Homework Chapter 22 Solutions! !

22.5!

22.7!

22.11!

22.25!

22.27!

22.30!

22.40!

22.57!

22.63!

22.71!

page 1
Problem 22.5!
A particular heat engine has a mechanical power output of 5 kW and an efficiency of 25%. The
engine expels 8000 J of exhaust energy in each cycle.!
(a)!Find the energy taken in during each cycle.!
(b)!Find the time interval for each cycle.!

Solution!
(a)!The efficiency being 25% means the following.!
Wtotal by
e= = 0.25 !
Qin

Wtotal by = 0.25Qin !

The first law say the following.!

ΔEint = Qin + Qout +Wtotal on = Qin − 8000 J − 0.25Qin = 0 !

Together, we have the following.!

0.75Qin = 8000 J ⇒ Qin = 10, 667 J !

(b)!For the power, we need the total work done by the engine.!
Wtotal by = 0.25Qin = 0.25 ⋅ 10, 667 J = 2, 667 J !

The mechanical power by the engine through each cycle is!

Wtotal by 2, 667 J 5, 000 J
power = = = ⇒ cycle = 0.533 s !
cycle cycle s

page 2
Problem 22.7!
Suppose a heat engine is connected to two energy reservoirs, one a pool of molten aluminum
(660 °C) and the other a block of solid mercury (–38.9 °C). The engine runs by freezing 1 g of
aluminum and melting 15 g of mercury during each cycle. The heat of fusion of aluminum is 3.97
x 105 J/kg. The heat of fusion of mercury is 1.18 x 104 J/kg.!
What is the efficiency of the engine?!

Solution!
Here is a diagram of the cycle.!
freezing
melting

aluminum Qin Qout mercury

Wtotal
!
The efficiency definition is this.!
Wtotal by
e= !
Qin

The heat in is!

Qin = Lf ,Al mAl = (3.97 ×105 J )(0.001
K
kg) = 397 J !

The heat out is!

Qout = Lf ,HgmHg = −(1.18 ×104 J )(0.015
K
kg) = −177 J !

The total work done by the engine is!

397 J − 177 J +Wtotal on =0 ⇒ Wtotal on = −Wtotal by = 220 J !

The efficiency is!

220 J
e= = 0.55416 !
397 J
!

page 3
Problem 22.11!
A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 6.3. It is advertised as using electricity at a rate of
457 kWh/yr.!
(a)!On average, how much energy does it use in a single day?!
(b)!On average, how much energy does it remove from the refrigerator in a single day?!
(c)!What is the maximum mass of water at 20 °C could the freezer freeze in a single day?!

Solution!
(a)!Here is the diagram for the cycle.!
freezer
room

at 0 °C Qin Qout at ? °C

Wtotal
!
The work done on the freezer is powered by the electricity. Over 1 day, the energy used by the
freezer is!
J
Wtotal on 457 kW h 1 yr 3600 s 1000 s 4.5043 ×106 J
= = !
day yr 365.25 day 1 h 1 kW day

(b)!The definition of the COP is!

Qin
e= = 6.3 !
Wtotal on

The work done on the freezer in a single day is 4.5043 x 106 J. The heat pulled from the freezer
into the engine is!
Qin = 6.3Wtotal on = (6.3)(4.5043 ×106 J ) = 2.8377 ×107 J !

(c)!The heat pulled in depends on the mass of the water. For a mass of water, m, the heat
required to be removed is!
Qin = mcΔT + mLf = m(4186 J
kg⋅°C
⋅ 20 °C + 3.33 ×105 J)
kg
= m(4.1672 ×105 J)
kg
!

Using the per day values above,!

2.8377 ×107 J = m(4.1672 ×105 J)
kg
⇒ m = 68.097 kg !

page 4
Problem 22.25!
An ideal gas is taken through a carnot cycle. The isothermal expansion occurs at 250 °C and the
isothermal compression takes place at 50 °C. The gas takes in 1.2 x 103 J of energy from the hot
reservoir during the isothermal expansion.!
(a)!Find the energy expelled to the cold reservoir in each cycle.!
(b)!Find the total work done by the engine in each cycle.!

Solution!
(a)!The efficiency of this engine is!
Tc 323 K W
e = 1− = 1− = 0.38241 = total by ⇒ Wtotal by = 0.38241Qin !
Th 523 K Qin

The energy going into the engine is 1200 J. According to the first law,!
Qin + Qout +Wtotal on = 0!

