Accepted Manuscript

Modeling for the performance evaluation of 600�MW supercritical unit operating No.0
high pressure heater

Yong Li, Yanhong Wang, Lihua Cao, Pengfei Hu, Wei Han

PII: S0360-5442(18)30121-X
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.103
Reference: EGY 12215

To appear in: Energy

Received Date: 27 July 2017

Revised Date: 19 December 2017
Accepted Date: 20 January 2018

Please cite this article as: Li Y, Wang Y, Cao L, Hu P, Han W, Modeling for the performance evaluation
of 600�MW supercritical unit operating No.0 high pressure heater,Energy (2018), doi: 10.1016/
j.energy.2018.01.103.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

1 Modeling for the performance evaluation of 600MW supercritical unit operating

2 No.0 high pressure heater
3 Yong Li, Yanhong Wang, Lihua Cao, Pengfei Hu, Wei Han
4 (School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin Province, China)

5 ABSTRACT: Adding the No.0 high pressure heater to raise feed water temperature has been proven to be an effective
6 way to increasing input rate of selective catalytic reduction device (SCR) under low load in coal-fired power plant.
7 However, the method has heavy influence on the operation economy of unit. To quantitatively evaluate the influence of
8 feed water temperature on the operation performance of unit, a simplified one-dimensional nonlinear model for a

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9 600MW super critical unit with No.0 high pressure heater was presented based on methods of furnace heat balance,
10 differential deviation and thermodynamics, and validated by the field operation parameters. Meanwhile, the impact of
11 feed water temperature on the performance of unit was discussed, and the influence mechanism of it was obtained. The

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12 results obtained from incurrent study could provide useful guidance in choosing the optimal process that can help
13 increase efficiency and acquire a reasonable Start-Stop of SCR system in super critical units with No.0 high pressure
14 heater.
15

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16 KEY WORDS: super critical unit, feed water temperature, inlet flue gas temperature of SCR, boiler thermal efficiency,
17 economy, performance analysis model

18 1 Introduction

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19 In the energy field, energy saving and environmental protection issues are two major themes that
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20 have attracted the attention of the world [1].
21 In commercial operation or commissioning operation of coal-fired power plants, the coal-fired
22 installed capacity of supercritical and ultra-supercritical power units (600 MW and above) accounts for
23 almost 40% of the overall coal-fired installed capacity in China [2] with prominent performances, such
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24 as higher thermal efficiency (up to 46%), and lower pollution emission. Therefore, supercritical power
25 plants would play a significant role in the reduction of coal consumption and pollutant emission of
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26 worldwide electricity generation industry [3].

27 Thermal power plant is not only the main coal consumption enterprises, but also a major source of
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28 pollutant emission of nitrogen oxide (NOx). It is reported that NOx emissions from coal-fired power
29 plants occupy about 45% of the total number. In China, with the increase of haze, NOx is compulsively
30 restricted for its emissions from coal-fired power plants [4]. Besides, due to the involvement of various
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31 renewable energy power generation, such as power generation from wind energy, solar energy, etc,
32 which makes most of the ultra (ultra) critical parameters of thermal power units generally participate in
33 peak load [5]. Even more serious, the operating load of thermal power units continues to reduce owing
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34 to the economic recession. For those reasons, large thermal power units frequently run at low load, in
35 other words, the partial load running time accounts for a large part of the total operating time of the unit
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36 [6].
37 In coal-fired power plant, the SCR system is mainly utilized to reduce the NOx emission, since
38 most of the denitration devices of thermal power units are arranged between the economizer and air
39 pre-heater; the economizer outlet flue gas temperature is the inlet flue gas temperature of SCR. When
40 the thermal power unit is running at low load, the inlet flue gas temperature of SCR is below the
41 optimum reaction temperature range of catalyst for denitrification (ranges from 320 to 420 ) [7]. If the
42 coal-fired power plant runs in a low load operation for a long time, it would easily lead to permanent
43 deactivation of SCR catalysts, and then NOx emissions would seriously exceed the national criterion,
44 which would cause great economic losses to the power plant. Therefore, to protect the catalyst, the
45 coal-fired power plant must cut off SCR system under low loads [8]. As for the heat exchanger of
46 economizer, with the increase of feed water temperature, the inlet flue gas temperature of SCR will

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47 increase [9], which could improve the input rate of SCR system at low load for thermal power unit.
48 Based on the reason written above, an elastic regenerative technique was proposed by some scholars
49 [10-11], which one high pressure heater called No.0 high-pressure heater is added to increase the feed
50 water temperature in thermal power plant unit.
51 As a matter of fact, setting No.0 high-pressure heater to raise the feed water temperature not only
52 increases SCR operation temperature, but also affects the turbine heat rate and the boiler thermal
53 efficiency of the unit. However, most of the studies conducted have been focused on NOx emission
54 issues instead of economic ones. Little research has focused on the influence of feed water

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55 temperature on SCR operation temperature and the operation economy of unit.
56 At present, the influence of feed water temperature on the turbine heat rate has been given in the

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57 literature [12]. Nevertheless, under the influence of changes in feed water temperature, the variation of
58 the exhaust flue gas temperature and boiler thermal efficiency is still controversial on the
59 understanding. With the widespread operation of No.0 high pressure heater in super critical unit, the

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60 investigation of relationship between feed water temperature and exhaust flue gas temperature has
61 become a hot topic.
62 It is noticed that the relationship between feed water temperature and exhaust flue gas temperature

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63 of boiler was only qualitatively described in recent literatures [13-15]. In general, there are three
64 different views on the understanding of the above problem. The first viewpoint indicates that the heat
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65 transfer temperature difference of economizer decreases with the increasing of feed water temperature,
66 which would result in an increment of inlet flue gas temperature of SCR and exhaust flue gas
67 temperature of boiler [13]. The second view is that, the rise of feed water temperature leads to a
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68 reduction in coal combustion rate, then leading to the decline of inlet flue gas temperature of SCR and
69 exhaust flue gas temperature [14]. Based on the other perspective, as for the influencing factors of
70 exhaust flue gas temperature, it is believed that the same impact can be achieved from feed water
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71 temperature and coal combustion rate [15].

72 As what mentioned above, in the existing literatures, there is a large deviation in the results of
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73 qualitative analysis reflecting the influence of feed water temperature on exhaust flue gas temperature.
74 There is little information about their theoretical model of quantitative calculation, so that it would be
75 hard to accurately evaluate the effect of setting No.0 high pressure heater on the boiler thermal
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76 efficiency and operational economy of unit.

77 Only the literatures [16, 47] proposed a modified calculation method of influence of feed water
78 temperature on exhaust gas temperature, however, it is only feasible when all the following necessary
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79 conditions are fulfilled at the same time. The conditions are as follows: 1) the flue gas temperature at
80 economizer inlet is unchanged; 2) the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of economizer and air
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81 pre-heater are unchanged. In fact, when feed water temperature changes, the fuel quantity of boiler
82 would change, thereupon, the conditions mentioned above would change too.
83 It is generally known that the exhaust gas temperature and boiler efficiency are extremely
84 significant index to measuring the operation economy of thermal power unit [17, 18]. The total
85 efficiency of coal-fired power plant is equal to the arithmetic product of boiler efficiency, pipe
86 efficiency, absolute internal efficiency of steam turbine, mechanical efficiency and electrical efficiency
87 [20]. That is said, only as the boiler efficiency is known, the total efficiency of thermal power unit can
88 be determined. The exhaust gas temperature has a very significant impact on unit economy [19]. The
89 operating experience shows that, the exhaust gas temperature of boiler increases by 10 ,
90 approximately a reduction of 0.5 percentage points in boiler efficiency and an increase of 1.7 g/kWh in
91 standard coal consumption rate of power generation may be caused [20]. Besides, the operation

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92 temperature of SCR is an important technical parameter affecting denitrification efficiency of boiler,

93 which is currently crucial monitoring object of power plant [21, 22]. Therefore, to accurately evaluate
94 the influence of feed water temperature variation on unit performance, it is very significant and urgent
95 task to discuss the quantitative influence relationship between feed water temperature and performance
96 parameter.
97 It is found from the literature survey that related performance analysis and evaluation of thermal
98 power unit mainly focused on exergy and economic research for different system, including waste heat
99 recovery and heating feed water by solar, above research are generally based on experimental and

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100 theoretical modeling methods. In terms of waste heat utilization, Li et al. [23] proposed a novel
101 once-through heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) which could be used for low temperature heat

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102 resource recovery. The relationship between the flow rate of feed water and exergy efficiency of system
103 was analyzed under a constant exhaust flow. Yan et al. [24] conducted a comprehensive sensitivity
104 analysis to evaluate the performance of three RFG types (dry, half-dry and wet) for a 600MW oxy-fuel

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105 power plant system. The result showed that increasing the condensation temperature would result in
106 less condensation of moisture out of flue gas and the elevated condensation temperature also induced a
107 slight drop of the temperature of flue gas after the furnace. Li et al. [25] established a theoretical

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108 framework for the exergy analysis and advanced exergy analysis of a real biomass boiler, by which the
109 sensitivity studies of several design parameters including excess air, biomass moisture and steam
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110 parameters were evaluated to reveal their effects on the overall boiler exergy efficiency. To exchange
111 the required heat between waste heat and make-up water with the depth use of low grade heat, Kwak et
112 al. [26] described a heat recovery technology with an additional heat exchanger installed with sufficient
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113 heat transfer area, based on the research of which, the results indicated that the minimum temperature
114 difference between the boiler feed water and the waste heat streams in the exchanger will constrain the
115 maximum area of the heat exchanger, and a smaller minimum temperature difference would require
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116 larger heat transfer area and higher costs. Kotowicz et al. [27] built a thermodynamic and economic
117 analyses model of a supercritical and an ultracritical oxy-type power plant without and with waste heat
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118 recovery. The model was used to research the thermodynamic characteristics of unit. The results
119 showed that, when all regenerative feed water heaters were replaced and supposed that the thermal
120 efficiency of steam turbine unit is constant, the maximal value of net efficiency of oxy-type power plant
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121 equals to 44.6%.Wang et al.[28] developed an advanced waste heat and water recovery technology,
122 which was first developed and proven at industrial demonstration scale for gas-fired boilers, field
123 operation results showed that the technology alone contributes over 40% of the boiler efficiency and a
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124 20% reduction in boiler feed water.

125 Molina et al. [29] built a mathematical model based on exergy analysis for a bagasse boiler, which
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126 was used to obtain the total losses and exergy efficiency in the steam generator. To evaluate the
127 performance of a 1000 MW double reheat ultra-supercritical power plant, an exergy analysis was
128 performed to direct the energy loss distribution of unit [30], in which the sensitivity of the unit’s exergy
129 efficiency with feed water temperature was analyzed. The results showed that the overall exergy
130 efficiency increases as feed water temperature increase under constant exhaust pressure.
131 Utilizing solar heating feed water, Zhang et al. [31] proposed an approach of high-efficiency
132 utilization of solar energy, and the solar heat from solar power tower can be used to heat the subcooled
133 feed water in boiler, which is indicated as Scheme II. Research results pointed out that scheme II
134 contains both evaporation section and superheat section, extraction of subcooled feed water was similar
135 to low-load operation of the original boiler, the rapid decrease of coal consumption leads to the fast
136 reduction of whole thermal load and the temperature of flue gas at the outlet of furnace. Zhao et al. [32]

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137 disclosed the thermodynamic mechanism and proposed a basic rule for moderate-temperature solar heat
138 being used in a fossil-fired power plant. The exergy destructions of preheating the feed water with solar
139 heat before it entering the boiler for coal-fired system were analyzed. Feng et al. [33] derived a method
140 for evaluating the thermo-economic performance of solar aided power generation (SAPG) hybrid
141 systems, in which the solar steam could be supplied to replace extraction steam for heating feed water
142 of regenerative Rankine cycle system. As an example, thermal economic evaluation of solar aided feed
143 water heating in a 600MW coal-fired power generation was analyzed. Yan et al. [34, 35] discussed the
144 performance of the solar aided coal-fired power generation system with different replacements and

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145 solar collector types under different operating conditions. Hou et al. [36] analyzed the performance of a
146 solar aided feedwater heating of a coal-fired power generation (SAFHCPG) system at design point

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147 under various load conditions.
148 Besides, Duan et al. [37] performed the experimental study of a counter-flow regenerative
149 evaporative cooler. It was found that the effectiveness reduced by less 5% while feed water temperature

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150 increased by 4.2 . To provide adequate engineering assistance and to improve the energy efficiency in
151 process industries, Behera et al. [38] described a feed-forward back propagation neural network model
152 trained using existing plant data. The feed water pressure, feed water temperature, conveyor speed, and

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153 incinerator exit temperature were used as input parameters to predict temperature, pressure, and mass
154 flow rate of boiler steam. Cao, et al [39] established a mathematical model of the biomass-fired Kalina
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155 cycle with a regenerative heater is to examine the effects of some key thermodynamic parameters on the
156 system performance.
157 However, based on the existing literature opinion, when the feed water temperature changes in the
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158 regenerator system, most of the published techno-economic literature mainly focused on the evaluation
159 just considering the influence of steam turbine heat consumption change for power plant. Attention had
160 not been paid to assess influence of feed water temperature variation on boiler thermal efficiency
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161 (rather than boiler exergy efficiency) which is the concern of the power plant operators. Thus, the
162 standard coal consumption rate of power generation obtained in this way could not reflect the real
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163 operation performance of unit. Furthermore, the quantitative impact analysis of feed water temperature
164 variation on operation temperature of SCR is also absent. Obviously, this is detrimental to the economy
165 and environmentally-friendly operation of unit and it is not beneficial for operators to control the
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166 performance of unit when the feed water temperature varies.

