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Control Type Tight Shut off On/off & Throttling
Leakage Low Low
Pressure Drop Medium High
Water Hammer
Potential High High
Cavitation Potential High High
Construction Complex Simplest
Weight Medium Low
Space Less Bulky Compact
Installation Cost Medium Low
Purchase Cost Medium Low
Rangeability Highest- V notch Medium
Actuation force Low High
Typical Application
Low-point drains and high-point vents Cooling water, air, gases, fire
in liquid, gaseous, and other fluid protection, etc.
services. Instrument root valves
Slurry causes jamming Slurry and similar services
High-pressure and high-
temperature water and steam Low Pressure (including vacuum)
services. Cooling water and feed and temperature
water systems
Multi-port versatility
Comparison of Valve Characteristics
Globe Valve Gate Valve
Lower High
Lower High
Most Complex Simple
High Low
Bulky Low
High Low
High Low
Low Low
High High
Uses thermography by
means of an infrared
imaging and
measurement camera to
measure heat radiation
of surfaces. The camera
shows temperature. An
infrared gun may also be
used to just get the
temperature.
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Low
Quick
Low
No
Yes
No
No
Wide Variety
Low
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A soft material skin with internal stiffening metal insert and a
Description garter spring which is held in place by a housing
2. Structure
Standard type with spring and single lip can be used in
speeds upto 12m/s and pressures up to 0.3 bar to seal
against internal media spring less
type is used in 0bar pressure range to seal against grease
and dirt
double spring type is used in 0.3 bar, 5m/s, to
seal internal and external, separate 2 liquids
Installation Tips * Shaft must be ground to surface roughness of 0.2 to 0.8 mic
* Shaft surface hardening helps prevent groove formation due
to spring force
* Plunge grinding of surface prevents groove formation which
tends to wear out the lip of the seal
* Lubrication required to prevent overheating of lip
Tolerances Housing: h11
Shaft: H8
Gland Packing
Stainless Steel Types and Properties
3Cr12 430 410 304
ASTM STANDARD 41003 A4300 A240 A240, A312(pipe)
DIN 1,4003 1,4016 1.4006 1.4301
SWEDEN (SIS) 2320 2302 2332
Type Ferritic Ferritic Martensitic Austenitic
Chromium 11-12% 17% 11.5-13.5% 18-20%
Nickel <1.5% <0.75% <1.0% 8-12%
Carbon <0.03% <0.12% <0.75% <0.08%
Molybdenum 0 0 0 0
Heat Treatment Hardening No No Yes No
Corrosion Resistance Good Good Fair Good
Magnetic Yes Yes Yes No
Ductility Fair Poor Good Good
Weldability Good Fair Poor Good
Yield Strength 280MPa 205MPa 310 Mpa 290 Mpa
Tensile Strength 517 Mpa 580 Mpa
Hygiene No No No Good
Chemical Resistance Poor Good Fair Good
Cost $ $ $$ $$$
Cryogenic Poor Poor Poor Good
304 L is 1,4306
Nickel Alloy
22%
56%
0.01% max
13%
Yes
Excellent
No
Excellent
Good
407 Mpa
700MPa
Excellent
Excellent
$$$$$
Good
Comparison of types of conveyors
Screw Chain Belt Chute
An endless belt
A tube or u- driven by
shaped pulleys support
stationary by rollers/slider
trough through bed. Troughed
which a shaft for higher
mounted helix capacity and
rotates to move One or more speed,
material in a endless chains declined, bulk
horixonatl or are used, material. May
inclined driven on be troughed or
Description direction. sprockets. flat.
Product Bulk Unit Unit/Bulk Unit/Bulk
Bulk Material Dry to semi fluid Widest Variety
Accumulation No No No Excellent
Location On Floor On Floor On Floor On Floor
Cost $$ $$$ $
Position ControYes Yes Difficult
Sortation No Yes
Duty Heavy Heavy
Incline Yes Yes
Decline No Yes
Capacity Medium Highest
Drive On discharge end None
Vertical Chain
used for Link 2 handling
variety. Can be continuous high devices
made shaftless frequency
for high vertical Convey items
Application moisture apps. transfers. between floors
Series
rison of types of rollers
of conveyors
that may be
Roller Wheel Bucket Pneumatic Slat
gravity or live
powered used
with materials Air pressure is
that have a rigid Series of skate used to convey
riding surface. wheels on materials
Minimum of 3 shafts which A series of through a
rollers must are spaced buckets are system of
support loads at dependent on attached to an vertical and
all times and load, sloped for endless horizontal
must use gravity chain/cable/belt tubes. Easy to Discretely
tapered rollers movement driven by 2 implement turns spaced slats
to maintain load according to pulleys/sprocke and contain connected to a
orientation. load. ts. material. chain.
