Annotated Bibliography

The essay that I will be writing will try to answer the question of how poverty affects

both those who are living in poverty as well as those not living in poverty. In my research

process I will want to discover facts about the current poverty rate in the United States. I also

want to discover facts about the demographic analysis of those who live in poverty and those

who don’t live in poverty. I want to discover how poverty affects the people living in it. I also

want to discover how the poverty rate can affect those not living in poverty. Lastly, I want to

discover what kind of the relationship is present between poverty and development of children

and adults.

Barkan, Steve. Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World. University of

Minnesota, 2014. Pg. 288-290.

The author of the book “Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World” is

written by Steve Barkan in 2014 at the University of Minnesota. In these particular pages

of the book the main idea is the topic of how poverty affects people. In this textbook it then

goes onto discuss the many impacts that poverty can have on people. Some of the impacts

listen in the book are: people who live in poverty are more likely to have family problems,

people who live in poverty are at a higher risk for certain health problems, people who live

in poverty are more likely to attend schools that are in inadequate conditions for children to

learn properly, and lastly that the poor are more likely to be homeless than those who are

not poor. The text then goes onto discuss that living in poverty can lead to physical and

mental health deterioration. In short, the textbook discusses the many harmful effects

brought about by living in poverty.

 Barkan’s purpose for writing this textbook was to help inform students on different

aspects of sociology. This would be considered an academic writing to further enhance and

inform the reader of the effects that poverty can have on people. The textbook was written for a

college student who is looking to further their knowledge on sociology and the concepts within

this discipline. This textbook was written in 2014 at the university of Minnesota in Minneapolis,

Minnesota. Since the textbook was written in 2014 the information in this source could be a little

dated but is still recent enough to use in my research.

As stated previously the writer of this textbook was Steve Barkan. Steven is currently the

chair head of the Sociology Department at the University of Maine. Steve got his Ph.D. in 1980

for Stony Brook University. His degree was in Sociology. This makes Steve a credible source to

use in my research. Barkan has extensive experience in the field of sociology. He has conducted

research in the past on topics that have to do with poverty. I know that the source is reliable

because it meets all the standards of the CRAAP evaluation process. The information in this

textbook is current, as it was published in 2014. The information provided in the textbook is

relevant to my reserach topic. Steve Barkan has the authority to report and inform readers on the

topic of poverty. The information in this textbook has been verified and has a list of references at

the end of the chapter, thus making the information accurate. Lastly, as mentioned before the

purpose of this text was to inform the reader of the effect of poverty. Also, in college classes they

will only give you a textbook that has been approved by the board, thus proving that this is a

credible source of information.

I will be able to use the information presented in the text in my essay in a multitude of

ways. My question that I am posing is how poverty affects people. This source gives great

information and statistics on how poverty can affect people. For example, the text states, “The
poor are at a great risk for family problems, including divorce and domestic violence. The stress

of being poor is thought to be a major reason for these problems.” (Barkan, 290). I can use the

many examples given in the textbook explain how poverty can affect individuals. The

information presented in the textbook will give me a lot of evidence to help me answer the

question of how poverty affects people.

Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, and Greg J. Duncan. “The Effects of Poverty on Children.” The Future of

Children, vol. 7, no. 2, 1997, pp. 55–71. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1602387.

Accessed 19 Jan. 2019.

The journal article “The Effect of Poverty on Children” appeared in The Future of

Children Journal and is written by Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Greg J. Duncan. The main idea of

this journal article is to explain how growing up in poverty can affect a child in multiple facets of

life. This journal article uses information presented by multiple newspapers and other sources to

help drive home the message that poverty has a negative effect on our youth. In the article it

explains that children who grow up in poverty are more likely to come into contact with a

plethora of negative consequences while growing. In the article it talks about how these

consequences can range from a decrease in learning abilities and opportunities to low access to

friends. The overall goal of this article is to educate and show the viewers of the journal the

many negative consequences that a child will come into contact with while growing up in

poverty.

The writer’s purpose of writing this journal entry was to inform the reader of the negative

consequences children suffer from growing up in. The audience for this piece is going to be older

students and professors conducting research on the topic of poverty. The reason I say this is
because when people read journal entries it is typically to become informed on a subject that you

are researching. This journal was published by Princeton University in the summer of 1997. This

information presented in this journal is quite old, but after reading other article, many of the

trends and analyses put forth in this journal entry are still true today, which is why I chose to use

this source. This being said the statistics used in this journal I will have to use with a grain of

salt, because these statistics are quite old.