167 Chen et al. [40] proposed a theoretical model using GSE software to simulate the influence of
168 No.0 high pressure heater on the economy and NOx reduction ability of a unit under different steam
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169 sources of feed water heater, but only the situation of load of 50%THA and the feed water temperature
170 rising by 20 was performed. In fact, under different operation load, the variation degree of above
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171 parameters is different with the one of feed water temperature. Obviously, how the influence
172 mechanism and law of feed water temperature impact on the economic performance of unit and the inlet
173 flue gas temperature of SCR cannot be completely revealed. In other words, the variations of inlet flue
174 gas temperature of SCR, boiler thermal efficiency in terms of the change of feed water temperature of
175 boiler, including the standard coal consumption rate of unit are still unclear.
176 Accordingly, when the No.0 high pressure heater is put into operation to increase feed water
177 temperature to ensure the NOx reduction ability and a more accurate performance evaluation of power
178 plant in different conditions; it is obviously an important issue to discuss the quantitative effect of feed
179 water temperature on inlet flue gas temperature of SCR and unit economy. A systematic theoretical
180 analysis method considering various conditions and temperatures needs to be developed to solve
181 above-mentioned problem.

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182 To overcome the difficulties and to fill this gap mentioned above, based on other scholars’ studies,
183 a typical 600MW supercritical unit with No.0 high pressure heater was selected as the research target in
184 this paper. A simple one-dimensional nonlinear model was proposed to quantitatively analyze the
185 influence of feed water temperature variation on unit performance, and the accuracy of it was verified.
186 The influence of feed water temperature on exhaust flue gas temperature, boiler thermal efficiency, inlet
187 flue gas temperature of SCR, turbine heat rate, standard coal consumption rate and other parameters
188 were discussed. Through the present study, the influence mechanism of feed water temperature
189 variation on the economy and the inlet flue gas temperature of SCR of super critical unit were obtained.

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190 The following are the specific contributions of this paper in the subject matter area:
191 To present a performance evaluation model on feed water temperature variation which considers

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192 the change of exhaust gas temperature, inlet flue gas temperature of SCR and boiler thermal efficiency.
193 To clarify the influence mechanism of feed water temperature on exhaust gas temperature, boiler
194 thermal efficiency and inlet flue gas temperature of SCR.

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195 To conduct influence analysis of feed water temperature variation on unit economy and boiler side
196 operation parameters under different working conditions.
197 The main purpose of the current paper is to present a simple quantitative evaluation model of the

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198 influence of feed water temperature on performance of supercritical unit with No.0 high pressure heater.
199 The model is constructed based on methods like furnace heat balance, differential deviation and
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200 thermodynamics and exhibits a simple form and a general structure, which can be applied to provide
201 proper guidance for economic operation and NOx emission of the super critical unit with No.0 high
202 pressure heater.
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203 The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, a quantitative analysis model based on
204 the change of feed water temperature is described. In Section 3, the validation of model accuracy is
205 performed including the uncertainty analysis of experimental results and the comparative analysis
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206 between experimental results and model calculation results. The results and discussion on the unit
207 performance analysis is presented in Section 4. Finally, main conclusions are summarized in Section 5.
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208 2 Model description

209 2.1 Physical model
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210 The coal-fired power plant considered in this paper is a super critical unit with a power rate at 600
211 MW, which has been widely commercialized. Fig. 1 shows the layout of a complete boiler-turbine unit
212 used for the analysis. The original regenerative system of the steam turbine unit adopts 8-stage
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213 extraction processes, which consists of 3-stage high-pressure heaters, 4-stage low-pressure heaters and
214 one deaerator. The deaerator can also be considered as one of low-pressure heaters. To ensure the
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215 normal NOx removal efficiency at low load, one high-pressure heater was installed to improve the feed
216 water temperature, which is called No.0 high-pressure heater marked by red dotted lines in Fig. 1.
217 The layout of once-through boiler used in the analysis in this paper is shown in Fig. 2. It has a
218 single chamber, once reheat, four tangential combustion, ∏-type structure and a characteristic of solid
219 state slag. The tail flue of boiler is a single flue. The air is heated by three bin Juncker air pre-heater, in
220 accordance with the order, the feed water driven by feed water pump passes through the economizer,
221 water wall, steam separator, front platen super-heater, rear platen super-heater and high temperature
222 convection super-heater in turns. The re-heater consists of two stages, including the low temperature
223 stage and high temperature stage. The heating surface of the economizer is arranged in a countercurrent
224 flow sequence.
225 The boiler maximum continuous rating is 1913 t/h at a superheated steam pressure and temperature

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226 of 25.4 MPa and 571 , respectively. As for the Shenfu Dongsheng coal, its low calorific value is 21805
227 kJ/kg, and is used as the fuel. The coal quality analysis shows that the coal is consisted of C (57.33%),
228 H (3.62%), N (0.70%), O (9.94%), S (0.41%) and H2O (13%) (as received basis).
229 2.2 Mathematical model
230 2.2.1 Simplification and assumptions
231 To simplify the calculation process, the model is established based on the following simplification
232 and assumptions:
233 1. The effect of feed water temperature on the heat loss due to unburned carbon of boiler is

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234 negligible at an unchanged load.
235 2. The heat loss caused by unburned gaseous combustibles of boiler is negligible.

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236 3. The change of boiler surface heat loss is negligible at a given boiler load.
237 4. Based on a given boiler load, within a small range of feed water temperature change (≤10 ),
238 the change of heat transfer efficiency on flue gas side defined from furnace outlet to economizer inlet

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239 could be ignored. Meanwhile, the heat absorption ratio of each heating surfaces is considered as a
240 constant.
241 5. Only the change in feed water temperature brings about a negligible influence on the inner

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242 efficiency of steam turbine and turbine steam exhaust temperature.
243 2.2.2 Furnace heat balance
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244 The furnace of boiler can be regarded as an opening heat system; under stable operating conditions
245 of boiler, the thermal equilibrium of boiler furnace can be expressed as
246 Qfc + Qps + Qrk + Qca + Qcm = Qyq + Qas + Qrh + Qdh + Qcp 1
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247 In this equation, Qfc is the heat released from fuel combustion in furnace, Qps is the physics sensible
248 heat of fuel, Qrk is the heat carried by hot air from air pre-heater, Qca is the heat carried by the cold air
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249 leakage into the furnace, Qcm is the heat of mechanical energy conversion of coal mill parts, Qyq is the
250 heat carried by the flue gas of furnace outlet, Qas is the physical sensible heat of flying ash and slag.
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251 Qas = Qasa + Qass , Qasa is the physical sensible heat caused by flying ash of furnace outlet; Qass is the
252 physical sensible heat caused by slag of cold ash hopper; Qrh is the radiation heat absorbed by the
253 heating surface from the furnace; Qdh is the heat from external radiation of the furnace; Qcp is the heat
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from incompletely burned carbon particles from the boiler; Qcp = Qcp + Qcp , Qcp is the heat from
a s a
254
s
255 incompletely burned carbon particles in flying ash of furnace outlet; Qcp is the heat from incompletely
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256 burned carbon particles left in slag of cold ash hopper.

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257 2.2.2.1 Heat into the furnace

258 When calculating the amount of heat that is sent into the boiler from the fuel combustion, the actual
259 amount of burned fuel should be adopted. Thus, considering the heat loss due to unburned carbon in
260 boiler, the heat released from fuel combustion in the furnace is estimated based on high caloric value of
261 the fuel, which can be written as [41]
q4
262 Qfc = BrsQar.gr = B(1 − )Qar.gr 2
100
q4
263 In this equation, Brs is the actual amount of burned coal; and Brs = B (1 − ) , B is the coal
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264 combustion rate; Qar.gr is the high calorific value of coal, because the heat( Qyq ) carried by flue gas at
265 furnace outlet (in the following Eq. (8)) contains the vaporization heat of water vapor, which is formed
266 by absorbing latent heat of vaporization by water derived from the inherent moisture content of coal

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267 and the combustion of H elements in coal, the high calorific value of coal should be used to calculate
268 the input heat of the boiler fuel. q4 is the percentage of heat loss due to unburned carbon.
269 The q4 can be calculated as follows [41]:
mucQuc
270 q4 = × 100 3
Qar.net
271 where muc is the unburned carbon in boiler per kilogram of coal, Qar.net is the low heating value of
272 coal, Quc is the calorific value of pure carbon (kJ/kg), the value of which is 33727.

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273 The physics sensible heat of fuel can be calculated by following equation [42]
274 Qps = Bcp.ar t r 4
275 In this equation, cp.ar is the specific heat of fuel as received base at constant pressure; t r is the original

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276 temperature of the fuel before being fed into the furnace, which is generally equal to 20℃.
277 The heat carried by hot air from air pre-heater can be calculated using the following formula [42]

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278 ′′ V 0 (ct ) rk
Qrk = Bβ ky 5
279 ′′ is the outlet air excess coefficient of the air pre-heater; V 0 is the theoretical
In this equation, β ky
280 volume of the air; (ct ) rk is the enthalpy of per cubic meter of moist air at hot air temperature t rk .
281 The theoretical volume of air is given by [43]

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Oar
282 V 0 = 0.0889(Car + 0.375S ar ) + 0.265( H ar −
) 6
8
283 In this equation, C ar is the carbon content as received fuel; S ar is the sulfur content as received fuel,
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284 H ar is the hydrogen content as received fuel, Oar is the oxygen content as received fuel.

285 The heat carried by the cold air leakage flowing into the furnace is expressed as [42]
Qca = B∆αV 0 (ct )ca
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286 7
287 In this equation, ∆α is the sum of air leakage coefficient of furnace and coal pulverizing system,
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288 which is equal to 0.06, (ct ) ca is the enthalpy of per cubic meter of moist air at air temperature t ca .
289 The heat from mechanical energy conversion of coal mill parts can be calculated by [44]
290 Qcm = 3.6 Bkcm E 8
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291 In this equation, kcm is the energy transformation coefficient of coal mill grinding process, because the
292 medium speed mill is adopted in coal pulverizing system, the value of kcm is determined as 0.6; E is the
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293 power consumption of coal pulverizing system where the test value (30 kWh/t) is used.
294 2.2.2.2 Heat out of the furnace
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295 The heat carried by the flue gas of furnace outlet is calculated as follows [45]
q4
296 Qyq = B(1 − 0
)[hyq + (α lt − 1)V 0 (ckqθ )lt ] 9
100
297
0
In this equation, hyq is the theoretical enthalpy of flue gas; α lt is the excess air coefficient of furnace
298 outlet flue gas; (ckqθ ) lt is the enthalpy of each cubic meter of moist air at flue gas temperature θ lt of
299 furnace outlet.
300 The theoretical enthalpy of flue gas is given as follows [46]
301
0
hyq = VCO 2 (cθ )CO 2 + VN02 (cθ ) N 2 + VH02 O (cθ )H 2 O 10
0 0
302 In this equation, VRO 2 , V
N2 and VH 2O are the theoretical volumes of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water
303 vapor, respectively (cθ )CO 2 , (cθ ) N 2 and (cθ ) H 2 O respectively represents the specific enthalpies

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304 (kJ/m3) of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor at flue gas temperature θ lt of furnace outlet.
305 The physical sensible heat of flying ash and slag can be expressed as
B(q4Qar.net + 33727 Aar )[afh (cfhθ )lt + alz (clzθ )lz ]
306 Qas = 11
3.3727 × 106
307 In this equation, Aar is the ash content as received fuel; afh is the share of flying ash; the value
308 of afh is determined to be 0.9; (cfhθ ) lt is the enthalpy of per kg flying ash at the temperature θ lt ; alz is
309 the share of slag; the value of alz is 0.1; (clzθ )lz is the enthalpy of per kg large slag at
temperature θ lz and for large boiler units, θ lz =800 .

