ECE 138: INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

Construction of a Stacked Yagi – Uda Antenna for

On-Air-Television networks of
SBN (ETC) , GMA NEWS TV, SONSHINE
MEDIA NETWORK, & INFORMATION
BROADCAST UNLIMITED (UNTV)

Presented to:
ENGR. WILSON R. DULDULAO

MARCH 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction

A. Significance of the Study

B. Statement of the Problem

C. Limitations of the Study

II. Review of Related Studies

A. Location Survey

B. Related Papers

III. Methodology

A. Computation

B. Step by step Construction Methodology

C. Testing the Antenna

D. Bill of Materials

IV. Analysis and Presentation of Data

V. Conclusion
CHAPTER ONE
I. Introduction

One of the most common element of a Filipino household is the presence of a Television Set.

Television is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images

in monochrome (black and white), or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term

can refer to a television set, a television program ("TV show"), or the medium of television

transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, sometimes even

educational, and news.

A television set needs an antenna to work.These two equipment are usually connected by a

metallic line or channel (for example, a coaxial cable). An antenna intercepts some of the power of a

radio wave in order to produce an electric current at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to

be amplified. The diagram below shows the basic connection of a television and an antenna.
A. Significance of the Study

The researchers want to take television viewing for Filipinos more effective and efficient. The

team wants to give the Filipinos an almost perfect reception and a clear display on televisions.

This will help the Filipino people absorb more important information through hearing and

seeing the television. The researchers also think that when the television has a clear display, it can

also offer entertainment to a family, and also educational shows can help the youth learn more

concerning different fields of study.

B. Statement of the Problem

Although it offers much perk, there comes also perils in this innovation. Sometimes, when the

antenna have a low directivity and low gain, the image displayed on the TV may be snowing or

ghosting. This affects the viewers to have a distorted display on their television sets, and thus,

rendering the display of the television, useless and incomprehensible. Below are images that depict

these problems.

Figure1.Snowing Television Figure2.Ghosting Television

C. Limitations of the Study

Strictly, the team wants to limit this research on the vicinity of the City of Batac, Ilocos

Norte, College of Engineering of Mariano Marcos State University, Room 227 (besides

Mechatronics).The televisions in that room are utilized for educational purposes, and the

researchers’ aim is to improve the clarity of the display on the televisions, to uplift the atmosphere of

learning.

The researchers also want to limit this study on the Channel 21 and Channel 27 of the given

location. This means this study will not include and discuss other channels on the vicinity of the

location, and will only focus on enhancing the gain and directivity of the antenna towards the station

of the said channel.

Given the conditions, the Group chose to utilize using an antenna which has:

a. A Narrow band capability

- Having a narrow band implies that the signal directivity of the antenna must have a high gain,

sacrificing its capability to scan a wider or broader area on its director.

b. Strong in UHF Analog bands

- Antenna types have their own disadvantages and advantages. The researchers chose to select

a type wherein the antenna’s performance is more effective in UHF, because Channel 21 and

Channel 27 bandwidth is (513.25-517.75 MHz and 549.25-553.75 MHz) Respectively. falls on the

UHF category (300MHz to 3000MHz).

c. High directivity and high gain to reduce loss

- Discussed on point a, the antenna must have a high directivity, neglecting the other adjacent

stations nearby the target station (Channel 21 and Channel 27), and having a high gain to reduce

the loss on signal, which causes snowing and ghosting.

d. Constructing a YAGI-UDA ANTENNA

- Yagi-Uda antenna actually is a broadband-type antenna, which means it works best on

receiving antenna in wider bandwidth, in this case we took the advantage to make an antenna that

will have two channels as its primary focus.

CHAPTER TWO
II. Review of Related Studies

A Yagi-Uda array, or simply “Yagi.” Yagi-Uda antennas are very popular because of their

simplicity and relatively high gain. The first research done on the Yagi-Uda antenna was performed

by Shintaro Uda at Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan in 1926 and was published in Japanese in

1926 and 1927. The work was reviewed in an article written in English by Uda’s professor, H. Yagi,

in 1928. The Yagi antenna, as it is popularly called, was used by the British in their pre–World War

II VHF radars before the availability of high-power microwave sources made possible radar at

microwave frequencies. The Yagi remains a popular HF, VHF, and UHF antenna today for non-radar

use.

The Yagi-Uda antenna has received exhaustive analytical and experimental investigations

inthe openliterature and elsewhere. It would be impractical to list all the contributors, many of whom

we may not be aware.