The writers of this piece are Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Greg J. Duncan. I know that this

source is reliable because Jeanne Brooks-Gunn was a professor at Columbia University and

taught a Child and Parent Development and Education course at the university. Jeanne also

received her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. This makes Jeanne a credible source to

give information on how poverty can affect childhood development. Greg Duncan is a professor

at University of California Irvine and his studies focus on Childhood development. He has

written many pieces on childhood development and has a lot of experience in childhood

development. All of these previously listed qualifications gives Greg the authority and credibility

to report on how poverty affects children. The source is reliable because although the

information isn’t current, it still follows the trends in today’s society, which makes the

information current enough. The information presented in the article will give me relevant

factual information to help me answer my research question. Both authors have the authority to

report on this issue. The information presented in the journal is accurate and has a list of sources

at the end to allow the reader to cross check the information in the article. Lastly, the purpose of

the article is to inform, not persuade the reader, therefore making the journal a credible source of

information.
 I plan on using the information and statistics given in the article to help show how

poverty can affect a child’s physical and mental development. This will thus help me answer the

question of how poverty affects people, more specifically how poverty affects the physical and

mental development of children.

Castillo, Laborda, et al. “The Effect of Poverty, Gender Exclusion, and Child Labor on Out-of-

School Rates for Female Children.” Sinclair College Off-Campus Authentication Form,

Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2014,

sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.asp

x%3Fdirect&db=ehh&AN=95113714&site=eds-live. Accessed 21 Jan. 2019

The scholarly article “The Effect of Poverty, Gender Exclusion, and Child Labor on Out-of-

School Rates for Female Children” was written by Laborda Castillo in 2014. The main idea of

the article addresses how poverty, gender exclusion, and child labor affect the out-of-school rate

among female children. The Routledge Taylor and Francis Group conducted their own research

to discover how poverty affects the rate of female children who dropped out of school. The

article then explains the findings of their research and how their findings support the idea that

children who live in poverty have a higher likelihood of dropping out of school. This research

conducted focuses on the dropout rate among female children. The article then goes onto explain

why they believe that children who live in poverty are more likely to dropout. For example, the

article says families need more money, so they demand that their children work while attending

school. The need for money eventually outweighs their need for education and they eventually

drop out.
 The writer’s purpose for doing this research and writing was to examine the relationship

between poverty and dropout rates, and to inform the public of how these two subjects are

interrelated. The audience of this piece is going to be college students and people over the age of

18. The language used in this article is complex and could only be understood by a mature

audience. This article urges reader to look deeper into the topic of poverty and examine the

relationships it has with other factors in the world.

The writer of this article is Laborda Castillo. Laborda works for the Routledge Taylor and

Francis Group. After conducting some research this is a firm that focuses on publishing quality

academic journals, books, and online references. This is a credible source of information because

it is a scholarly peer reviewed journal. I found this information on the Sinclair Database. I know

that this information is credible because while talking to the librarian she said that all articles on

the database are peer reviewed and approved by the school as credible. This allows me to believe

that this information is credible in the article. The Routledge Taylor and Francis Group is a well-

respected and highly credible groups that gives out great information. This leads me to believe

that the information presented in the article is credible. The information and research conducted

presented in the article was conducted in 2014, so this information is current. The information

presented in the article will be relevant in helping me answer my research question. This article

had the sole purpose of educating the public, which makes it a credible source ot use in my

research.

I plan on using the information presented in the article to help show how poverty can

affect individuals. The article gives a lot of good information of the effects of poverty on the

youth, and how these effects can lead to negative consequences later on in life. The information

presented in the article will help me show how poverty affect people in the community.
Engle, Patrice L., and Maureen M. Black. “The Effect of Poverty on Child Development and

Educational Outcomes.” California Polytechnic State University, 2008,

digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1

&article=1002&context=psycd_fac. Accessed 24 Feb. 2019.

The Article “The Effect of Poverty on Child Development and Educational Outcomes” is

written by Patrice L. Engle and Maureen M. Black in 2008. The main idea of the article is to

explain the topic of poverty and how it is related to children. It focuses on how poverty affects

the children in an educational background, as well as how it affects their development as a child.