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310
311 Based on a given boiler load , when the change of feed water temperature is small(variation range
312 is less than or equal to 10℃) the proportion of direct radiant heat of platen super-heater absorbed from

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313 furnace is considered as a constant. Moreover, the proportion of the overall heat from additional heat
314 absorption of water wall and suspension tube heat absorption in the upper part of furnace outlet
315 accounting for the flue gas exchanging heat quantity from furnace outlet to economizer inlet is also

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316 considered unchanged.
317 In the furnace, the radiation heat absorbed by the heating surface from furnace can be estimated by
318 ′′
Qrh = qm(fw) hfl − hsmc ) + κ gzφlt Fltξ fsynσ oTlt4 − ϕB[(cyqθ )lt − (cyqθ )sm ]κ slb 12

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319 In this equation, q m(fw) is the mass flow of feed water, hfl is the enthalpy of working fluid in boiler
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320 separator, hsmc is the enthalpy of feed water at the outlet of economizer, κ gz is the sum of radiation heat
321 absorption ratio of super-heater and high temperature re-heater, φlt is the thermal effective coefficient of
furnace exit, Flt is the furnace exit section, ξ f σ o is the boltzmann
syn
322 is the furnace emissivity,
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323 constant, Tlt is the flue gas temperature at furnace outlet, ϕ is the heat retention coefficient, (cyqθ ) lt is
324 the enthalpy per cubic meter of flue gas at flue gas temperature Tlt at furnace outlet, (cyqθ ) sm is the
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325 enthalpy each cubic meter of flue gas at flue gas temperature θsm
′ at economizer inlet, κ slb
′′ is the
326 proportion of the total heat from additional heat absorption of water wall and suspension tube heat
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327 absorption in the upper part of the furnace outlet accounting for the gas exchanging heat quantity from
328 furnace outlet to economizer inlet.
329 The specific enthalpy of working fluid of boiler separator is calculated using the following
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330 equation
′′ )
ϕB[(cyqθ )lt − (cyqθ )sm ](1 − κ slb κ gzφlt Fltξ fsynσ oTlt4 + Dzr (hzr′′ − hzr′ )
331 hfl = hgr′′ − − 13
Dgr Dgr
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332 In this equation, hgr′′ is the enthalpy of live steam, Dgr is the mass flow of live steam, Dzr is the mass flow
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333 of reheat steam, hzr′′ is the enthalpy of re-heater outlet steam, hzr′ is the enthalpy of re-heater inlet steam.
334 The heat of external radiation of furnace is calculated by [47]
335 Qdh = ∑ Shds (α r + α d )(thds − t0 ) 14
336 In this equation, S hds is the heat radiating surface area of furnace, α d is the coefficient of convective
337 heat transfer; α d = 0.2(thds − t0 )1 / 3 , α r is the radiative heat transfer coefficient;
338 α r = 0.847 + 2.367 E − 3(thds − t0 ) + 2.94 E − 6(thds − t0 ) + 1.37 E − 9(thds − t0 ) , t hds is the average
2 3

339 temperature of furnace external surface, which equals to 50℃, t0 is the ambient air temperature, and
340 t0 =20℃.
341 According to Eqs. (2) and (3), the derived formula of heat existing in incompletely burned
342 carbon particles out of boiler is written down as follows [48]

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

343 Qcp = BmucQuc 15

344 2.2.3 Calculation of related factors
345 For the convenience of the analysis and discussion, in this study, the changes of related factors
346 caused by the change of feed water temperature were calculated at constant steam parameters and boiler
347 load.
348 2.2.3.1 Calculation of hot air temperature
349 Considering the heat dissipation of the air pre-heater, the energy balance equation of air pre-heater

PT
350 is [49]
351 qm(kq) ckq (t rk − t0 ) = ϕqm(yq)
ky
′ − θ py )
cyq (θ ky 16
352 In this formula, qm(kq) stands for the air mass flow of air pre-heater, ckq stands for the specific heat of

RI
ky
353 air, trk stands for the hot air temperature of air pre-heater outlet, qm(yq) stands for the flue gas mass flow
354 ′ stands for the flue gas temperature of air
of air pre-heater, cyq stands for the specific heat of flue gas, θ ky
pre-heater inlet, θ py stands for the exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler.

SC
355
356 The efficiency of a rotary pre-heater was obtained through calculating the ratio of the exchanged
357 energy to the maximum transferrable energy. The flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater

U
358 can be expressed in the following form [50]
e
µky K ky Aky
−1 θ ky′ − θ py
ηky =
AN
359 = 17
µky K ky Aky q ky
c θ ky′ − t0
e m(yq) yq
−1
qm(kq) ckq
M

360 Where
1 1
361 µky = − ky
qm(kq) ckq q
m(yq) yqc
D

362 In this equation, ηky is the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater, K ky is the heat transfer
363 coefficient for air pre-heater, Aky is the heat transfer area of air pre-heater.
TE

364 Through the deformation of Eq. (17), formula (18) can be derived as below
365 η ky (θ ky′ − t0 ) = θ ky
′ − θ py 18
EP

366 According to Eqs. (17) and (16), the expression of hot air temperature of air pre-heater could be
367 obtained
ηkyϕ qm(yq)
ky
cyq ηkyϕ qm(yq)
ky
cyq
368 trk = θ ky + (1 −
′ )t0 19
C

qm(kq) ckq qm(kq) ckq

369 The mass flow rate of flue gas passing through the air pre-heater is
AC

q
370 ky
qm(yq) = B(1 − 4 )Vyqky ρ yq
ky
20
100
371 Where Vyqky is the volume of flue gas passing through the air pre-heater, ρ yq
ky
is the density of flue gas
372 passing through the air pre-heater.
373 The air mass flow of air pre-heater is calculated by [46]
q4
374 qm(kq) = 1.306 β avkqV 0 B(1 −) 21
100
375 Where β avkq is the average air excess coefficient of air side of air pre-heater.
376 As the boiler load, main steam parameters and reheat steam parameters keep constant, the feed
377 water temperature variation would cause the change of coal combustion rate, leading to changes of
378 other parameters of air pre-heater. The coupling effects among the factors are considered

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

379 comprehensive; when the feed water temperature changes, the change of hot air temperature at air
380 pre-heater outlet is attributed to the following factors:
381 a. Change of the flue gas mass flow passing through air pre-heater.
382 b. Change of the flue gas temperature at air pre-heater inlet.
383 c. Change of the air mass flow rate of air pre-heater.
384 d. Change of flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater.
385 Under the comprehensive influence of the four factors mentioned above, the change of hot air
386 temperature at air pre-heater outlet is given as follows

PT
∂trk ∂qm(yq) ∂B
ky
∂t ∂θ ky ′ ∂B ∂θ ky ′ ∂trk ∂qm(kq) ∂B
(∆trk )t = { ky + rk ( + )+
fw
∂qm(yq) ∂ B ∂t fw ∂ θ ′
ky ∂B ∂t fw ∂t fw ∂q m(kq) ∂B ∂tfw
387 22
∂trk ∂η ky ∂qm(yq)
ky
∂η ky ∂qm(kq) ∂ηky ∂θ ky ′ ∂B ∂η ky ∂θky ′

RI
+ [( ky + + ) + ]}∆tfw
∂ηky ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂qm(kq) ∂B ∂θ ky′ ∂B ∂tfw ∂θ ky ′ ∂tfw
388 where ∆t rk ) tfw is the change of hot air temperature at air pre-heater outlet, t fw is the feed water

SC
389 temperature of boiler, ∆t fw is the change of feed water temperature.
390 As far as the heat transfer of air pre-heater is concerned, when the t 0 remains constant, the
391 ky
changes of qm(kq) , qm(yq) and θ ky′ would cause a variation of η ky . Because the effect of θ ky′ on the η ky
392
U
is exist, this is not considered in left equation in Eq. (17). Based on rigorous consideration in the Eq.
AN
393 (22) in paper, the partial derivatives of η ky should be composed of qm(kq) , qm(yq)
ky
′ . Meanwhile,
and θ ky
394 similar considerations also exist in the following Eqs. (33) and (43).
395 The first changed component in Eq. (22) can be obtained from Eqs. (19) and (20)
M

q
(1 − 4 )ϕηkyVyqky ρ yq
ky
′ − t0 )
cyq (θ ky
∂trk ∂qm(yq) ∂B
ky
100 ∂B
396 ∆t = ∆tfw 23
∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂tfw ∂tfw
ky fw
qm(kq) ckq
D

397 Similarly, the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of economizer could be given by
e µsm K sm Asm − 1 θ sm
′ − θ ky′
η sm = =
TE

398 24
sm
qm(yq) csm ′ − t fw
θ sm
e µsm K sm Asm −1
qm(fw) cfw
EP

399 where
1 1
400 µ sm = − sm
qm(fw) cfw q c
m(yq) sm

, ηsm is the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of economizer, K sm is the heat transfer coefficient of
C

401
sm
402 economizer, Asm is the heat transfer area of economizer, qm(yq) is the flue gas mass flow rate of the
AC

403 economizer, csm is the specific heat of flue gas of economizer, cfw is the specific heat of feed water
404 ′ is the flue gas temperature of economizer inlet.
of economizer, θsm
405 The variation of flue gas temperature at air pre-heater inlet caused by feed water temperature
406 change can be obtained by formula (23)
407 ′ = θ ky
∆θ ky ′′ − θ ky
′ = θsm
′′ − (θsm
′′ − tfw
′ )ηsm
′ − θ ky
′ 25
408 ′ is the change of flue gas temperature at air pre-heater inlet, θ ky
In this formula, ∆θ ky ′′ is the flue gas
409 temperature of air pre-heater inlet after feed water temperature changed, θsm′′ is the flue gas temperature
410 at economizer inlet after feed water temperature changed, tfw ′ is the feed water temperature after
411 ′ is the heat efficiency of flue gas side of economizer after feed water temperature changed.
changed, ηsm
412 Combined Eqs. (19) and (25), the second changed component in Eq. (22) can be obtained and

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

413 simplified as
′ ∂B ∂θ ky
∂trk ∂θ ky ′ ∂t η ϕ c q ky
414 ( + ′ = ky yq m(yq) ∆θ ky
)∆tfw = rk ∆θ ky ′ 26
′ ∂B ∂tfw ∂tfw
∂θ ky ′
∂θ ky qm(kq) ckq
415 The third change component in Eq. (22) can be obtained by Eqs. (19) and (21)
q
1.306 β avkqV 0 (1 − 4 )ηkyϕ qm(yq)
ky
′ )
cyq (t0 − θ ky
∂trk ∂qm(kq) ∂B 100 ∂B
416 ∆tfw = ∆tfw 27
∂qm(kq) ∂B ∂tfw 2
qm(kq) ckq ∂tfw
417 Based on Eq. (19), the fourth change component in Eq. (22) can be obtained and simplified as

PT
∂trk ∂ηky ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂ηky ∂qm(kq) ∂B ∂ηky ∂θ ky
′ ∂B ∂θ ky
′
ky

[ ky + + ( + )]∆tfw
∂ηky ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂tfw ∂qm(kq) ∂B ∂tfw ∂θ ky ′ ∂B ∂tfw ∂tfw
418 28
ϕ qm(yq) cyq (θ ky
′ − t0 )

RI
∂trk
ky
= ∆ηky = ∆ηky
∂ηky qm(kq) ckq
419 where ∆ηky is the change of flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater.

SC
420 After the change of feed water temperature, the hot air temperature of air pre-heater outlet is
421 calculated by
422 trk′ = trk + (∆trk )tfw 29

U
423 where trk′ is the hot air temperature of air pre-heater outlet after feed water temperature changes.
AN
424 2.2.3.2 Calculation of water temperature of economizer outlet
425 Analogously, the energy balance equation of economizer can be expressed as [49]
426 qm(fw) cfw (t smc − t fw ) = ϕqm(yq)
sm
′ − θ ky
csm (θ sm ′ ) 30
M

427 where tsmc is the economizer outlet water temperature.

428 Correspondingly, the expression of water temperature at economizer outlet is obtained by Eqs. (24)
429 and (30).
D

ϕqm(yq)
sm
csmη sm η smϕqm(yq)
sm
csm
430 t smc = ′ + (1 −
θ sm )t fw 31
TE

qm(fw)cfw qm(fw)cfw
431 The flue gas mass flow rate passing through economizer can be written as
q
432 sm
qm(yq) = B(1 − 4 )Vyqsm ρ yq
sm
32
EP

100
433 where Vyqsm is the volume of flue gas passing through economizer, ρ yqsm
is the density of flue gas passing
434 through economizer.
C

435 The influence of feed water temperature variation on the water temperature at economizer outlet
436 can be explained in the following aspects:
AC

437 a. Change of feed water temperature.

438 b. Change of flue gas mass flow at economizer outlet.
439 c. Change of flue gas temperature at economizer inlet.
440 d. Change of flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of economizer.
441 Under the comprehensive action of the four factors above, the change of water temperature at
442 economizer outlet can be expressed as
∂t ∂tsmc ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂tsmc ∂θsm
′ ∂B
sm
(∆tsmc )tfw = { smc + sm +
∂tfw ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂tfw ∂θsm ′ ∂B ∂tfw
443 33
∂tsmc ∂ηsm ∂qm(yq) ∂ηsm ∂θsm′ ∂B ∂ηsm
sm
+ [( sm + ) + ]}∆tfw
∂ηsm ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂θsm
′ ∂B ∂tfw ∂tfw
444 where (∆tsmc )tfw is the change of water temperature at economizer outlet.

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445 The first variation component of Eq. (33) is obtained by the formula (31)
∂tsmc ηsmϕ qm(yq)
sm
csm
446 ∆tfw = (1 − )∆tfw 34
∂tfw qm(fw) cfw
447 The second change component of Eq. (33) can be obtained from Eqs. (31) and (32)
q
(1 − 4 )ηsmϕρ yq ′ − tfw )
Vyq csm (θsm
sm sm
∂tsmc ∂qm(yq) ∂B
sm
100 ∂B
448 ∆tfw = [ ] ∆tfw 35
∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂tfw
sm
qm(fw) cfw ∂tfw

PT
449 In this paper, the efficiency of flue gas side heat transfer from furnace outlet to economizer inlet
450 has been defined. Within a small range of feed water temperature variation (≤10℃), it is assumed that
451 the efficiency of flue gas side heat transfer from furnace outlet to economizer inlet is constant; the

RI
452 equation can be written in the following form, which is
′
θ lt − θsm θ ′ − θ ′′
453 ηls = = lt sm = ηls′ 36
θ lt − tdz θ lt′ − tdz

SC
454 where ηls is the efficiency of flue gas side heat transfer from furnace outlet to economizer inlet before
455 feed water temperature changes, θ lt′ is the flue gas temperature at furnace outlet after feed water
456 temperature changes, θ lt is the flue gas temperature at furnace outlet before feed water temperature

U
457 changes, θ lt′ and θ lt can be calculated using furnace thermal calculation method [42], tdz is the steam
458 temperature at low temperature re-heater inlet, ηls′ is the efficiency of flue gas side heat transfer from
AN
459 furnace outlet to economizer inlet after feed water temperature changes.
460 By Eq. (36), the changed amount of flue gas temperature at economizer inlet could be obtained
(θ − θsm
′ ) × (θ lt′ − tdz )
∆θsm′ = θlt′ − lt − θsm
′
M

461 37
θlt − tdz
462 where ∆θsm
′ is the changed amount of flue gas temperature at economizer inlet caused by the variation of
D

463 feed water temperature.