 Figure 3. Radiation Pattern of Yagi-Uda

The figure above shows the specific radiation pattern for the Yagi-Uda antenna.

The gain of the Yagi - Uda is related to its boom length as our study of uniform line sources
in the previous chapter suggests, but for a parasitic array such as the Yagi – Uda , there is a smaller
increase in gain per element as directors are added to the array.

The addition of more reflector elements results in a fractional dB increase in gain and is
usually not done. The main effects of the reflector are on the driving point impedance at the feed
point and on the back lobe of the array. Pattern shape, and therefore gain, are mostly controlled by
the director elements. The director spacing and director length are interrelated, but the more sensitive
parameter is the director length, which becomes more critical as the boom length increases.
A. Location Survey

The researchers performed a study on the location of the room, to be aware of the initial

conditions of this study. Below are series of graphical results of the executed survey on the location.

Tabular Information of the Survey

Angle in 45 degrees 90 degrees 180 degrees 270 degrees 315 degrees

0 degrees N
degrees NE E S W NW

Channel 2
2 2 2 1 2 2
(TV 5)

Channel 5
2 3 3 3 2 2
(GMA)

Channel 7
3 4 4 4 3 3
(ABS-CBN)

Channel 23
2 2 3 2 2 2
(S&A)

Legend:

5 – Very Clear display (absence of ghosts/snowing)

4 – Clear display (ignorable presence of ghosts/snowing)
3 – Moderate display (bearable presence of ghosts/snowing)
2 – Poor display (presence of ghosts/snowing)
1 – Very poor display (strong presence of ghosts/snowing)

The table shows the results for the channels that are already being received by the Television
sets in the Room 226B , whereas we chose Channel 21 and Channel 27 because it is the channels that
are not yet covered by the current antenna that services this Television sets.The Researchers will
utilize the Yagi-Uda antenna to be built for the reception of this chosen television channels.
 B. Frequencies for On-Air-Television For Ilocos Norte Setup
List of television stations by region
The following list shows known television stations and TV relay transmitters in the
Philippines. They are listed by region in numerical order.
Table1. Region I (Ilocos Region) (Ilocos Norte)
Company Call Channel Location
Sign
TV5 DWTE 2 Talingaan, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
GMA DWAS 5 Laoag City
ABS-CBN DWRD 7 Laoag City, Ilocos Norte (C.A.P. Building)
(ETC)
DWAP 21 Laoag City
Southern Broadcasting Network
(ABS-CBN Sports and Action)
DWLC 23 Laoag City, Ilocos Norte(C.A.P. Building)
formerly Studio 23
(GMA News TV)
DZLS 27 Laoag City
GMA
Sonshine Media Network
DWLQ 33 Laoag City
International
(UNTV)
DWIB 39 Laoag City
Information Broadcast Unlimited
Reference: “Philippines Media and telecoms landscape guide.pdf”, August 2012
“List of analog television stations in the Philippines by Wikipedia”, February 2019

Table 2. Over the Air TV Channel Frequencies

Frequency Frequency
Television Channel
Video Audio Spectrum

AIR 2 55.25MHz 59.75MHz VHF-LO

AIR 5 77.25MHz 81.75MHz VHF-LO

AIR 7 175.25MHz 179.75MHz VHF-HI

AIR 21 513.25MHz 517.75MHz UHF

AIR 23 525.25MHz 529.75MHz UHF

AIR 27 549.25MHz 553.75MHz UHF

AIR 33 585.25MHz 589.75 MHz UHF

AIR 39 621.25 MHz 625.75 MHz UHF

Reference:“http://www.chem.hawaii.edu/uham/catvfreq.html 2/7”
CHAPTER THREE
III. Methodology

In this part of the paper, the researchers will document every practical application of the

theories and facts presented in chapter 2. Computations for the antenna elements will also be at this

portion. This part will also present the step by step construction methodology while making the

antenna itself. Inclusion of how to test the antenna is also present.

A. Computations

For channel 21 and Channel 27

Using the frequencies for the channels of 21 and 27 which is highlighted in Table 1.

For Channel 21

Where the video frequency is 513.25 Mhz and the audio frequency is 517.75 Mhz.

F1 = 513.25 Mhz

F2 = 517.75 Mhz

Fc1 = √𝐹1𝑥𝐹2

Fc1 = 515.5 Mhz

For Channel 22

Where the video frequency is 549.25 Mhz and the audio frequency is 553.75 Mhz.