Qin + Qout − 0.38241Qin = 0 ⇒ Qout = −0.6176Qin = −0.6176(1200 J ) = 741.11 J !

The work done by the engine is!

Wtotal by = 0.38241Qin = 0.38241(1200 J ) = 458.89 J !

page 5
Problem 22.27!
Argon enters a turbine at a rate of 80 kg/min, at a temperature of 800 °C, at a pressure of 1.5
MPa. It expands adiabatically as it pushes on the turbine blades and exists at a pressure of 300
kPa.!
(a)!Calculate the temperature at exit.!
(b)!Calculate the maximum power output of the turing turbine.!
(c)!The turbine is one component of a model closed-cycle gas turbine engine. Calculate the
maximum efficiency of the engine.!

Solution!
Here is the diagram of the engine.!
argon
argon

at 800 °C
Qin Qout at ? °C

at 1.5 MPa at 300 kPa

Wtotal
!
(a)!Let’s look at the values per minute. The process of the engine is adiabatic. At the initial state, !
PiVi = nRTi !

The pressure and the temperature are known. The amount of argon is 80 kg. This is!
⎛ 1 mol ⎞⎟⎛ 1000 g ⎞⎟
80 kg Ar ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 2000 mol !
⎜⎝ 40 g ⎟⎟⎠⎜⎜⎝ 1 kg ⎟⎟⎠

The initial volume then is!

(1.5 ×106 Pa)Vi = (2000 mol)(8.314 J )(1073
mol⋅K
K) ⇒ Vi = 11.895 m 3 !

At the final state, !

PfVf = nRTf !

(300 kPa)Vf = (2000 mol)(8.314 J )T !

mol⋅K f

Vf = (5.5427 ×10−2 m 3 )T !
K f

The relationship between the volume and temperature for the process is!
TiVi γ−1 = TfVfγ−1 !

Argon is monoatomic, so f = 3 and gamma = 5/3.!

(1073 K)(11.895 m 3 )2/3 = 5591.3 m 2K = TfVf2/3 !

From above, !
Vf2/3 = ((5.5427 ×10−2 m 3 )T )2/3
f = (0.14537 m 2 )T 2/3 !
K K 2/3 f

page 6
Using this,!
5591.3 m 2K = Tf (0.14537 m 2 )T 2/3 = (0.14537 m 2 )T 5/3 !
K 2/3 f K 2/3 f

Tf5/3 = 3.8462 ×104 K 5/3 ⇒ Tf = 563.66 K !

(b)!Continuing to look at the values per minute, power output of the engine is just the work done
by the engine. The work done is just the change in the internal energy, and the internal energy
depends only on the temperature change.!
3 3 J )(563.66
Wtotal on = ΔEint = nRΔT = (2000 mol)(8.314 mol⋅K
K − 1073 K) !
2 2

Wtotal by = 1.2704 ×107 J !

So the power output is!

Wtotal by 1.2704 ×107 J ⎛⎜ 1 min ⎞⎟
Pout = = ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 2.1173 ×105 W = 211.73 kW !
Δt min ⎝ 60 s ⎟⎟⎠

(c)!The efficiency of the turbine is!

Wtotal by 1.2704 ×107 J
e= = !
Qin Qin

The total thermal energy put into the turbine that could be extracted for work is!
3 3
Eint = nRTin = (2000 mol)(8.314 J )(1073
mol⋅K
K) = 2.6763 ×107 J !
2 2

1.2704 ×107 J
e= = 0.47469 !
2.6763 ×107 J

page 7
Problem 22.30!
At point A in a carnot cycle, 2.34 mol of a monoatomic ideal gas has a pressure of 1400 kPa, a
volume of 10 L, and a temperature of 720 K. The gas expands isothermally to point B and then
expands adiabatically to point C where its volume is 24 L. An isothermal compression brings it to
point D where its volume is 15 L. An adiabatic process returns the gas to point A.!
(a)!Determine all of the unknown pressures, volumes, and temperatures as you fill in the following
table.!
(b)!Find the energy added by heat, the work done by the engine, and the change in the internal
energy for each of the steps AB, BC, CD, and DA.!
(c)!Calculate the efficiency of the cycle.!
(d) Show that efficiency is equal to the carnot inefficiency.!

Solution!
(a)!Here is the table. The value of gamma is 5/3.!