464 The third change component in Eq. (33) can be obtained from Eqs. (31) and (37)
η ϕ qsm c
TE

∂tsmc ∂θsm
′ ∂B ∂t
465 ∆tfw = smc ∆θsm
′ = sm m(yq) sm ∆θsm′ 38
∂θsm
′ ∂B ∂tfw ∂θsm
′ qm(fw) cfw
466 The fourth change component in Eq. (33) can be obtained by formula (31)
EP

∂tsmc ∂ηsm ∂qm(yq) ∂ηsm ∂θsm ′ ∂B ∂ηsm

sm

[( sm + ) + ]∆tfw
∂ηsm ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂θsm
′ ∂B ∂tfw ∂tfw
467 39
∂tsmc ϕ qm(yq)
sm
csm (θsm
′ − tfw )
= ∆ηsm = ∆ηsm
C

∂ηsm qm(fw) cfw

where ∆ηsm is the changed amount of the efficiency of flue gas side heat transfer of economizer caused
AC

468
469 by the variation of feed water temperature.
470 After the change of feed water temperature, the water temperature of economizer outlet can be
471 ciphered out by
472 ′ = tsmc + ( ∆tsmc )tfw
tsmc 40
473 ′ is the water temperature at economizer outlet after the feed water temperature change.
where tsmc
474 2.2.3.3 Calculation of exhaust flue gas temperature
475 From the point of heat transfer view, when it comes to the impact of feed water temperature
476 variation on the exhaust flue gas temperature, both economizer heat transfer and air pre-heater heat
477 transfer should be comprehensively considered. The expression of exhaust flue gas temperature was
478 given in literature [51].

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

479 ′ + (1 − η ky )η sm tfw + η ky t0
θ py = (1 − η sm )(1 − η ky )θ sm 41
480 The change of feed water temperature not only individually affects the exhaust flue gas
481 temperature, but also causes changes of coal combustion rate, and then affects exhaust flue gas
482 temperature. Accordingly, after the change of feed water temperature, the exhaust flue gas temperature
483 could be affected by the change of feed water temperature and coal combustion rate; under the
484 influence of feed water temperature change, the change of exhaust flue gas temperature can be written
485 as below
486 ′ )t fw
∆θ py )t fw = [(∆θ py ) rl ]t fw + (∆θ py (42)

PT
487 where (∆θ py )tfw is the total changed amount of exhaust flue gas temperature caused by feed water
488 temperature change, [ ∆θ py ) rl ]tfw is the changed amount of exhaust flue gas temperature caused by the

RI
489 change of coal combustion rate that is caused by feed water temperature, ′ )tfw is the changed
∆θ py
490 amount of exhaust flue gas temperature which is directly caused by feed water temperature variation.
491

SC
1) Effect of coal combustion rate
492 The influence of coal combustion rate on exhaust flue gas temperature can be attributed to the
493 following factors:
494

U
a. Change of flue gas temperature at economizer inlet.
495 b. Change of flue gas side heat efficiency of economizer.
AN
496 c. Change of flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater.
497 When the coal combustion rate changes, the variation of exhaust flue gas temperature caused by
498 the three factors above can be represented as
∂θ py ∂θsm
′ ∂B ∂θ py ∂ηsm ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂θ py ∂ηsm ∂θsm
sm
′ ∂B
M

[ ∆θ py )rl ]t = ( + +
fw
∂θsm
′ ∂B ∂tfw ∂ηsm ∂qm(yq)
sm
∂B ∂tfw ∂ηsm ∂θsm′ ∂B ∂tfw
499
∂θ ∂η ∂q ky ∂θ ∂η ∂q 43
∂B ∂B
+ + )∆tfw
py ky m(yq) py ky m(kq)
D

∂ηky ∂qky
m(yq) ∂B ∂tfw ∂η ky ∂qm(kq) ∂B ∂tfw
500 Combined with Eqs. (37) and (41), the calculation formula of the first change component in Eq. (43)
TE

501 can be worked out as follows

∂θ py ∂θsm
′ ∂B ∂θ py
502 ∆tfw = ∆θsm
′ = (1 − ηsm )(1 − ηky )∆θsm
′ 44
∂θsm′ ∂B ∂tfw ∂θsm
′
EP

503 The overall heat transfer coefficient of economizer is [42]

504 Ksm = 0.6(α dsm + α rsm ) 45
505 where α sm
d is the coefficient of convective heat transfer of economizer flue gas, α sm
is the radiant heat
C

506 transfer coefficient of economizer flue gas α sm

r = 1000q R (T1 − T2 ) , qR is the radiant heat flux of flue
AC

gas to heating surface, qR = ε 1ε 2σ o (T1 − T ) , ε 1 is the blackness, ε 2 is the heating surface

4 4
507 2

508 blackness, ε 2 = 0.9 , T1 .is the average temperature of economizer flue gas, which is taken as arithmetic
509 mean value of flue gas temperature at economizer inlet and outlet, T2 is the fouling surface temperature
510 of heating surface, T2 = tav + 273 + 1000 Rf B (1 − q4 / 100) qm(fw) cfw (tsmc − tfw ) / Asm , t av is the arithmetic
511 average temperature of working medium at the economizer inlet and outlet, Rf is the fouling resistance
512 of heating surface, Rf = 0.0043 . Since the gap of flue gas temperature before and after the change of
513 fuel quantity gradually decreases from furnace outlet to air preheater outlet, and the amount of fuel
514 varies little only when the feed water temperature varies within a relatively small range at a given load
515 ( ∆t fw ≤ 10 ); based on the given boiler load, within a small range of feed water temperature variation
516 (≤10 ), the change of α rsm can be considered to be negligible.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
517 The coefficient of convective heat transfer of economizer flue gas can be given by the following
518 form [52]
λsm
519 α dsm = 0.2Cs Cz Resm 0.65 Prsm 0.33 46
dsm
520 In Eq.(46), λsm , Resm and Prsm independently represents the thermal conductivity, Reynolds number, and
521 Prandtl number of the economizer flue gas, d sm is the outside diameter of economizer pipe, Cs is the
522 arrangement correction coefficient reflecting the geometric arrangement of economizer tube
523 bundle, Cz represents tube the correction coefficient, which reflects tube row number in the direction of

PT
524 flue gas flow of economizer. The tube correction coefficient can be calculated as follows: (when tube
525 numbers z<10, C z=0.91+0.0125*dsm-2; when tube numbers z≥10, Cz =1.)

RI
526 The flue gas Reynolds number of economizer can be given by the following expression [53]
ω d
527 Resm = sm sm 47
ν sm

SC
528 where ωsm is the velocity of flue gas in the economizer, ν sm is the kinematic viscosity of flue gas in the
529 economizer.
530 The flue gas velocity of economizer can be calculated by

U
sm
qm(yq)
531 ωsm = sm 48
ρ yq
′ Fsm
AN
532 ′sm is the flue gas density of the economizer.
where Fsm is the flue gas section area of the economizer, ρ yq
533 Combining Eqs. (24), (32), (41), (45) and (48), the second change component in Eq. (43) can be
534 derived as follows
M

∂θ py ∂ηsm ∂qm(yq)
sm
∂B q
∆tfw = (1 − η ky )(tfw − θsm
′ )(1 − 4 )Vyqsm ρ yq
sm
∂ηsm ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂tfw
sm
100
D

 K sm −0.35

535 (N′ − M′) Asm  sm sm2 + 0.65µsm w ′qm(yq) 
 qm(yq) csm 49
 
TE

[
(N′ − 1) 2
(M ′ − 1)M′ csm ∂B
− ] ∆tfw
(N ′ − 1) cfw qm(fw) ∂tfw
2
EP

536 where
λsm dsm
537 W ′ = 0.12Cs Cz ( )0.65 (Prsm )0.33
′sm
dsm Fsmν sm ρ yq
C

538 M′ = e µsm Ksm Asm

AC

c q sm
µsm K sm Asm sm m(yq)
539 ′
N =e
qm(fw) cfw
540 After combining Eqs. (31), (37) and (41), the calculation formula of the third change component in
541 Eq. (43) is as follows

542 ∂θ py ∂ηsm ∂θsm

′ ∂B ∂θ py ∂ηsm c q (t − t )(1 − η ) (t − θsm′ )
= ∆θsm
′ = fw m(fw) smc fw 2 smky fw ∆θsm
′ 50
∂ηsm ∂θsm
′ ∂B ∂tfw ∂ηsm ∂θsm
′ (θsm
′ − tfw ) ϕ qm(yq) csm
543 Considering both radiative and convective heat transfer, the heat transfer coefficient of rotary air
544 pre-heater can be written as [54]
ς cn
545 K ky = 51
1 1
+
xyqα yq xkqα kq

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

546 In Eq.(51), x yq denotes the share of flue gas heating surface of rotary air pre-heater, x kq denotes the
547 share of air heating surface of rotary air pre-heater, x yq and x kq are selected as 0.46 and 0.42, ς denotes
548 the utilization factor, and is approximately equal to 0.9, cn represents the factor reflecting the
549 rotational speed, and is approximately equal to 1, α yq is the flue gas side heat transfer coefficient of air
550 pre-heater, α kq is the air side heat transfer coefficient of air pre-heater.
551 The flue gas side heat transfer coefficient of air pre-heater is [42]
λky(yq)
α yq = x yq 0.8 yq 0.4

PT
552 (Re ky ) (Prky ) 52
d ky
553 where x is the correction factor, x =0.037, d ky is the equivalent diameter of air pre-heater(0.0092),
554 λky(yq) is the flue gas thermal conductivity of air pre-heater, Re ky
yq
is flue gas Reynolds number of air

RI
555 pre-heater, Prkyyq is flue gas Prandtl number of air pre-heater.

556 The flue gas Reynolds number of air pre-heater is [53]

SC
ωkyyq d ky
557 yq
Reky = 53
yq
ν ky
558 where ωky
yq
is the flue gas velocity of air pre-heater, ν ky
yq
is the flue gas kinematic viscosity of air
559 pre-heater.
U
AN
560 The flue gas velocity of air pre-heater is
ky
qm(yq)
561 ωkyyq = 54
′ky Fkyyq
ρ yq
M

562 ′ ky is the flue gas density of air pre-heater.

where Fkyyq is the flue gas flow area of air pre-heater, ρ yq
563 The fourth change component in Eq. (43) can be obtained from Eqs. (17), (20), (41), (51) and (54)
∂θ py ∂ηky ∂qm(yq)
ky
∂B
D

q
∆tfw = [ηsm (θsm
′ − tfw ) − (θsm
′ − t0 )](1 − 4 )Vyqky ρ yq
ky
∂ηky ∂qm(yq) ∂B ∂tfw
ky
100
TE

 
 K 0.7 µ W ′′
q ky −0.2 
(N ′′ − M ′′) Aky  ky 2 + 
ky ky m(yq)
564  qm(yq) cyq x ( 1 + 1 ) 2 a 2  55
 yq yq 
EP

 xyq ayq xkq akq 

[
(N′′ − 1) 2
(M ′′ − 1)M ′′ cyq ∂B
− ] ∆tfw
C

(N′′ − 1) ckq qm(kq) ∂tfw

2

565 where
AC

λky(yq) d ky
566 W ′′ = x ( )0.8 (Prkyyq )0.4
d ky ρ ′ Fkyyqν kyyq
ky
yq
µky K ky Aky
567 M ′′ = e
ky
µ K A qm(yq) cyq
568 N′′ = e ky ky ky
qm(kq) ckq
569 The air side heat transfer coefficient of air pre-heater is [42]
λky(kq)
570 α kq = x (Re kq 0.8 kq 0.4
ky ) (Prky ) 56
d ky

571 where λky(kq) is the air thermal conductivity of air pre-heater, Re kq

ky is air Reynolds number of air

572 pre-heater, Prkykq is air Prandtl number of air pre-heater.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

573 Air Reynolds number of air pre-heater is given by the following equation [53]
ωky
kq
d ky
574 Reky =
kq
57
kq
ν ky
575 where ωky
kq
is the air velocity of air pre-heater, ν ky
kq
is the air kinematic viscosity of air pre-heater.
576 The air velocity of air pre-heater can be written as
qm(kq)
577 ωky
kq
= ky kq 58
′ Fky
ρ kq

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578 ′ ky is the air density of air pre-heater.
where Fkykq is the air circulation sectional area of air pre-heater, ρ kq
579 After combining Eqs. (17), (21), (41), (51), (56) and (58), the fifth change component in Eq. (43)
580 can be expressed as

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∂θ py ∂η ky ∂qm(kq) ∂B q
′ − tfw ) − (θsm
∆tfw = [ηsm (θsm ′ − t0 )]1.306 β avkqV 0 (1 − 4 )
∂ηky ∂qm(kq) ∂B ∂tfw 100

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 
 0.8µ W ′′′q −0.2
K 
(N′′ − M′′) Aky  − 
ky m(kq) ky

 x ( 1 + 1 ) 2 a 2 qm(kq) ckq 
 kq x a kq 

U
 yq yq xkq akq 
581 [ 59
(N′′ − 1) 2
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(M ′′ − 1)M ′′ cyq qm(yq) ∂B
ky