F1 = 549.25 Mhz

F2 = 553.75 Mhz

Fc2 = √𝐹1𝑥𝐹2

Fc2 = 533.19 Mhz

 For the Combination of Channel 21 and Channel 27

Where the center frequency for channel 21 is 515.5 Mhz and the center frequency for channel 27 is 551.5 Mhz.

Fc1 = 515.5 Mhz

Fc2 = 551.5 Mhz

Substituting the values of Fc1 and Fc2 we get.

Fc = √𝑭𝟏𝒙𝑭𝟐

Fc = 551.5 Mhz

𝒄 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟖
λ = 𝑭𝒄 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝟓𝟑𝟑.𝟏𝟗 𝑴𝒉𝒛

Driven Element lenght :

Using the formula to get the length for the driven element.

𝐿𝐷 (meters) = 0.5λ

Substituting the value of the lambda we get.

𝐿𝑅 (meters) = 0.5 ∗ 0.56

𝑳𝑫 (meters) = 0.28 meters

Reflector length :

Using the formula to get the length for the reflector.

𝐿𝑅 (meters) = 0.55λ

Substituting the value of the lambda we get.

𝐿𝑅 (meters) = 0.55 ∗ 56

𝑳𝑹 (meters) = 0.308 meters

Directors :

Using the formula to get the length for the first director.

D1 = 0.45 λ

Substituting the value of the lambda we get.

D1 = 0.45 * 0.56

D1 = 0.25 meters

Using the formula to get the length for the second director.

D2 = 0.45 λ

Substituting the value of the lambda we get.

D2 = 0.45 * 0.56

D2 = 0.25 meters

Using the formula to get the length for the third director.

D3 = 0.45 λ

Substituting the value of the lambda we get.

D3 = 0.45 * 0.56

D3 = 0.25 meters

Spacing :

Using the formula to get the length for the spacing.

S = 0.2 λ

Substituting the value of the lambda we get.

S = 0.2 * 0.56

S = 0.112 meters
Antenna construction

Antenna figure for Channel 21 to Channel 27

 For channel 33 and Channel 39

Using the frequencies for the channels of 33 and 39 which is highlighted in Table 1.

For Channel 33

Where the video frequency is 585.284 Mhz and the audio frequency is 589.70 Mhz.

F1 = 585.284 Mhz

F2 = 589.70 Mhz.

Fc1 = √𝐹1𝑥𝐹2

Fc1 = 587.488 Mhz

For Channel 39

Where the video frequency is 620 Mhz and the audio frequency is 620.228 Mhz.

F1 = 620 Mhz

F2 = 620.228 Mhz

Fc2 = √𝐹1𝑥𝐹2

Fc2 = 620.143 Mhz

For the Combination of Channel 21 and Channel 27

Where the center frequency for channel 33 is 587.488 Mhz and the center frequency for channel 39 is 620.143 Mhz.

Fc1 = 587.488 Mhz

Fc2 = 620.143 Mhz

Substituting the values of Fc1 and Fc2 we get.

Fc = √𝑭𝟏𝒙𝑭𝟐

Fc = 603.595 Mhz

𝒄 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟖
λ = 𝑭𝒄 = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝟔𝟎𝟑.𝟓𝟗 𝑴𝒉𝒛
 𝑭𝟐 −𝑭𝟏
FBw = 𝑭𝒄

𝟔𝟐𝟎.𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝑴𝑯𝒛−𝟓𝟖𝟕.𝟒𝟖 𝑴𝑯𝒛

FBw = 𝟔𝟎𝟑.𝟓𝟗 𝑴𝑯𝒛

FBw = 5.4 % BW

Use : 10 %

Reflector

LR = 0.55 λ

LR = 0.55 * 0.497

LR = 0.273 meters

Driven Element

DE = 0.2λ

DE = 0.2 * 0.479

DE = 0.0994 meters

Director

D1 = 0.15λ

D1 = 0.15 * 0.479

D1 = 0.075 meters

D2 = 0.1λ

D2 = 0.1 * 0.479

D2 = 0.05 meters

Spacing

S = 0.2 λ

S = 0.2 * 0.497

S = 0.1 meter
Antenna construction

Antenna figure for Channel 33 to Channel 39

 Computation for Stacked Yagi – Uda

λ1 = 0.56 meters

λ2 = 0.497 meters

λ1 + λ2
= 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒂 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒂 𝟐
𝟒
𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟕
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝟒