy
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Physical vs. Chemical Change
• PHYSICAL CHANGES • CHEMICAL CHANGES
• A type of change that alters • Involves one or more
physical properties, but substances changing into
does not change the new substances (chemical
composition of a substance reaction); products have
• Examples different compositions with
• Crumpling paper different chemical properties
• Cutting wood • Examples
• Crushing a can • Rusting
• Phase change (change of • Combustion
state) • Fermentation
• Metabolism
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Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
CONSERVATION OF MASS
• Mass is neither created nor destroyed
Massreactants = Massproducts
• Example:
2 Mg + O2 > 2 MgO
200 g + 16 g = x g
200 g + 16 g = 216 g
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CONSERVATION OF MASS
• How many grams of H2 are needed to react with 250
g of N2 to produce 315 g of NH3?
N2 + 3 H2 > 2 NH3
250g + x g = 315 g
x = 65 g
Sep 225:07 PM
12
Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Law of Definite Proportions
• A compound is always composed of the same
elements in the same proportion by mass
• In order to see this law in effect, we need to know
how to calculate percent by mass.
percent by mass (%) = mass of element x 100
mass of compound
• If 5 g of X reacts with 15 g of Y to form the compound XY, what is the
percent by mass of X in the compound? The percent by mass of Y?
5g + 15 g = 20 grams XY
5g / 20g x 100 = 25% X
15g / 20g x 100 = 75% Y
Sep 225:07 PM
Law of Definite Proportions
percent by mass (%) = mass of element x 100
mass of compound
• A 50 g sample of an unknown compound contains 2.5
g of oxygen. What is the percent by mass of oxygen
in the compound?
2.5 g Oxygen × 100 =
50 g of Compound
Sep 225:07 PM
13
Properties of Matter.notebook September 26, 2014
Law of Muliple Proportions
• When different compounds are formed by the same
elements, different masses of one element combine
with the same relative mass of the other element in
whole number ratios.
mass ratio for H2O2 16 = 2
mass ratio for H2O 8
The different masses of oxygen that combine with a fixed mass of hydrogen in
the two different compounds can be expressed as a small whole number ratio.
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