+ ] ∆tfw
(N′′ − 1) 2 ckq qm(kq) 2 ∂tfw
582 where
M

λky(kq) d ky
583 W ′′′ = x ( )0.8 (Prkykq )0.4
d ky ρ′ F ν
ky
kq
kq kq
ky ky
D

584 2）
） Direct effect of feed water temperature
585 The direct influence of feed water temperature on exhaust flue gas temperature is mainly attributed
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586 to the following two aspects:

587 a. Change of feed water temperature.
588 b. Change of flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater.
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589 The change of exhaust flue gas temperature directly caused by the feed water temperature
590 variation can be expressed as
∂θ ∂θ ∂ηky ∂θ ky ′
591 (∆θ py
′ ) t fw = ( py + py )∆tfw 60
∂tfw ∂η ky ∂θ ky
′ ∂tfw
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592 The first change component in Eq. (60) can be obtained by Eq. (41)
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∂θ py
593 ∆tfw = (1 − ηky )ηsm ∆tfw 61
∂tfw
594 The second change component in Eq. (60) can be got by Eqs. (19), (25) and (41)
∂θ py ∂ηky ∂θ ky
′ ∂θ py ∂ηky
∆tfw = ∆θ ky
′
∂ηky ∂θ ky
′ ∂tfw ∂η ky ∂θ ky
′
595 62
qm(kq) ckq (t0 − trk )
= [ηsm (θsm
′ − tfw ) − (θsm
′ − t0 )] ∆θ ky
′
ϕ qm(yq)
ky
′ − tfw ) 2
cyq (θ ky
596 3）
） Exhaust flue gas temperature
597 After the change of feed water temperature, the exhaust flue gas temperature can be calculated as
598 θ py′ = θ py + (∆θ py )tfw 63

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599 ′ is the exhaust flue gas temperature after the change of feed water temperature.
where θ py
600 2.2.3.4 Calculation of boiler thermal efficiency
601 The expression of anti- equilibrium efficiency of boiler is calculated by [55]
(Q + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 )
602 ηb = 1 − 2 64
Qar,net
603 In this formula, η b is the boiler thermal efficiency, Q2 is the exhaust heat loss, Q3 is the heat loss
604 caused by unburned gaseous combustibles, Q3 = 0.01COVgyQco where CO represents the volume

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605 proportion of carbon monoxide gas in dry flue gas; as far as large capacity boilers are concerned, the
606 CO values are very small, which has negligible effect on the calculation results of boiler
607 efficiency, Q co is the low calorific value of per unit volume of carbon monoxide gas in standard

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608 condition, which is 12640 kJ/m3, Q4 is the heat loss due to unburned solid combustibles,
609 Q4 = mucQuc , muc is the overall mass of unburned carbon in boiler; under a given load, only when the

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610 feed water temperature varies, can muc be considered to be approximately invariant, Q5 is the heat loss
611 due to radiative and convective heat transfer, Q5 = 5.82( Ded )
0.62
Qar.net / 100D where Ded is the rated
612 evaporation capacity of boiler, Ded =1913t/h, D is the actual evaporation capacity of boiler, Q6 is the

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613 physical heat loss from ash and slag.
614
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The change of feed water temperature causes the variation of exhaust temperature of boiler. Since
615 the exhaust flue gas temperature change only affects the exhaust heat loss and physical heat loss from
616 ash and slag, the change of boiler thermal efficiency caused by the change of feed water temperature
617 can be expressed as
M

∂η ∂Q2 ∂θ py ∂ηb ∂Q6 ∂θ py

618 (∆η b )tfw = ( b + ) ∆tfw 65
∂Q2 ∂θ py ∂tfw ∂Q6 ∂θ py ∂tfw
D

619 where ( ∆η b ) t fw is the changed amount of boiler thermal efficiency.

620 1) Effect of exhaust heat loss
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621 The exhaust heat loss is calculated by [56]

622 Q2 = (Vgy cp,gy + VH2 o cp,H 2 o )(θ py − t0 ) 66
623 where Vgy refers to the volume of dry flue gas produced by unit mass fuel, cp.gy refers to the average
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624 specific heat of dry flue gas in temperature range from t0 to θ py , VH2o refers to the volume of water vapor
625 in flue gas of unit mass fuel, cp.H2 O refers to the average specific heat of water vapor in the temperature
range from t0 to θ py .
C

626
627 Combining Eqs. (64) and (66), the calculation formula of the first change component in Eq. (64) is
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628 as follows
∂ηb ∂Q2 ∂θ py (Vgy cp.gy + VH 2O cp.H 2O )
629 ∆tfw = − ∆θ py )tfw 67
∂Q2 ∂θ py ∂tfw Qar.net
630 2) Effect of physical heat loss of ash and slag
631 The influence of settlement ash on the Q6 could be considered negligible to the calculation of
632 boiler thermal efficiency, thus the physical heat loss of ash and slag can be written as [42]
A a (t − t )c afh (θ py − t0 )cfh
633 Q6 = ar [ lz lz 0 c lz + ] 68
100 100 − Clz 100 − Cfhc
634 where tlz is the temperature of slag; here, the experience value of tlz is determined as 800℃, clz is the
635 specific heat of slag, Clzc is the carbon content of slag, cfh is the specific heat of flying ash, Cfhc is the
636 carbon content of flying ash.

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637 The second change component in Eq. (65) can be obtained through Eq. (64) and Eq. (68)
∂ηb ∂Q6 ∂θ py Aar afh cfh
638 ∆tfw = − ∆θ py )tfw 69
∂Q6 ∂θ py ∂tfw Qar,net 100(100 − Cfhc )
639 3 Boiler thermal efficiency
640 After the change of feed water temperature, the boiler thermal efficiency is calculated by
641 η b′ = ηb + ( ∆ηb )tfw 70
642 where ηb′ is the boiler thermal efficiency after the change of feed water temperature.

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643 2.2.3.5 Calculation of coal combustion rate
644 The coal combustion rate of boiler is [42]
Dgr ( hgr′′ − hfw ) + Dzr (hzr′′ − hzr′ )
645 B= 71

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ηb Qar,net
646 where hfw is the enthalpy of feed water.
647 It is assumed that the boiler load and steam parameters keep constant as feed water temperature

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648 changing; the change of coal combustion rate of boiler caused by the variation of feed water
649 temperature can be given by the following expression
∂B ∂ηb ∂θ py ∂B ∂hfw
(∆B)tfw = ∆tfw + ∆tfw

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∂η b ∂θ py ∂tfw ∂hfw ∂tfw
650 72
Dgr (hgr′′ − hfw ) + Dzr (hzr′′ − hzr′ )
AN
Dgr
=− ( ∆ηb )tfw − (∆hfw )tfw
ηb 2 Qar,net ηb Qar,net
651 where (∆B)tfw is the changed amount of coal combustion rate of boiler, (∆hfw )tfw is the changed amount of
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652 feed water enthalpy.

653 After the change of feed water temperature, the coal combustion rate of the boiler can be
654 calculated as
D

655 B′ = B + (∆B)tfw 73
where B′ is the coal combustion rate after the change of feed water temperature.
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656
657 2.2.3.6 Calculation of turbine heat rate
658 Setting No.0 high pressure heater to raise the feed water temperature will certainly affect the
659 turbine heat rate. Based on thermodynamic methods, the change of turbine heat rate caused by the
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660 change of feed water temperature can be expressed as

Tc ∆TH
661 (∆q )t fw = − q 74
(TH − Tc )TH
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662 where ( ∆q) t fw is the change of turbine heat rate, TH is the average heat absorption temperature of
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663 working fluid in boiler; Tc is the turbine steam exhaust temperature, in all these cases, which is
664 assumed to be 32℃; ∆TH is the changed amount of average heat absorption temperature of working
665 fluid; q is the turbine heat rate.
666 The turbine heat rate after the change of feed water temperature is
667 q′ = q + (∆q )t fw 75
668 where q′ is the turbine heat rate after the feed water temperature changes.
669 2.2.3.7 Standard coal consumption rate
670 In the power generation industry, standard coal consumption rate is commonly applied to evaluate
671 the thermal performance of coal-fired power generation units. If the No.0 high pressure heater was put
672 into operation, the feed water temperature would increase, which would result in the change of boiler
673 thermal efficiency and turbine heat rate, then leading to the change of standard coal consumption rate

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674 of the unit. The change of standard coal consumption rate caused by feed water temperature variation
675 can be expressed as follows
(∆q ) tfw (∆η b ) tfw
676 (∆b) tfw = [ − ]b 76
q ηb
677 where ( ∆b) t fw is the changed amount of standard coal consumption rate caused by feed water
678 temperature change; b is the standard coal consumption rate of unit.
679 After the change of feed water temperature, the standard coal consumption rate of generating unit

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680 can be calculated by the following formula
681 b′ = b + (∆b)t fw 77
682 where b′ is the standard coal consumption rate after the feed water temperature changes.

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683 3 Model verification
684 3.1 Model solution

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685 This model was built using programming. A set of nonlinear equation group was constructed based
686 on Eqs. (1), (22), (33), (43), (60), (65), (72), (74) and (76); only when the feed water temperature rises
687 by 10℃, will the nonlinear equation group be solved once. Moreover, as the new parameter values are

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688 calculated, the design value was used as the first benchmark value, and last calculated value was used
689 as the benchmark value for the next calculation. By solving the linear equations, the flue gas
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690 temperature of economizer inlet ( θsm ′′ ), hot air temperature ( trk′ ),
′′ ),inlet flue gas temperature of SCR ( θ ky
691 water temperature of economizer outlet ( tsmc ′ ), boiler thermal
′ ), exhaust flue gas temperature ( θ py
692 efficiency ( η b′ ), coal combustion rate ( B′ ), turbine heat rate ( q′ ) and standard coal consumption rate
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693 ( b′ ) could be obtained after the feed water temperature rising.

694 3.2 Uncertainty analysis of test results
D

695 An uncertainty analysis should be carried out to verify the reliability of the test results. The
696 uncertainty of parameter associated with the measurement results is the reasonable characterization of
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697 the dispersion of measured values, which doesn't tell whether the test results are close to the truth,
698 rather, it explains the dispersion of the test values [47]. Therefore, the method of uncertainty is more
699 scientific and practical than the classical error analysis method. The smaller the uncertainty of the test,
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700 the higher the use value of test results [47].

701 3.2.1 Principle of uncertainty
702 When the uncertainty analysis is carried out, first of all, a mathematical model needs to be
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703 established to meet the uncertainty requirements of measurement; the measured y (output) can be
704 expressed as the function of X1 , X 2 ,... and X N , and the function can be denoted as f [47]
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705 y = f ( X 1 , X 2 ,K , X N ) 78
706 where y is the output, X i i = 1 − N is the influence parameter or input, N is the number of inputs.
707 3.2.1.1 Type A evaluation of uncertainty
708 The uncertainty of measurement results is caused by many factors; there are two kinds of
709 evaluation methods for the standard deviation of each assessment source (uncertainty component ui ),
710 which are type A and B evaluation of standard uncertainty; the uncertainty of X i may be type A
711 evaluation or type B evaluation, which may also be a combination of type A and B evaluation of
712 standard uncertainty. The standard uncertainty evaluated by the method of statistical analysis of
713 observation columns is called type A evaluation of uncertainty ( u A ). As n measurements of x1 ,
714 x2 ,... xn are obtained under repeated working conditions, the type A uncertainty of a single set of
715 measurement results can be expressed as [57]

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n
s ( xk ) 1
716 uA ( X i ) =
n
= ∑
(n − 1)n k =1
( xk − x ) 2 79

n
1
717 s( xk ) = ∑
(n − 1) k =1
( xk − x ) 2 80

1 n
718 x= ∑ xk 81

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n k =1
719 where u A ( X i ) is the uncertainty of type A evaluation of X i , s ( xk ) is the standard sample deviation
720 of a sample mean, x is mean value of sample in the repeated observations.

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721 When X i is measured divided into m groups, and each group consisted of N observation of
722 xi1 , xi2 ,..., xin the type A uncertainty can be written as [58, 59]
m n
1

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723 uA ( X i ) = ∑
(n − 1)n i =1
∑ (x
j =1
ij − x )2 82

724 3.2.1.2 Type B evaluation of uncertainty

U
725 Type B evaluation of uncertainty in experimental observations usually come from the measuring
726 instrument limits and measurement method (i.e. the accuracy of measurement device and rationality of
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727 measurement method). The information sources of obtaining the type B uncertainty are as follows: the
728 previous observed data, understanding and experience of technical data and measuring instrument
729 characteristics, technical description document provided by production department, the level of data
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730 and accuracy provided by calibration certificates, verification certificates, or other documents,
731 including the current limit error and so on, the reference data and its uncertainty given by the manual or
732 some data, experimental methods prescribed by national standards. The type B uncertainty of influence
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733 quantity X i can be expressed as [47]

M
uB ( X i ) = (∑ u B2 ( X ij ))1 / 2
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734 83
j =1

735 where M is the number of type B uncertainty.

736 When the uncertainty of X i is obtained from type A and B evaluation of standard uncertainty,
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737 total uncertainty of X i can be given by [47]

738 uc ( X i ) = (uA2 ( X i ) + uB2 ( X i ))1 / 2 84
739 where uc ( X i ) is the total standard uncertainty of influence quantity X i .
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740 The thermocouples used for measurements were Type T and Type K. A continuous sampling gas
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741 analyser was used to monitor oxygen content in dry flue gas; the grid method is used to measure the
742 exhaust temperature and exhaust oxygen content; the data acquisition system( as secondary instrument)
743 was used; the uncertainty of it is considered to be zero; the constant velocity fly ash sampling method
744 was used to measure carbon content in fly ash; the orifice flowmeter was used to measure the flow of
745 steam and water; the measurement of the heat consumption rate of steam turbine adopting the on-line
746 energy consumption monitoring equipment of power plants, which eliminates the influence of steam
747 leakage of steam turbine valve and has the equipment corrected. The boiler thermal efficiency, coal
748 consumption and standard coal consumption rate of power generation were calculated using
749 measurement data.
750 Table 1 presents the accuracy of main measuring instruments and measurement methods in
751 performance test of a unit.