P V n T
A 1.4x106 Pa 10x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 720 K
B 2.34 mol
C 24x10-3 m3 2.34 mol
D 15x10-3 m3 2.34 mol
The easy ones to do are the ones defined by the processes. !

P V n T
A 1.4x106 Pa 10x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 720 K
B 2.34 mol 720 K
C 24x10-3 m3 2.34 mol TCD
D 15x10-3 m3 2.34 mol TCD

Points A and B are isothermally related. Points C and D are related isothermally.!
TA = TB and TC = TD ≡ TCD !

From the ideal gas model,!

PBVB = nRTB ⇒ PBVB = (2.34 mol)R(720 K) !

PCVC = nRTC ⇒ PC (24 ×10−3 m 3 ) = (2.34 mol)RTCD !

PDVD = nRTD ⇒ PD (15 ×10−3 m 3 ) = (2.34 mol)RTCD !

For the adiabatic processes, we have!

PBVBγ = PCVCγ ⇒ PBVB5/3 = PC (24 ×10−3 m 3 )5/3 !

TBVBγ−1 = TCVCγ−1 ⇒ (720 K)VB2/3 = TCD (24 ×10−3 m 3 )2/3 !

PDVDγ = PAVAγ ⇒ PD (15 ×10−3 m 3 )5/3 = (1.4 ×106 Pa)(10 ×10−3 m 3 )5/3 !

TDVDγ−1 = TAVAγ−1 ⇒ TCD (15 ×10−3 m 3 )2/3 = (720 K)(10 ×10−3 m 3 )2/3 !
page 8
The easy one to solve first is TCD.!
(720 K)(10 ×10−3 m 3 )2/3
TCD = = 549.46 K !
(15 ×10−3 m 3 )2/3

P V n T
A 1.4x106 Pa 10x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 720 K
B 2.34 mol 720 K
C 4.45x105 Pa 24x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 549 K
D 15x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 549 K
The pressure at C and D are!
(2.34 mol)R(549.46 K)
PC = = 4.4540 ×105 Pa !
24 ×10−3 m 3

(2.34 mol)R(549.46 K)
PD = = 7.1264 ×105 Pa !
15 ×10−3 m 3

P V n T
A 1.4x106 Pa 10x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 720 K
B 2.34 mol 720 K
C 4.45x105 Pa 24x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 549 K
D 7.13x105 Pa 15x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 549 K
Finally, !
PBVB = (2.34 mol)R(720 K) !

PBVB5/3 = (4.4540 ×105 Pa)(24 ×10−3 m 3 )5/3 !

Their ratio is!

PBVB5/3 (4.4540 ×105 Pa)(24 ×10−3 m 3 )5/3
= ⇒ VB2/3 = 6.3496 ×10−2 m 2 !
PBVB (2.34 mol)R(720 K)

VB = 1.6000 ×10−2 m 3 = 16 ×10−3 m 3 !

(2.34 mol)R(720 K)
PB = = 8.7547 ×105 Pa !
−2 3
1.6000 ×10 m

P V n T
A 1.4x106 Pa 10x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 720 K
B 8.75x105 Pa 16x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 720 K
C 4.45x105 Pa 24x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 549 K
D 7.13x105 Pa 15x10-3 m3 2.34 mol 549 K
!

page 9
(b)!Here are the energies.!
∆Eint Q W
AB 0J
BC 0J
CD 0J
DA 0J
The work done in process AB is!
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 16 ×10−3 m 3 ⎞⎟
WAB = −nRTAB ⋅ ln ⎜⎜⎜ B ⎟⎟⎟ = −(2.34 mol)R(720 K) ⋅ ln ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −6583.5 J !
⎝VA ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 10 ×10−3 m 3 ⎟⎠

∆Eint Q W
AB 0J +6584 J –6584 J
BC 0J
CD 0J
DA 0J
The change in the internal energy in process BC is!
3 3
ΔEBC = nRΔTBC = (2.34 mol)R(549.46 K − 720 K) = −4976.7 J !
2 2

∆Eint Q W
AB 0J +6584 J –6584 J
BC –4977 J 0J –4977 J
CD 0J
DA +4977 J 0J +4977 J
The work done in process AB is!
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 15 ×10−3 m 3 ⎞⎟
WCD = −nRTCD ⋅ ln ⎜⎜ D ⎟⎟⎟ = −(2.34 mol)R(549.46 K) ⋅ ln ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 5024.2 J !
⎜⎝VC ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 24 ×10−3 m 3 ⎟⎠

∆Eint Q W
AB 0J +6584 J –6584 J
BC –4977 J 0J –4977 J
CD 0J –5024 J +5024 J
DA +4977 J 0J +4977 J
(c)!The efficiency is!
Wtotal by 1560 J
e= = = 0.23694 !
Qin 6584 J

(d)!The carnot efficiency is!