Unit Unit Bulk Bulk/Unit Unit
Yes Yes No No
On Floor On Floor On Floor Overhead On Floor
$$$ $$
Yes
Yes(live) Yes
Heavy Light Heavy Heavy
Yes
Yes
Gravity/Belt/Chain
Materials
required to be Bottling/Cannin
enclosed. g Plant
Comparison of common coupl
Rigid
Rigid/Clampin
g/Sleeve/Muff Schmidt Gear Jaw/spider Tyre
Two metal
hubs with
interlocking
Two metal Two metal teeth are Two flanged
hubs that are hubs with connected to hubs with
rigidly clamped external teeth shafts with an clamping plates
together. that engage elastomeric which grip the
Multiple with internal "spider" inner hollow
configurations Two metal teeth on a 1/2 between the elastomeric
Description exist. hubs piece sleeve teeth "tyre"
Fail Safe Yes Yes Yes No
Diaphragm/Fle
Bellows Chain xible Disc Oldham Grid Spline
Motion Control
Beam/Hel
ical
Single or
multiple
cuts in the
coupling
body to
allow
flexibility.
None
None
Large
Moderate
Slight
Low
One-piece
compact
Motion
Control
Used in situations of extremely high torque requirements, under w
and very harsh operating e
Types
Gear Vane Motor
A disc with retractable vanes is
2 gears mesh into each other and are eccentrically located in a round bore and
rotated by means of hydraulic fluid is rotated within the bore by means of
n
t io
which hits the gear teeth and causes fluid from the inlet port. The fluid is
ip
cr
both to rotate and mesh. The fluid is moved along the circumference of the
es
transferred by means of the gear to the bore by means of the vanes which
D
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Compact Yes No
Reversible Yes Yes
Cost Low Medium
Efficiency Low Medium
High Speed Yes Yes
High Torque No Yes
Examples
que requirements, under water systems, where stalling at high load is common
nd very harsh operating environments.
Types
Georotor Axial Piston
Yes No
Yes Yes
Low High
Low High
Yes No
No Yes
alling at high load is common
Radial Piston
No
Yes
High
High
No
Yes
Dbl Row Angular
Type Contact Ball Self aligning ball Spherical Roller Taper Roller
Number 0 1 2 3
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Radial Load Good Good Very Good Very Good
Very Good
Axial Load Good Good (unidirectional)
Low Friction Good Best Good Good
Misalignment
Compensation Unsuitable Good Very Good Sufficient
Accuracy Normal Unsuitable Sufficient
High Speed Very Good Normal Normal
Low Noise Good Sufficient Good
Applications Fans, Wheel Fans, Wheel Gearboxes, Power Generation,
Bearings Bearings Conveyors, Pulp and Truck Wheels
paper, Screw
Conveyors
Helical gears,
general gear support
m*bore diameter
Plain Bearing
Very Good
Sufficient
Sufficient
Normal
Sufficient
Good
Normal
Dry Screw
Liquid Ring Rotary Piston
General Corrosion/Uniform
Attack Localised Corrosion
A type of chemical corrosion
(oxidation) Pitting Corrosion Filiform Corrosion
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Crevice Corrosion
Potential difference
between 2 materials in
contact with each other
causes the more negative
one to corrode as electrons
are transferred.
* 16mm deflection
per metre of
span(rough rule -
Installation consult manufacturer
tips for certainty)
Flat Belts Round Belt
Friction Friction
1000 1000
10^4 10^4
70 50
95 95
moderate moderate
No No
$ $$
Low noise Low
Med Lifespan Low
Spur Herringbone Helical/Spiral Bevel
Pitch, pressure angle, face Pitch, pressure angle, face Thread, pitch, pressure Pitch, pressure angle, face
width width angle width
Low High High High
Lower Lowest Lowest High
Durable Durable Special Applications Special Applications
Higher Load High Load High torque transmission Compact