It talks about how poverty can affect a child in terms of both physical and mental health. The

article covers how poverty affects children in the U.S. as well as how it affects children in

developing countries. It tells the reader that a child living in poverty greatly affects how they

grow up, as well as how many opportunities they will have in the educational and professional

world.

The writer’s purpose for the article is to inform the public about the growing problem of

poverty and how it can affect our youth. The audience for this writing is going to be college

student and professors interested in the topic of poverty. The article tries to show the reader

about the deep-rooted relationship of poverty and early childhood development and education.

The authors of this article are Patrice L. Engle and Maureen M. Black. Patrice L. Engle

got her Ph.D. from Stanford University in Early Childhood Development. She worked within the

academic realm, as well as international agencies. She conducted a lot of research on childhood
development. This makes her a reliable source of information. Maureen is a clinical professor at

the University of Maryland. She teaches classes on public health and pediatrics. She has

extensive knowledge in the health of children, and the health networks around the world. This

makes Maureen a credible source of information as well. The information presented in the article

is current as most of the information is from 2007 or 2008. The information presented in the

article is relevant to helping answer my research topic. Both of the authors have the authority to

speak on the subject matter. The information is accurate in the article. The article also gives a

source of references it used in its research and writing. This allows the reader to double-check

the information presented in the article. Lastly, the article has the sole purpose of educating the

public. There is no bias or persuasion used in this academic journal.

The information in this article will help provide me with information on the rate of

poverty in the world. It will also help me explain the topic of poverty in a simple manner.

Additionally, the information presented in the article will help me explain how poverty affects

the youth of our country, as well as the youth of other countries around the world. I will use the

statistics on childhood poverty and childhood development to help develop my argument in my

essay.

Raz, Mical. “What We Get Wrong About the Poverty Gap in Education.” Washington Post, 2

July 2018.

The article “What We Get Wrong About the Poverty Gap in Education” is written by Mical Raz,

a journalist for the Washington Post. The article was written on July 2, 2018. The main idea of

the article is to address the topic of the poverty gap in education. The article also attempts to
address the common misconceptions about the poverty gap in education. The article discusses

how we often stereotype the poor, which leads to inefficient policies put in place to help the

poor. The article states instead we need to communicate and get to know the poor in order to

develop better policies that can help them more.

The purpose of this article is to properly inform those on the problem of the poverty gap

in education. The audience for this writing is the average middle age American interested in the

problem of poverty, and how we can use our knowledge to help solve this problem. The article

challenges the reader to look deeper into the topic of poverty and examine the real reasons why

there is a poverty gap in education.

The author of this article is Mical Raz. Mical is a practicing physician and historian of

health policy. She is an associate professor at the University of Rochester. She completed

medical training at Tel Aviv University. Mical also got her Ph.D. in the History of Medicine

while at Tel Aviv. She has written many articles on the topic of health, education, and poverty.

She has done extensive fieldwork and research on the topics listed previously which makes her a

credible source of information. The information given is very current (2018). The article contains

both relevant and accurate information that will help me answer my research question. The

article has the sole purpose to educate those on what the poverty gap in education is and how to

fix it.

I plan on using the information given in this article to help show the reader that we have

to take an active and aggressive approach in order to solve the problem of poverty. I plan on

telling them the common misconceptions of the impoverished given in this article, to show them

in order to help those in poverty, we need to get to know them first.

Wahlbeck, Kristian, et al. “Interventions to Mitigate the Effects of Poverty and Inequality on

Mental Health.” Sinclair College Off-Campus Authentication Form, Social Psychiatry

and Psychiatric Epidemiology, May 2017,

sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.asp

x%3Fdirect&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.491409246&site=eds-live. Accessed 21 Jan. 2019.

The article “Interventions to Mitigate the Effects of Poverty and Inequality on Mental

Health” was written by Kristian Wahlbeck, Johanna Cresswell-Smith, Peija Haaramo, and

Johannes Parkkonen in 2017. This article explore the relationship between poverty and how that

effects your mental health. The article goes into how your mental health is shaped by your social,

economic, and physical environment. All of these facets of life can be affected by poverty. The

article goes onto explain how those who are living in poverty and socially excluded are more

likely to have mental health problem. The article dives deep into the problem of poverty and how

poverty can cause your mental health to decline rapidly.