Tc 549.46 K
ecarnot = 1 − = 1− = 0.23686 

Th 720 K

page 10
Problem 22.40!
A one more sample of hydrogen gas is contained in the left side of the container. It has equal
volumes on the left and right. The right side is evacuated. When the valve is opened, the gas
streams into the right side. Assume that the hydrogen behaves like an ideal gas.!
(a)!What is the entropy change of the gas?!
(b)!Does the temperature of the gas change?!

Solution!
(b)!When the gas expands, the number of moles is constant, the volume doubles and the pressure
halves. The temperature does not change.!
PiVi = nRTi !

1
PfVf = Pi ⋅ 2Vi = PiVi = nRTf !
2

Tf = Ti !

(a)!Because the change in the temperature is zero, the change in the internal energy is zero. This
means the heat is equal to the work.!
Q =W !

The actual path is not known as it is not quasi-static and reversible, however. This means we
have to take a reversible path to calculate the entropy change. Let’s take the isothermal path.!
The change in the entropy is!
dQ 1 1 1 nRT dV
ΔS = ∫ T
=−
T ∫ dWisothermal =
T ∫ P(V )dV =
T ∫ V
dV = nR ∫
V
= nR ⋅ ln(V ) !

⎛V ⎞⎟ ⎛ ⎞
ΔS = nR ⋅ ln ⎜⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟ = nR ⋅ ln ⎜⎜ 2Vi ⎟⎟⎟ = nR ln(2) = (1 mol)(8.314 J )ln(2) = 5.7628 J !
⎜⎝ Vi ⎟⎟ ⎜⎝ V ⎟⎠ mol⋅K K
⎠ i

page 11
Problem 22.57!
A fixed this quantity of inert gas moves cyclically between the
cylinders, expanding in the hot one and contracting in the cold
one. Figure P.22.57 represents a model for its thermodynamic
cycle. Consider n moles of an ideal monoatomic gas being
taken once through the cycle, consisting of two isothermal
processes at temperatures 3Ti and Ti and two constant-volume
processes. Let us find the efficiency of this engine.!
(a)!Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the
isovolumetric process AB.!
(b)!Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the
isothermal process BC.!
(c)!Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the
isovolumetric process CD.!
(d) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process DA.!
(e) Identify which of the results from parts (a) through (d) are positive and evaluate the energy
input to the engine by heat.!
(f)! From the first law of thermodynamics, find the work done by the engine.!
(g)!From the results of parts (e) and (f), evaluate the efficiency of the engine.!

Solution!
(a)!Isovolumetric means that the work is zero. The heat is just the change in the internal energy.
For a monoatomic gas,!
3 3
QAB = ΔEAB = nRΔTAB = nR(3T −Ti ) = 3 ⋅ nRTi !
2 2 i

(b)!Isothermal means that the change in the internal energy is zero. The heat is just the work.!
⎛V ⎞
QBC = −WBC = nRTBC ⋅ ln ⎜⎜ C ⎟⎟⎟ = nR(3Ti ) ⋅ ln 2 = 3 ln 2 ⋅ nRTi !
⎜⎝VB ⎟⎠

(c)!The heat is the the internal energy change.!

3 3
QCD = ΔECD = nRΔTCD = nR(Ti − 3Ti ) = −3 ⋅ nRTi !
2 2
(d)!The heat is the work.!
⎛V ⎞
QDA = −WDA = nRTDA ⋅ ln ⎜⎜⎜ A ⎟⎟⎟ = nR(Ti ) ⋅ ln(1 / 2) = −ln 2 ⋅ nRTi !
⎝VD ⎟⎠

(e)!The total heat in is!

Qin = QAB + QBC = 3 ⋅ nRTi + 3 ln 2 ⋅ nRTi = 3(1 + ln 2) ⋅ nRTi !

(f)! The total work done by the engine is!

Wtotal by engine = −WBC −WDA = 3 ln 2 ⋅ nRTi − ln 2 ⋅ nRTi = 2 ln 2 ⋅ nRTi !