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752 3.2.1.3 Synthetic uncertainty

753 When the input quantities in Eq. (78) are independent or uncorrelated with each other, the standard
754 uncertainty of synthesis can be calculated by the method of transfer function [60]
N
∂f
755 uc ( y ) = ∑ ( ∂X
i =1
) 2 uc2 ( X i ) 85
i

756 where uc (y) is the synthetic uncertainty of estimated value of y , ∂f / ∂x is the partial derivative of
757 X i = xi , which is called sensitivity coefficient; the sensitivity coefficient has a great influence on the

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758 synthesis uncertainty and the determination method of it is as follows:1) when the model function f
759 has been given, the partial derivative could be obtained directly;2) when the model function f hasn’t
been clear, the partial derivative ∂f / ∂x would be estimated by perturbation method. In other words,

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760
761 ∂f / ∂x is replaced by ∆f / ∆x and the value of ∆xi usually takes 1% in each calculation.
762 3.2.1.4 Extended uncertainty

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763 The extended uncertainty was expressed as the multiple of the standard uncertainty, and the

764 symbol of which is recorded as U 95 ( y) (expressed as 95% confidence intervals, CIs), namely [47]

U
765 U 95 y = kif uc y 86
766 where U 95 ( y ) is the expanded uncertainty, which represents the half width of the range of
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767 measurement result. The subscript of 95 is confidence probability, which means 95% of the test results
768 are in the range of [ y − U 95 y , y + U 95 ( y )] , or the possibility that the truth is in range
of [ y − U 95 y , y + U 95 ( y )] is 95%; kif is an inclusion factor and the value of kif is 2.
M

769
770 3.2.2 Uncertainty of test results
771 The uncertainty values of feed water temperature, flue gas temperature of economizer inlet, inlet
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772 flue gas temperature of SCR, hot air temperature, water temperature of economizer outlet, exhaust flue
773 gas temperature, boiler thermal efficiency, coal combustion rate, turbine heat rate and standard coal
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774 consumption rate at30%, 50% ,75% and of 100% BMCR are depicted in Fig. 5.
775 Seen from Fig. 5, in accordance with the order, the maximum values of uncertainty of above items
776 under four working conditions were estimated at 0.61 , 0.18 , 0.12 , 0.17 , 0.7 , 0.066 ,
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777 0.16%, 1.09t/h, 5.3kJ/kWh, and 0.027g/kWh, respectively. The relative uncertainties are respectively
778 0.22%, 0.04%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.22%, 0.06%, 0.17%, 0.83%, 0.06% and 0.01%. It is obvious to tell the
779 uncertainties are relatively small. Especially the maximum value of uncertainty of boiler efficiency and
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780 turbine heat rate are below the value (0.5%) prescribed in the national standard [47, 61]. It can be seen
781 from the uncertainty of test results that the results are credible.
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782 3.3 Comparison of experimental results and calculated results

783 The test data of a certain 600MW ultra supercritical unit at 30%, 50%, 70% and 75% of BMCR are
784 used to verify the validity of proposed method. The boiler type of the unit is similar with the physical
785 model of boiler in this paper and the No.0 high pressure heater had been set into the 600MW ultra
786 supercritical unit. Based on the same load and the same feed water temperature rise, the operating
787 parameters mentioned above (in Section 3.1) could be calculated with the proposed model and
788 compared with the test data of 600MW ultra supercritical unit. The comparison results are presented in
789 Tables 2 and 3. With respect to the case without No.0 high pressure heater, the results of it show that
790 calculated values match with test values well, and their tendencies are in good agreement, with the
791 maximum deviation less than 7%, which is acceptable. It means that the proposed method can exactly
792 reflect the actual performance of a unit when the feed water temperature changes.

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793 4 Results and discussion

794 4.1 Exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler
795 Firstly, the change of feed water temperature causes the change of coal consumption rate that
796 makes the flue gas mass flow, air mass flow and the temperature of flue gas passing through the
797 economizer and air pre-heater change, and then the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of the
798 economizer and air pre-heater are affected, eventually, leading to a change of exhaust flue gas
799 temperature of boiler.

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800 Secondly, the change of feed water temperature directly results in the change of exhaust flue gas
801 temperature of boiler.
802 Therefore, after feed water temperature changes, the variation of exhaust flue gas temperature of

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803 boiler becomes the result of comprehensive influence from coal consumption rate and feed water
804 temperature.
805 In the following study, the feed water temperature corresponding to the first point of each curve is

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806 the design feed water temperature.
807 4.1.1 Effect of coal consumption rate
808 If the boiler load and steam parameters keep constant, the change of feed water temperature would

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809 cause the change in coal consumption rate, and then give rise to the change of economizer inlet flue gas
810 temperature and flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of economizer and air pre-heater, which leads to a
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811 change of exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler. The effect mechanism of coal consumption rate on
812 exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler at different loads is presented in Figs. 6 (a-k), which can be
813 obtained from the above Eq. (43).
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814 As shown in Fig. 6 (a), the figure indicates that the coal consumption rate decreases with the
815 increase of feed water temperature, and at load of more than 50%BMCR, the coal consumption rate
D

816 decreases at a faster rate. Tracing it to its cause, when the boiler load and steam parameters keep
817 constant under a certain load, the increase in feed water temperature leads to a decrease in the heat
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818 absorbed by the working fluid in boiler, which would lead to a decrease in coal consumption rate of
819 boiler. But at 100%BMCR and 75%BMCR, the pressure of feed water is under the condition of the
820 super critical pressure operation and the specific heat capacity of the feed water displays a characteristic
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821 of large specific heat capacity [62]. With an increase of feed water temperature, the specific heat of
822 feed water becomes higher than that of subcritical condition. This means that based on the same
823 temperature rise, the heat absorbed by medium in the evaporating heating surface would be
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824 significantly reduced, which results in a great increasing of reduction level of coal consumption rate.
825 It can be seen in Fig. 6 (b), the outlet flue gas temperature of furnace decreases with the feed water
AC

826 temperature increasing. This is because with the improvement of feed water temperature, the coal
827 consumption rate drops, and as the consequence, the average flue gas temperature in furnace also
828 decreases. Since the average flue gas temperature in furnace is within the range from the theoretical
829 combustion temperature to furnace exit flue gas temperature. Meanwhile, the theoretical combustion
830 temperature is only related to the fuel calorific value and excess air coefficient. In other words,
831 theoretical combustion temperature has nothing to do with coal consumption rate. Hence, it would lead
832 to a decrease in the average flue gas temperature of furnace. On that basis, the furnace exit flue gas
833 temperature decreases.
834 As can be seen in Fig. 6 (c), with the increase in feed water temperature, the economizer inlet flue
835 gas temperature decreases; the change of furnace outlet flue gas temperature is the main reason why the
836 economizer inlet flue gas temperature decreases as feed water temperature increases.

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837 As shown in Figs 6. (d-e), with the increase in feed water temperature, the heat transfer coefficient
838 of the economizer and air pre-heater would reduce. The reasons are as follows: Fig. 6 (a) shows that as
839 the feed water temperature increases, the coal consumption rate drops, which makes the flue gas mass
840 flow and the air mass flow passing through economizer and air pre-heater decrease. Since air velocity
841 and flue gas velocity have a proportional relation with the corresponding mass flow rate, the air
842 velocity and flue gas velocity of the economizer and air pre-heater reduce quickly as the mass flow rate
843 reduces, which would lead to a reduction in heat transfer coefficient of the economizer and air
844 pre-heater. Moreover, it can be easily noticed that, at 100%BMCR and 75%BMCR, the changes of heat

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845 transfer coefficient of air pre-heater and economizer are larger than the ones in other conditions, which
846 is attributed to the change of coal consumption rate mentioned in Fig. 6 (a).

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847 Seen from Figs 6 (f-g), the gas side heat transfer efficiency of the economizer and air pre-heater
848 increase with the increase of feed water temperature. The reason is explained as follows: according to
849 Eqs. (17) and (24), it is easy to find that the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency has a direct

SC
850 relationship with heat transfer coefficient and the ratio of heat capacity of two kinds of medium. Based
851 on the afore-mentioned analysis, when the feed water temperature rises, both the heat transfer
852 coefficient and the ratio of heat capacity of the two medium drops, but the influence of the ratio of heat

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853 capacity of the two medium on the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency plays a leading role. Therefore,
854 with the increase in feed water temperature, the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of the economizer
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855 and air pre-heater still increases.
856 Fig. 6 (k) illustrates the variation rule of the exhaust flue gas temperature with the increase in coal
857 consumption rate. As the figure shows, with an increase of coal consumption rate, the exhaust flue gas
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858 temperature increases in all cases. The main reasons are: as the feed water temperature increases, the
859 coal consumption rate decreases, resulting in the reduction in the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency
860 (Figs 6 (f-g)) and economizer inlet flue gas temperature (Fig. 6 (c)), and the converse is also true.
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861 4.1.2 Direct effect of feed water temperature

862 The direct effect of feed water temperature on exhaust flue gas temperature is reflected in the
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863 following two aspects:

864 1) The change of feed water temperature alone affects the exhaust flue gas temperature.
865 2) The inlet flue gas temperature of air pre-heater affects the exhaust flue gas temperature.
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866 In this way, the change in feed water temperature directly causes the change of inlet flue gas
867 temperature of air pre-heater, which leads to a change in flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air
868 pre-heater, and then affects the exhaust flue gas temperature.
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869 The direct influence of the feed water temperature on the exhaust flue gas temperature is shown in
870 Fig.7 (a-e), which can be obtained through the above Eq. (60).
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871 Fig. 7 (a) shows the single effect of the feed water temperature on the exhaust flue gas temperature,
872 which can be obtained by the above Eq. (61).
873 Seen in Fig. 7 (a), affected by feed water temperature alone, the exhaust flue gas temperature of
874 boiler is rising with the increase in feed water temperature. The reason for this can be known from the
875 Eq. (61). From Eq. (61), we concluded that when the flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of the air
876 pre-heater and economizer remain constant and the change of exhaust flue gas temperature is
877 proportional to the change of feed water temperature.
878 Here, the air pre-heater inlet flue gas temperature is the economizer outlet flue gas temperature,
879 which is also inlet flue gas temperature of SCR. Fig. 7 (b) shows the linear relationship between the
880 inlet flue gas temperature of SCR and feed water temperature.

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881 As illustrated in Fig. 7 (b), the inlet flue gas temperature of SCR increases with the increase in
882 feed water temperature. This is because the economizer inlet flue gas temperature is decreased with an
883 increment in feed water temperature shown in Fig. 6 (c), which would cause a reduction of the heat
884 transfer temperature difference and heat transfer quantity of economizer, which leads to a decrease in
885 the flue gas temperature drop of economizer. As a result, the inlet flue gas temperature of SCR is
886 increased.
887 The SCR system of most power enterprises is arranged between economizer and air pre-heater and
888 the air pre-heater inlet flue gas temperature is the working temperature of SCR catalyst. The lowest safe

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889 running environment temperature of vanadium tungsten titanium catalyst of SCR reactor is 280 , and
890 the optimal reaction temperature ranges of catalyst is 320 -420 . Thus, according to the results

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891 presented in Fig. 7 (b), as for the 600MW supercritical boiler mentioned in this paper, at the load of
892 higher than 50%BMCR, the SCR device can be normally operating to ensure NOx reduction ability
893 without the No.0 high pressure heater. However, in 50%BMCR condition, to ensure the activity of SCR

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894 catalyst, it is recommended to put into No.0 high pressure heater, and the feed water temperature needs
895 to be increased by at least 10 . When the load of unit decreased to 30%BMCR, at this load level, to
896 meet the requirements of minimum operating temperature of SCR catalyst, an increase of at least 20

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897 in the feed water temperature should be delivered.
898 As the results shown in Fig. 7 (b), it is concluded that installing No.0 high-pressure heater to
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899 improve the feed water temperature could improve SCR inlet flue gas temperature, which is beneficial
900 to the power plant denitration. But under different part-loads, to meet the requirements of SCR catalyst
901 activity reaction temperature, different increment in feed water temperature needs to be delivered.
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902 Figs. 7 (c-d) show the influence of the inlet flue gas temperature of air pre-heater on the exhaust
903 flue gas temperature.
904 In Fig. 7 (c), flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater is decreased with the increase
D

905 of inlet flue gas temperature of air pre-heater; as a result the exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler
906 tends to rise (Fig. 7 (d)). The reasons of this result can be obtained from Eq. (62).
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907 The direct influence of feed water temperature on exhaust flue gas temperature is illustrated in Fig.
908 7(e). As shown in Fig. 7 (e), under the direct influence of feed water temperature, the exhaust flue gas
909 temperature of boiler rises as feed water temperature increases. The result of the direct effect is based
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910 on the two factors mentioned above.