The purpose of this article was to inform the public that people don’t chose to have

mental health problems. Mental health problems are a result of your surroundings, which people

who live in poverty don’t have the best surroundings. This leads to them not having the best

mental health. The target audience for this article would be college students who have an interest

in psychology and how the environment can affect your brain. I say this because this article is

written by a psychological journal, thus it would be marketed towards people with an interest in

psychology. This article forces the reader to look at the topics of poverty and mental health and

see how the two topics are interrelated.

 The authors of this article is Kristian Wahlbeck, Johanna Cresswell-Smith, Peija

Haaramo, and Johannes Parkkonen. All of the following authors have extensive training and

education in psychology and psychiatry. They all have professional degrees in psychology, thus

making them credible sources of information while talking about mental health. The information

presented in the article is current. The information in the article is both relevant to my topic as

well as accurate. There is a reference page at the bottom of the journal article, crediting the other

sources used to gather information. Lastly, the purpose of the article was to inform the audience

about how mental health and poverty are connected. This articles goal was to educate its

audience on the topic of mental health and how it is affected by poverty.

I plan on using the information in this article to help me answer my research question on

how poverty can affect people. I plan on using statistics on mental health given in this article to

help me show that poverty can contribute into causing a person to have mental health problems. I

believe that using these statistics will help show how the topics of poverty and mental health are

related to one another.

Wood, David. “Effect of Child and Family Poverty on Child Health in the United States.” AAP

News and Journals Gateway, American Academy of Pediatrics, Sept. 2003,

pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/Supplement_3/707. Accessed 24 Feb. 2019.

The Article “Effect of Child and Family Poverty on Child Health in the United States”

was written by David Wood in 2019. The main idea of this article is to show how poverty can

contribute to negative consequences on a child’s health. It focuses on giving information relevant

to how poverty can cause many health risks to children. These health risks include increased rate
of obesity, a slowing in learning, and increased rate of teen pregnancy. The article dives into the

problem of poverty and how it can ultimately affect our youth.

The purpose of this article was to inform the audience on how poverty can contribute to

negative health outcomes for children. The target audience for this article is going to pediatric

doctors interested in how poverty can affect health. This is written by a pediatric journal; thus, it

would make sense for the journal to be marketed towards pediatricians interested in research

done on poverty and child development. This article forces the reader to look at poverty in a way

that not many people think about it. Most of the time you think of poverty it is associated with

older people, but this article forces the reader to see how poverty affect children in the

community.

The author of this article is David Wood. He is the executive vice president officer at

Beaumont Health in Michigan. This gives David the authority to speak on how poverty affects

children both physically and mentally. The information in the article is very current. The article

gives a list of references to help ensure that the reader knows the information is accurate. The

information is relevant to my research topic. It will help answer my research question of how

poverty affects people. The purpose of the article is to educate people, not persuade them which

makes this a reliable and credible source to use in research.

I plan on using the information on how poverty affects children’s health in answering the

question of how poverty can affect people. I also plan on using the diagrams in this medical

journal to help illustrate the ideas communicated in this article. The statistics provided in the

article about how poverty can cause children’s mental health to deteriorate will help

tremendously in helping me explain how poverty affects people of all ages in society.
Harrell, Erika, et al. “Household Poverty and Nonfatal Violent Victimization, 2008–
2012.” Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, Nov. 2014,
www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/hpnvv0812.pdf.
This article is titles Household Poverty and Nonfatal Violent Victimization, 2008-2012. The

article is written by many authors such as: Erika Harrell, Lynn Langton, Marcus Berzofsky,

Lance Couzens, and Hope Smiley-McDonald. In this article it goes into detail about how the

rates of poverty can affect the crime rates in communities. This article then goes onto explain

that people who live in poverty ridden communities are more likely to become victims of violent

crimes than those people who are living in middle class neighborhoods. The article than gives

some statistical data to prove the point that people living in poverty are more likely to experience

and participate in crime.

I believe this article to be very trustworthy. The information is given by a government

agency that conducted research and statistical analysis. The people involved in conducting this

research have the authority and experience to speak on this subject matter because they have

Ph.D.’s in topics related to studying the relationships between poverty and crime rates. Also, this

information is pretty current as the statistics come from the years 2008-2012. This information is

current enough to use in my report. The information is relevant to helping me prove my point

that poverty affects all people across the board.

I plan on using the information presented in this article to show that poverty can affect even

those who don’t live in poverty. This crime can spread to the suburbs and lead to more crime

occurring in the suburbs. It will help prove my point that poverty truly does affect everyone.