LESSON 5.2: EARTHQUAKE AND EARTHQUAKE
It takes usually in under 10
HAZARDS
EARTHQUAKE- is the sudden movement of the
ground that releases elastic energy stored in
rocks and generates seismic waves. Waves
move outward from the source.
FAULTS- fractures at Earth’s crust where rocks on
one side of the break moves past the rocks on
the other side.
FOCUS- spot where the earthquake began.
EPICENTER- point on Earth’s surface located
directly above the focus of an earthquake.
GROUND SHAKING- describes the vibration of
the ground when an earthquake occurs.
LANDSLIDES- it includes a wide range of ground
movements such as rock fall, rock slide, debris
slide, and shallow debris flow.
LIQUEFACTION- when sand or soil and
groundwater are mixed during the shaking of a
moderate or strong earthquake.
SURFACE RUPTURE- happens only at the area
where the fault zone moves. It is also an offset
of the ground surface when fault rupture
extends to the surface.
PHILVOLCS- recommends a 5-meter buffer zone
from the edge of the deformation zone for
building structures. They found a surface rupture
which is part of the reverse fault called NORRH
Bohol fault about 6-km long.
SECONDARY EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS- are the
results of the primary hazards which can prove
to be more catastrophic. Secondary hazards
due to earthquake includes the ff:
1. Tsunami- it is a huge wave caused by an
earthquake that originates under the
ocean and can cause great destruction
when it reaches the land. It can also be
generated by landslides, underwater
volcanic eruptions, or even an event as
far-fetched as an asteroid hitting the
ocean.
a. Locally generated tsunamis- are
caused by earthquakes from nearby
trenches.
minutes after the strong shaking.
b. Far-filled tsunamis- are generated by
earthquakes from sources that are
located farther from the impact. It
usually takes hours before the waves
arrived depending on how far the
source was.
2. Seiche- it is a standing wave in an
enclosed or partially-enclosed body of
water. Triggered by earthquake waves,
seiches and seiche related phenomena
have been observed in lakes, reservoir,
seas and etc. The standing wave is a
superposition of waves that travels the
whole length of the water and are then
reflected back in the opposite direction.
3. Flooding- is a result of incessant rain and
earthquake.
4. Fire- a major secondary hazard
associated with an earthquake has been
the possibility of fires breaking out after
an earthquake.
LESSON 5.3: INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE
MAGNITUDE- is a measure of earthquake
size. This remains unchanged with respect to
the distance from the earthquake origin.
Magnitude measurement requires
instrumental monitoring for its calculation.
INTENSITY- it describes the degree of shaking
caused by an earthquake at a given place
and decreases with distance from the
earthquake origin or epicenter. Assigning an
intensity requires a sample of the felt
responses of the population. These felt
responses are then graded according to the
European macro seismic scale.
RICHTER SCALE- is used to study earthquakes.
Charles Richter developed it to measure the
magnitude of an earthquake. The most
devastating earthquakes ever recorded are
8 or 9 on the Richter scale.
MODIFIED MERCALLI- measures intensity or
how strong the effects of the earthquake
are. The intensity varies based on position
relative to the epicenter of the earthquake.
 SEISMOGRAPH- it is used to measure the OUTDOORS:
strength of an earthquake. It creates the
 Stay away from buildings, street lights
seismogram, a record of the seismic waves
and utility wires.
from an earthquake.
 Move away from steep slopes that can
LESSON 5.4: HAZARD MAPS lead to landslides.

Main idea: hazard maps are very helpful in INSIDE A VEHICLE:

making emergency plans.
 Stop as quickly as safety permits and get
HAZARD MAPS- are essential in out of the vehicle.
understanding the risk present in a certain  Proceed cautiously once the
area. It shows the different degrees of earthquake has stop.
hazard usually classified into low, moderate
AT THE BEACH:
and high degrees. The hazard map created
by the Manila Observatory and the DENR  Be aware of possible tsunamis if you are
shows the vulnerability and probability of an in coastal areas.
earthquake in the country.  Stay away from the beach and move to
safe grounds once the local authorities
LESSON 5.5: PRECAUTIONARY AND SAFETY
issue a tsunami warning.
MEASURES
 When you see a shoreline fall back and
Before an earthquake: all you can see is sand, move to higher
grounds as the sudden rush of water
 Hang heavy items such as pictures and
comes.
mirrors away from anywhere that people
sit. AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE:
 Brace overhead light fractures.
 Go out safely and take the fastest and
 Repair potential fire risks such as leaky
safest way out of the building.
gas.
 Listen and be updated with the latest
 Secure a water heater.
emergency information using a battery
 Repair any deep cracks in ceilings or
operator radio or television.
foundations.
 Use the telephone only for emergency
 Conduct and participate in regular
calls.
earthquake drills.
 Open cabinets cautiously.
 Know where fire extinguishers, first aid kits
 Stay away from damaged areas.
and alarms are located.
 Help injured or trapped persons.
 Familiarized yourself with the exit routes.
 Clean up spilled medicines, bleaches,
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE (INDOORS): gasoline immediately. Leave the area if
you smell gas or fumes from other
 Drop, cover and hold on.
chemicals.
 Stay away from glass windows that could
 Inspect utilities.
fall.
 Check for gas leaks.
 Stay in bed if you are there when the
earthquake strikes. LESSON 6.1: WHAT ARE VOLCANOES
 Use a doorway for shelter only if it is close
VOLCANOES- are mountains that have the
proximity.
capacity to erupt at any time.
 Stay inside until shaking stops and it is
safe to go outside. Classification of volcanoes by activity:
 Be aware of the electricity that may go
out. Active volcanoes- are volcanoes that tend to
 Do not use elevators. erupt or is already erupting.
Dormant- volcanoes that are not erupting
sometime in the near future. It is considered as
active threats even if they have not exhibited
any activity for a long time.
Extinct- are volcanoes that have not erupted to
the last 30,000-40,000 years and are not
expected to erupt anytime soon.
Classification of volcanoes by composition and
structure:
Shield volcano- are generally low and has a
dome shape like the shield of medieval knights.
Cinder cone- are viewed as hardened lava.
Which piled up around the vent and then
formed a mountain. They are also known as
cone-shaped volcanoes and the simplest type.
Composite volcanoes- are the common one.
Because they are formed by alternative
alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic
materials.
Classification of volcanoes by eruptions:
Explosive eruptions- happens due to the
buildup of thick magma with high silica content.
It is slow slowing and very viscous.
Quiet eruption- emits a lot of lava coming from
a fissure or a crack in the surface.
LESSON 6.2: VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is located within the
pacific ring of fire. The oceanic Philippine sea
plate is subducting underneath the Philippine
Mobile Belt along the Philippine’s trench to the
east.
ARC- is the chain of volcanoes.
The current active volcanoes in the
Philippines is in Bicol arch, where Mount Iriga,
Mount Mayon and Mount Bulusan are found.
LESSON 6.3: SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
 Volcanic Gas
 Lava
 Volcanic Slide
 Pyroclastic Flows
 Volcanic Ash
LESSON 6.4: HAZARDS FROM VOLCANOES
LAHAR- is a mudflow composed of rocky debris,
water and pyroclastic material. It flows down
from a volcano. It has a maximum temperature
of 100 degrees—the boiling point of water. The
movement of lahar may cause devastation
compared to lava flow.
ASH FALL- unlike soft ash, that is produced by
product of combustion, volcanic ash or tephra
is hard, extremely abrasive, mildly corrosive,
conducts electricity when wet, and does not
dissolve in water. Wind carries and spreads the
ash faraway from the eruption site, this is known
as eruption cloud.
PYROCLASTIC FLOW- is high-density mixtures of
hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases that
move away from the vent that erupted them at
high speeds. It is known to exhibit high
temperatures.
BALLISTIC PROJECTILE- are basically rocks that
an erupting volcano sends into the air.
VOLCANIC GASES- water vapor makes up most
of the volcanic gas. Volcanic gases are
dangerous due to their temperature and
toxicity. Other gases that can be released are
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen fluorine, and helium.
LAVA FLOW- is described as a stream of molten
rocks that flows out of a volcano or volcanic
vent. Lava flows can be very fluid or very sticky,
depending on its composition and
temperature.
LESSON 6.5: WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING, AND
AFTER A VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Before a volcanic eruption:
 Identify the different volcanic hazards.
 Evaluate the risk for volcanic disasters.
 If there is a high risk, putting up of building
structures should not be done.
 Relocate when you are in a danger
zone.
  Familiarize yourself and your family with
hazard maps, evacuation areas,
evacuation routes and evacuation
protocols set by authorities.

During a volcanic eruption:

 Listen to the emergency information and

follow the evacuation order issued by
authorities.
 Avoid the areas near the volcano.
 If caught indoors, you should close all
windows, doors and dampers.
 Bring animals and livestock into close
shelters.
 Call your emergency contact person
and inform them of your whereabouts.
 If you are outdoors, seek shelter indoors
as soon as possible.
 Be aware of sudden rainfall which could
lead to mudflows.
 Remember to stay out of the defined
danger zones.

After the volcanic eruption:

 Stay away from volcanic ash fall areas as

much as possible.
 Always wear goggles to protect your
eyes and keep your skin covered to
avoid irritation from contact with ash.
 It would be best to stay indoors until local
health officials advise that it is safe to go
outside.
 When going outside to help, do so with
caution.