911 4.1.3 Comprehensive influence of feed water temperature
912 The influence of coal consumption rate and feed water temperature on exhaust flue gas
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913 temperature of boiler is respectively analyzed above. Based on the above analysis, the change of coal
914 consumption rate is the result from the change of feed water temperature. Consequently, in the next
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915 section, the comprehensive effect of feed water temperature change on boiler exhaust flue gas
916 temperature would be discussed. The results obtained are depicted in Fig.8. Double-effect from feed
917 water temperature and coal consumption rate had been considered in Fig.8.
918 As can be seen from Fig. 8, at 100%BMCR and 75%BMCR, as the feed water temperature
919 increases, the exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler increases first and then decreases, and when the
920 feed water temperature increases by 40 , the exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler reaches the
921 maximum value. The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: as previously stated in Fig. 6 (a), (k)
922 and Fig. 7 (e), the coal consumption rate variation is small when the increment of feed water
923 temperature is below 40 ; in such a case, with a rise in feed water temperature, the effect of feed water
924 temperature on the exhaust flue gas temperature is greater than that of coal consumption rate, and with
925 an increase of 40 in the feed water temperature, the exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler reaches

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926 the maximum value. However, as the increment of feed water temperature exceeds 40 , under the
927 influence of specific heat of feed water, the reduction of coal consumption rate greatly increases as the
928 feed water temperature rises. In this situation, the effect of feed water temperature on the exhaust flue
929 gas temperature is less than that of coal consumption rate. Accordingly, the exhaust flue gas
930 temperature shows a downward trend. But at 50%BMCR and 30%BMCR, the exhaust flue gas
931 temperature of boiler is significantly influenced by the feed water temperature, so the change trend of
932 exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler is consistent with that of feed water temperature.
933 Obviously, when the No.0 high pressure heater is installed to improve the feed water temperature

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934 for supercritical unit, with the combined effects from the coal consumption rate and feed water
935 temperature, the exhaust flue gas temperature does not always show an increasing tendency.

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936 4.2 Boiler thermal efficiency
937 It is obvious that the performance of boiler is strongly affected by feed water temperature, since
938 the feed water temperature determines the exhaust flue gas temperature of the boiler. As what we’ve

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939 seen from Eq. (66) and Eq. (68) separately, the exhaust heat loss and physical heat loss from ash and
940 slag are heavily influenced by the exhaust flue gas temperature, leading to a variation in boiler thermal
941 efficiency. The influence of feed water temperature on the above heat loss and boiler thermal efficiency

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942 is shown schematically in Figs. 9 (a-c).
943 As shown in Fig. 9 (a) and (b), the exhaust heat loss and physical heat loss of ash and slag present
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944 a rising trend, and the changing tendency of exhaust heat loss and physical heat loss from ash and slag
945 are consistent with that of boiler exhaust flue gas temperature (Fig.8) with an increase in feed water
946 temperature. However, according to the counter balance calculation principle of the boiler thermal
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947 efficiency (Eq. (64)), the boiler thermal efficiency would decline with the increase in heat loss of boiler.
948 Thus, it can be seen from Fig. 9(c) that the change trend of boiler thermal efficiency is the opposite of
949 exhaust flue gas temperature (Fig. 8). Under different conditions, only when the increment of feed
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950 water temperature is less than 40 , would the boiler thermal efficiency decrease as the feed water
951 temperature increases. With a 10 increment of feed water temperature, the thermal efficiency of
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952 boiler is reduced by 0.18 percentage point on average. But at higher than 50%BMCR loads, as the
953 increment of feed water temperature exceeds 40 , with the increase of feed water temperature, the
954 boiler thermal efficiency shows an increasing trend. In this case, with a 10 increase in feed water
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955 temperature, the improvement in boiler thermal efficiency stays at around 0.16 percentage point.
956 Thus, it can be noted that, as the No.0 high pressure heater is set to raise the feed water
957 temperature, with the increase of feed water temperature, to some extent, boiler thermal efficiency
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958 would be reduced. The boiler thermal efficiency does not always show a decreasing trend but has a
959 lowest point. The results in the variations of boiler thermal efficiency are overtly different from the
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960 analysis results obtained from current literatures.

961 4.3 Hot air temperature
962 Calculated hot air temperatures in several operating conditions based on Eq. (22) are presented in
963 Fig. 10.
964 As presented in Fig. 10, the rise of feed water temperature causes the increase of the hot air
965 temperature. The main reasons could be summarized as follows: although the coal consumption rate
966 decreases with the increase of feed water temperature (in Fig 6 (a)), which will result in a reduction in
967 the flue gas flow through the air pre-heater, because the increased air pre-heater inlet flue gas
968 temperature (shown in Fig. 7 (b)) plays a leading role, finally, the hot air temperature rises as the feed
969 water temperature rises.
970 4.4 Outlet water temperature of economizer

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971 The outlet water temperature of economizer is the key parameter to control the temperature of
972 working medium temperature in water wall. The Fig. 11 shows the variation trend of outlet water
973 temperature of economizer based on Eq. (33).
974 As shown in Fig 11, it presents a linear relationship between the outlet water temperature of
975 economizer and the feed water temperature with the increase of feed water temperature, the outlet water
976 temperature of economizer is on the upward trend. This is because, compared with the heat capacity of
977 the flue gas, the heat capacity of feed water is much larger, the influence of water temperature at the
978 inlet of economizer on its outlet water temperature is much greater than that of economizer heat

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979 transfer.
980 4.5 Turbine heat rate

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981 Influenced by the feed water temperature change, the variation tendency of turbine heat rate is
982 presented as in Fig. 12.
983 Fig. 12 shows the turbine heat rate declines with the increase in feed water temperature. The

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984 primary reason for the trend is that the average heat absorption temperature of the working fluid of
985 boiler increases with a rise in feed water temperature. Yet it has little influence on the relative internal
986 efficiency and exhaust steam temperature of steam turbine, which leads to a reduction of turbine heat

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987 rate. Generally, with a 10 increase in feed water temperature, the turbine heat rate has an average
988 reduction of 24.28kJ/kWh.
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989 4.6 Standard coal consumption rate
990 The change of boiler thermal efficiency and turbine heat rate are caused by feed water temperature
991 change, and eventually leads to a change in standard coal consumption rate. The effect of feed water
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992 temperature on the standard coal consumption rate of generating units is presented in Fig. 13.
993 As shown in Fig.13, the standard coal consumption rate decreases as the feed water temperature
994 increases. It is because the feed water temperature increases, to some extent, both the boiler thermal
D

995 efficiency and turbine heat rate are reduced. However, the extent of decrease of turbine heat rate is
996 larger than that of boiler thermal efficiency. Eventually, the standard coal consumption rate declines and
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997 the economic performance of unit would be improved. Typically, the feed water temperature is
998 increased by 10 , the standard coal consumption rate decreases by 0.42g/kWh. Thus, setting No.0 high
999 pressure heater to raise the feed water temperature is advantageous to the improvement of the economic
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1000 performance of thermal power units.

1001 5 Conclusions
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1002 In present study, the impacts of a rise in feed water temperature on operation economy and inlet
1003 flue gas temperature of SCR of 600MW supercritical unit were formulized and graphically presented.
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1004 The main conclusions can be summarized as follows:

1005 1 Setting No.0 high-pressure heater to improve feed water temperature has a significant impact on
1006 exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler. Results show that the exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler
1007 increases first and then decreases with the increase of feed water temperature at the load of more than
1008 50%BMCR, and the exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler reaches the maximum with a rise of 40 ℃ in
1009 feed water temperature. But at 30%BMCR, the change trend of exhaust flue gas temperature is
1010 consistent with that of feed water temperature.
1011 2 To ensure the activity of the SCR catalyst, the impacts of feed water temperature rise on inlet
1012 flue gas temperature of SCR system had been performed. The investigation shows that No.0 high
1013 pressure heater needs to be put into operation once the load drops to 50%BMCR, and a rise of at least
1014 10℃ in feed water temperature needs to be achieved.

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1015 3 With the No.0 high pressure heater putted into operation to improve the feed water temperature,
1016 the economic performance of unit under different conditions had been analyzed. The results show that
1017 both turbine heat rate and boiler thermal efficiency are reduced under various operating conditions, but
1018 the relative reduction of the boiler thermal efficiency is smaller than that of turbine heat rate, therefore,
1019 it would significantly reduce standard coal consumption rate of unit.
1020 4 According to the analysis in the article, by increasing the feed water temperature of 10℃, an
1021 average decrease of 0.17persentage point in boiler thermal efficiency and 24.28kJ/kWh in turbine heat
1022 rate were achieved respectively. Eventually, a reduction of 0.42g/kWh in the power generation standard

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1023 coal consumption rate of a unit would be caused. The super critical unit using No.0 high pressure heater
1024 exhibits a better operating performance at low load. Further research centered on No.0 high pressure

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1025 heater technology to improving feed water temperature should pay more attention on the control of feed
1026 water temperature rise.
1027 Acknowledgments

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1028 The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the national key R & D program
1029 (No.2017YFB0902100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51376041) and the
1030 National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51576036).
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1172
1173
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1174
1175
1176
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1177
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Nomenclature
heat transfer area (m2) convective heat
A d transfer
low temperature
Aar ash content as received fuel (%) dz reheater inlet
a Share (-) fh flying ash
B coal combustion rate (kg/s) fw feed water
b standard coal consumption rate (g/kWh) fl separator
Cs arrangement correction coefficient (-) f radiation

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super-heater and
Cz tube the correction coefficient (-) gz high temperature
re-heater
Clzc carbon content of slag (%) working fluid

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H

Cfhc carbon content of flying ash (%) gr live steam

specific heat (kJ/(kg· )) dry flue gas

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c gy
Car carbon content as received fuel (%) H2O water vapor
factor reflecting the rotational speed(-) furnace external
cn hds surface

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D mass flow rate(kg/s) as flying ash and slag
mechanical energy
equivalent diameter (m) conversion of coal
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d cm
mill parts
power consumption of coal pulverizing system air
E (kWh/t) kq
Rf fouling resistance() CO carbon monoxide
M

e constant(-) ky air pre-heater

2
F circulation sectional area (m ) lt furnace outlet
D

Har hydrogen content as received fuel ( %) lz slag

h enthalpy (kJ/kg) ca cold air
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2 from furnace outlet to

K heat transfer coefficient (kW/(m · )) ls economizer inlet
kcm energy transformation coefficient (-) N2 nitrogen
Nar carbon content as received fuel (%) py exhaust flue gas
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Pr Prandtl number (-) p pressure

Q heat flow rate (kW) RO2 carbon dioxide
Qar.gr high calorific value of coal (kJ/kg) fc fuel
C

Qar.net low heating value (kJ/kg) rk hot air

exhaust heat loss (kJ/kg) radiant heat transfer
AC

Q2 r
heat loss caused by unburned gaseous combustibles
Q3 (kJ/kg) smc economizer outlet
heat loss due to unburned solid combustibles (kJ/kg)
water wall and
Q4 slb suspension tube
Q5 heat loss due to radiation and convection (kJ/kg) sm economizer
physical heat loss of ash and slag (kJ/kg)
external radiation of
Q6 dh furnace
mass flow rate (kg/s)
physical sensible
qm ps heat
q turbine heat rate (kJ/kWh) yq flue gas
Sar sulfur content as received fuel (%) zr reheat steam
heat from
q4 heat loss due to unburned carbon (%) cp incompletely burned
carbon particles
Re Reynolds number (-) rs actual amount

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Shds heat radiating surface area of furnace (m2) R heat flux

T temperature(K) if inclusion factor
t temperature( ) ed rated
to ambient air temperature

V Volume (m3/kg) Greek symbols

correction factor (-) air excess coefficient

x β of air side(-)
coefficient of heat

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Superscript α transfer or excess air
coefficient
proportion of(-)
heat
0 theoretical κ absorption (-)
φ thermal effective

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ky air pre-heater coefficient (-)
air ϕ heat retention
kq coefficient(-)
ξ fsyn

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sm economizer furnace emissivity (-)
flue gas boltzmann
yq σo constant(kW/(m2· K4))
flying ash flue gas side heat
a η transfer efficiency (-)

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s slag ρ density (kg/m3)
thermal conductivity
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Subscripts λ (kW/(m· ))
ar as received base ω velocity(m/s)
unburned carbon kinematic viscosity
uc ν (m2/s)
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av average ζ utilization factor (-)

boiler
share of heating
b x surface (-)
D

c turbine steam exhaust µ factor (-)

radiation heat from furnace absorbed by the change (-)
rh heating surface ∆
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1190
C EP
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1191 FIGURE CAPTIONS

1192 Fig. 1. Schematic of the thermal system of a 600 MW supercritical unit with No.0 high pressure

1193 heater.

1194 Fig. 2. Structure sketch of once-through boiler.

1195 Fig. 3. Flow chart of steam water system. (a) Water wall system, (b) Superheater system, (c) Reheater system.

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1196 Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the heat balance of the boiler furnace.

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1197 Fig. 5. Uncertainty of test results.

1198 Fig. 6. Influence of coal consumption rate on exhaust flue gas temperature. (a) Coal consumption

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1199 rate, (b) Furnace exit flue gas temperature, (c) Economizer inlet flue gas temperature, (d) Heat

1200 transfer coefficient of economizer, (e) Heat transfer coefficient of air pre-heater, (f) Flue gas

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1201 side heat transfer efficiency of economizer, (g) Flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air
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1202 pre-heater, (k) Exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler.