!
page 12
(g)!The efficiency is!
2 ln 2 ⋅ nRTi 2 ln 2
e= = = 0.27292 !
3(1 + ln 2) ⋅ nRTi 3(1 + ln 2)

page 13
Problem 22.63!
A power plant, having a carnot efficiency, produces 1 GW of electrical power from turbines that
take in steam at 500 K and reject water at 300 K into a flowing river. The water downstream is 6 K
warmer due to the output of the power plant. Determine the flow rate of the river.!

Solution!
Here is a schematic of the engine.!

steam! water!
engine
500 K 300 K

work!
1 GJ/s
!
This engine has the carnot efficiency so that the efficiency is!
Tc 300 K
e = 1− = 1− = 0.4 !
Th 500 K

This means the heat in in one second is or the power in is!

Wtotal by engine 109 J
e = 0.4 = = ⇒ Qin = 2.5 ×109 J !
Qin Qin

Pin = 2.5 GW !

The heat output is 1.5 GW. This heat goes into the river. In one second, 1.5 GJ of heat goes into
the river. This heat can heat up this much mass by 6 K.!
Q = 1.5 ×109 J = mcΔT = m(4186 J )(6
kg⋅°C
K) ⇒ m = 5.9723 ×104 kg !

The rate of water flow is!

dm kg
= 5.9723 ×104 s
!
dt
!

page 14
Problem 22.71!
A 1 mol sample of an ideal gas γ=1.4 is carried through the carnot cycle described in Figure
22.10. At point A, the pressure is 25 atm and the temperature is 600 K. At point C, the pressure is
1 atm and the temperature is 400 K.!
(a)!Determine the pressure and volume at points A, B, C, and D.!
(b)!Calculate the net work done per cycle.!

Solution!
(a)!Here is the schematic of the cycle.!
A!
25 atm!
600 K
B!
600 K

D! C!
400 K 1 atm!
400 K
!
The volume at point A is!
J )(600 K)
(1 mol)(8.314 mol⋅K
nRTA
VA = = = 1.9693 ×10−3 m 3 !
PA Pa
(25 atm)(101, 325 atm )

The volume at point C is!

J )(400 K)
(1 mol)(8.314 mol⋅K
nRTC
VC = = = 32.821×10−3 m 3 !
PC Pa )
(1 atm)(101, 325 atm

At point B,!
TBVBγ−1 = TCVCγ−1 ⇒ (600 K)VB0.4 = (400 K)(32.821×10−3 m 3 )0.4 ⇒ VB = 11.910 ×10−3 m 3 !

J )(600 K)
(1 mol)(8.314 mol⋅K
nRTB
PB = = = 4.1884 ×105 Pa = 4.1336 atm !
VB (11.910 ×10−3 m 3 )

At point D, !
TDVDγ−1 = TAVAγ−1 ⇒ (400 K)VD0.4 = (600 K)(1.9693 ×10−3 m 3 )0.4 ⇒ VD = 5.4268 ×10−3 m 3 !

J )(400 K)
(1 mol)(8.314 mol⋅K
nRTD
PD = = = 6.1281×105 Pa = 6.0480 atm !
VD −3
(5.4268 ×10 m ) 3

(b)!The work in process AB is!

⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 11.910 ×10−3 m 3 ⎞⎟
WAB = −nRTAB ⋅ ln ⎜⎜⎜ B ⎟⎟⎟ = −(1 mol)(8.314 J )(600 K) ⋅ ln ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −8977.6 J !
⎝VA ⎟⎠ mol⋅K ⎜⎝ 1.9693 ×10−3 m 3 ⎟⎠

page 15
The work in process BC is!
5 5 J )(400
WBC = nRΔTBC = (1 mol)(8.314 mol⋅K
K − 600 K) = −4157.0 J !
2 2
The work in process CD is!
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 5.4268 ×10−3 m 3 ⎞⎟
WCD = −nRTCD ⋅ ln ⎜⎜ D ⎟⎟⎟ = −(1 mol)(8.314 J )(400 K) ⋅ ln ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 5979.0 J !
⎜⎝VC ⎟⎠ mol⋅K ⎜⎝ 32.821×10−3 m 3 ⎟⎠

The work in process DA is!

5 5 J )(600
WDA = nRΔTDA = (1 mol)(8.314 mol⋅K
K − 400 K) = 4157.0 J !
2 2
The total work done by the gas is 2998.6 J

page 16