1203 Fig. 7. Direct influence of feed water temperature on exhaust flue gas temperature. (a) Exhaust flue
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1204 gas temperature of boiler, (b) Flue gas temperature of air pre-heater inlet, (c) Flue gas side

1205 heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater, (d) Exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler, (e)
D

1206 Exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler.

TE

1207 Fig. 8. Comprehensive influence of feed water temperature on exhaust flue gas temperature.

1208 Fig. 9. Influence of feed water temperature on boiler thermal efficiency. (a) Exhaust heat loss, (b)
EP

1209 Physical heat loss of ash and slag, (c) Boiler thermal efficiency.

1210 Fig. 10. Influence of feed water temperature on hot air temperature.
C

1211 Fig. 11. Influence of feed water temperature on outlet water temperature of economizer.
AC

1212 Fig. 12. Influence of feed water temperature on turbine heat rate.

1213 Fig. 13. Influence of feed water temperature on standard coal consumption rate.
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220

33
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
1221

SC
1222 Fig. 1
1223
1224

U
1225
1226
AN
1227
1228
1229
M

1230
1231
1232
D

1233
TE

1234
1235
1236
1237
EP

1238
1239
1240
C

1241
AC

1242
1243
1244

34
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
SC
1245
1246 Fig. 2
1247

U
1248
1249
AN
1250
1251
1252
M

1253
1254
1255
D

1256
TE

1257
1258
1259
1260
EP

1261
1262
1263
C

1264
AC

1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270

35
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

1271
1272 (a)

PT
RI
SC
1273
1274 (b)

U
AN
M
D

1275
1276 (c)
TE

1277 Fig. 3
1278
1279
EP

1280
1281
1282
C

1283
AC

1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290

36
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
SC
1291

U
1292 Fig. 4
1293
AN
1294
1295
1296
M

1297
1298
1299
D

1300
1301
TE

1302
1303
1304
EP

1305
1306
1307
C

1308
1309
AC

1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316

37
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2.97 Coal combustion rate (t/h)
1.98
0.99
0.0372 Standard coal consumption rate (g/kWh)
0.0279
0.0186
6.02 Turbine heat rate (kJ/kWh)
5.59
5.16
Exhaust flue gas temperature( )

PT
0.185
0.148
0.111
Uncertainty

0.077 Hot air temperature ( )

0.066

RI
0.055
0.198 Boiler thermal efficiency (%)
0.165
0.132

SC
0.138 Inlet flue gas temperature of SCR ( )
0.115
0.092
0.234 Flue gas temperature of economizer inlet( )

U
0.156
0.078
0.8 Outlet water temperature of economizer ( )
AN
0.7
0.6
0.75 Feed water temperature( )
0.60
0.45
M

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1317 Boiler load(%BMCR)
1318 Fig. 5
D

1319
1320
TE

1321
1322
1323
EP

1324
1325
1326
C

1327
AC

1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334

38
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
260 1400

240 1350

Furnace exit flue gas temperature( )

220 1300

Coal consumption rate(t/h)

200 1250
180
1200
160
1150
140
1100
120
100%BMCR 100%BMCR
1050
100 75%BMCR 75%BMCR
50%BMCR 1000 50%BMCR
80
30%BMCR 950 30%BMCR
60
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 220 240 260 280 300 320 340

PT
1335 Feed water temperature( ) Feed water temperature( )

1336 (a) (b)

1337

RI
55

Heat transfer coefficient of economizer/(W/m2·

)

560
Economizer inlet flue gas temperature(

540 50

SC
520
45

500
40
480

460 35
100%BMCR

U
100%BMCR
440 75%BMCR 75%BMCR
50%BMCR 30 50%BMCR
420 30%BMCR 30%BMCR
AN
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1338 Feed water temperature( ) Feed water temperature( )

1339 (c) (d)

1340
M Flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of economizer
)

15
Heat transfer coefficient of air preheater/(W/m ·

0.80 100%BMCR
2

14 75%BMCR
0.78
50%BMCR
13
0.76 30%BMCR
D

12
0.74
11
0.72
10
TE

0.70
9
100%BMCR 0.68
8
75%BMCR
7 50%BMCR 0.66
30%BMCR
6 0.64
EP

220 240 260 280 300 320 340 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1341 Feed water temperature(℃) Feed water temperature( )

1342 (e) (f)

1343
C
Flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater

130
0.80 100%BMCR
Exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler ( )

75%BMCR 125
0.78 50%BMCR
AC

30%BMCR 120
0.76
115
0.74
110
0.72
105
0.70
100
0.68 100%BMCR
95
75%BMCR
0.66
90 50%BMCR
0.64 30%BMCR
85
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

1344 Feed water temperature ( ) Coal consumption rate(t/h)

1345 (g) (k)

1346
1347
1348 Fig. 6
1349

39
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
140

Exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler ( )

400

)
135

Flue gas temperature of SCR inlet (

380
130

125 360

120 340
115
320
110
100%BMCR 300 100%BMCR
105
75%BMCR 75%BMCR
100 280 50%BMCR
50%BMCR
30%BMCR 30%BMCR
95 260

PT
220 240 260 280 300 320 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1350 Feed water temperature (℃) Feed water temperature ( )

1351 (a) (b)

1352

RI
Flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air pre-heater

140
0.74 100%BMCR 100%BMCR

Exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler ( )

75%BMCR 135
75%BMCR
0.73 50%BMCR 50%BMCR
130
30%BMCR 30%BMCR
0.72

SC
125

0.71 120

115
0.70
110
0.69
105

U
0.68
100
0.67 95
AN
0.66 90
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74
Flue gas temperature of air pre-heater inlet ( ) Flue gas side heat transfer efficiency of air preheater
1353
1354 (c) (d)
1355
M

150
Exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler ( )

145
140
135
D

130
125
TE

120
115
110 100%BMCR
105
75%BMCR
50%BMCR
100 30%BMCR
EP

95
220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1356 Feed water temperature ( )
1357 (e)
1358 Fig. 7
C

1359
AC

1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369

40
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
145

Exhaust flue gas temperature of boiler ( )

140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105 100%BMCR
100 75%BMCR
50%BMCR
95
30%BMCR
90

PT
220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1370 Feed water temperature ( )

1371 Fig. 8
1372

RI
1373
1374
1375

SC
1376
1377
1378

U
1379
AN
1380
1381
1382
M

1383
1384
1385
D

1386
1387
TE

1388
1389
1390
EP

1391
1392
1393
C

1394
AC

1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403

41
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
6.0
5.8
5.6

Exhaust heat loss (%)

5.4
5.2
5.0
4.8
100%BMCR
4.6 75%BMCR
50%BMCR
4.4
30%BMCR
4.2
220 240 260 280 300 320 340

PT
1404 Feed water temperature ( )

1405 (a)
0.082
Physical heat loss of ash and slag (%)

RI
0.080

0.078

0.076

SC
0.074

0.072
100%BMCR
0.070 75%BMCR
50%BMCR
0.068 30%BMCR

U
220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1406 Feed water temperature ( )
AN
1407 (b)
94.6 100%BMCR
75%BMCR
94.4 50%BMCR
Boiler thermal efficiency (%)

30%BMCR
M

94.2

94.0

93.8

93.6
D

93.4

93.2
TE

93.0
220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1408 Feed water temperature ( )

1409 (c)
EP

1410 Fig. 9
1411
1412
1413
C

1414
AC

1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422

42
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
340

330

320

Hot air temperature/

310

300

290
100%BMCR
280
75%BMCR
50%BMCR
270 30%BMCR

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340

PT
1423 Feed water temperature/

1424 Fig. 10
1425

RI
1426
1427

SC
1428
1429
1430
1431

U
1432
AN
1433
1434
1435
M

1436
1437
1438
D

1439
1440
TE

1441
1442
1443
EP

1444
1445
1446
C

1447
1448
AC

1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456

43
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
370
100%BMCR
360 75%BMCR

Outlet water temperature of economizer/

50%BMCR
350
30%BMCR
340

330

320

310

300

290

280

PT
220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1457 Feed water temperature/

1458 Fig. 11
1459

RI
1460
1461

SC
1462
1463
1464
1465

U
1466
AN
1467
1468
1469
M

1470
1471
1472
D

1473
1474
TE

1475
1476
1477
EP

1478
1479
1480
C

1481
1482
AC

1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491

44
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
8600
100%BMCR
8400 75%BMCR

Turbine heat rate (kJ/kWh)

50%BMCR
8200 30%BMCR

8000

7800

7600

7400

PT
220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1492 Feed water tempwrature ( )

1493 Fig. 12
1494

RI
1495
1496
1497

SC
1498
1499
1500

U
1501
1502
AN
1503
1504
1505
M

1506
1507
D

1508
1509
TE

1510
1511
1512
EP

1513
1514
1515
C

1516
1517
AC

1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526

45
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
315
100%BMCR

Standard codl consumption rate (g/kWh)

310
75%BMCR
305 50%BMCR
30%BMCR
300

295

290

285

280

275

270

PT
220 240 260 280 300 320 340
1527 Feed water temperature ( )

1528 Fig. 13
1529

RI
1530
1531
1532

SC
1533
1534
1535

U
1536
AN
1537
1538
1539
M

1540
1541
1542
D

1543
1544
TE

1545
1546
1547
EP

1548
1549
1550
C

1551
AC

1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562

46
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

1563 TABLES CAPTIONS

1564 Table 1 Accuracy of main measuring instruments and measurement methods.

1565 Table 2 Comparison of calculated values and measured data at 100% and 75% of BMCR.
1566 Table 3 Comparison of calculated values and measured data at 50% and 30% of BMCR.
1567
1568

PT
1569
1570
1571

RI
1572
1573
1574

SC
1575
1576
1577

U
1578
AN
1579
1580
1581
M

1582
1583
1584
D

1585
1586
TE

1587
1588
1589
EP

1590
1591
1592
C

1593
AC

1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605

47
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1606 Table 1

Instrument name Accuracy

Continuous sampling gas analyser ±0.01%
Constant speed fly ash sampling ±2%
On-line energy consumption monitoring equipment ±0.05%
T type thermocouple ±1
K type thermocouple ±0.3%measured value
Orifice flowmeter ±0. 4%measured value

PT
Atmospheric pressure gauge ±1%
Thermometer ±1%

RI
Precision balance ±0.05%
1607
1608

SC
1609
1610
1611

U
1612
1613
AN
1614
1615
1616
M

1617
1618
D

1619
1620
TE

1621
1622
1623
EP

1624
1625
1626
C

1627
1628
AC

1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639

48
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1640 Table 2
100%BMCR 75%BMCR
With No.0 HPH With No.0 HPH
Items Without Without
No.0 Rlative No.0 Rlative
Calculated Measured Clculated Masured
HPH error
HPH error
value value value value
(%) (%)
Feed water 282.00 290.30 290.30 0.00 255.00 280.70 280.70 0.00
temperature( )
Boiler thermal 93.70 93.54 93.64 0.11 94.14 93.73 93.88 0.16
efficiency (%)
Exhaust flue 128.50 132.40 128.78 2.81 104.00 112.67 107.01 5.29
gas temperature
Coal

PT
250.99 246.89 249.46 1.03 201.00 193.50 197.34 1.95
combustion rate
The water 336.80 341.16 342.34 0.34 313.50 319.51 321.8 0.71
temperature of
Flue gas 564.00 562.14 563.10 0.17 527.00 522.62 523.87 0.24
temperature of
Inlet flue gas

RI
380.00 384.87 387.28 0.62 318.30 323.80 328.75 1.51
temperature of
Hot air 325.00 328.93 331.46 0.76 298.00 302.72 307.16 1.45
temperature
Turbine heat 7525.00 7501.29 7508.52 0.10 7738.00 7699.97 7711.00 0.14
rate (kJ/kWh)

SC
Standard coal 277.16 276.77 276.73 0.01 283.68 283.52 283.47 0.02
consumption
1641
1642

U
1643
1644
AN
1645
1646
1647
1648
M

1649
1650
1651
D

1652
1653
TE

1654
1655
1656
1657
EP

1658
1659
1660
1661
C

1662
1663
AC

1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676

49
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1677 Table 3
50%BMCR 30%BMCR
With No.0 HPH With No.0 HPH
Items Without Without
No.0 Rlative No.0 Rlative
Calculated Measured Clculated Masured
HPH error HPH error
value value value value
(%) (%)
Feed water 238.60 280.00 280.00 0.00 215.00 251.00 251.00 0.00
temperature( )
Boiler thermal 93.61 93.35 93.11 0.26 94.58 94.37 94.14 0.24
efficiency (%)
Exhaust flue 105.78 120.21 113.28 6.12 97.00 112.89 106.75 5.75
gas temperature
Coal

PT
140.10 125.60 131.50 4.49 86.28 75.96 81.09 6.33
combustion rate
The water 288.77 310.83 315.87 1.60 281.00 306.46 311.47 1.61
temperature of
Flue gas 485.00 476.03 480.26 0.88 432.00 423.92 428.27 1.02
temperature of
Inlet flue gas

RI
298.97 314.19 321.97 2.42 270.00 291.01 298.82 2.61
temperature of
Hot air 291.32 301.91 308.23 2.05 265.12 280.68 286.17 1.92
temperature
Turbine heat 7921.00 7821.82 7844.6 0.29 8522.00 8419.70 8443.55 0.28
rate (kJ/kWh)

SC
Standard coal 291.97 289.18 290.77 0.55 310.96 309.79 309.50 0.09
consumption
1678
1679

U
1680
1681
AN
1682
1683
1684
M

1685
1686
D

1687
1688
TE

1689
1690
C EP
AC

50
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
HIGHLIGHTS:

Performance analysis model is presented for supercritical unit with No.0 HP heater
Model considers boiler thermal efficiency and SCR operating temperature
Methods of heat balance, differential deviation and thermodynamics are adopted
Influence mechanism of feed water temperature on exhaust gas temperature is revealed
Minimum temperature rise of feed water under part load operation condition is given

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC