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r INTRODUCTION
In this chapter,the analysis methods learned in Chap-
ters 16 and 17 are extendedto the coverageof circuits
with combinationsof resistive,inductive,and capaci-
tive elements.Series and parallel RZC circuits, plus
series-parallelcombinations, are studied.
Circuits with both inductance and capacitance
can exhibit the property of resonance,which is impor-
PART4: SP E C IATLOP IC S
18-B Bandwidthof Resonant Circuits
1B-9 Applications
1 B- 1 0 Technology Theoryinto Practice
Electronics
Workbench(EWB)and
PSpiceTutorialsat
prenhall.com/f
http://www. loyd
r TECHnology
I
Theory
Into
Practice
OBfECTIVES
r CHAPTER
PART1; SERIES REACTIVE CIRCUITS PART 3: SERIES.PARALLEL REACTIVE
E Determinethe impedanceof a seriesRIC circuit CIRCUITS
D A n a l y z es e r i e sR L C c i r c u i l s D Analyze series-parallel
RIC circuits
D Analyzea circuit for resonance
PART 4: SPECIAL TOPICS
PART2: PARALLEL REACTIVE CIRCUITS tr Determinethe bandwidthof resonantcircuits
E Determinethe impedanceof a parallel resonant tr Discusssomeapplicationsof resonantcircuits
circuit
D A n a l y z ep a r a l l eR
l L Cc i r c u i t s
D Analvze a circuit for parallel resonance
1 8 - 1 r I M PE D A N COF
E S E R IER
S IC CIRCUITS
A series RLC circuit contains both inductunce and capacitance. Since inductive reac-
tance and capacitive reectance have opposite efficts on the circuit phase angle, the
total reactance is less than either individual resctance.
F I G U R E1 B - 1 R L C
Serics RLC circuit.
@Fr
-6 1
l_
: :_L
As you know, inductive reactance(X;) causesthe total current to lag the applied
voltage. Capacitivereactance(X6') has the opposite effect: It causesthe current to lead the
voltage. Thus X. and X, tend to offset each other. When they are equal, they cancel, and
the total reactanceis zero. In any case,the magnitude of the total reactancein the series
circuit is
X,o,=lX"-X"l (18-1)
710
EF S E R I ERSI C C I R C U I T SI
I M P E D A N CO 711
The term IXL - Xcl meansthe absolutevalue of the difference of the two reactances.That
is, the sign of the result is consideredpositive no matter which reactanceis greater.For
example, 3 - 1 = -4, but the absolute value is
lz-ll-+
When X; > X6, the circuit is predominantly inductive, and when Xs > XL, the circuit is
predominantly capacitive.
The total impedancefor the seriesRIC circuit is statedin rectangularform in Equa-
tion (18-2) and in polar form in Equation (18-3).
Z=R+jXr-jXc (18-2)
EXAMPLE 1B-1 Determinethe total impedancein Figure 18-2. Expressit in both rectangularand polar
forms.
F I G U R E1 B - 2 R
C 470pF
I
Solution First, find X6 and X7.
x-' = -L = 3.39ko
pF)
2nfC 2nt100kHzx470
Xr= 2nfL= 2n(I00kHzXlOmH)= 6.28kA
In this case,Xl is greater than X6, and thus the circuit is more inductive than capaci-
tive. The magnitude of the total reactanceis
X,o,=lX|-xsl= l 6 . z st o - 3 . 3 9 k a l = 2 . 8 9k a inductive
z = R + (iXr- jxd= 5 . 6k Q + ( j 6 . 2 8 k O - j 3 . 3 9 k O ) = s . 6 k O + j 2 . 8 9 k O
Z = \F * x:,zrun'(h \
\ R /
=@ (28 J9\ = e.nzzt.3"ko
ztan-'
\s.6ko/
The calculator sequencefor conversionfrom the rectangularto the polar form is to first
selectpolar on the MODE screen,then
m @a @@ @e @I @@@ @e GFtr]
Related Prohlem Determine Z in polar form if /is increasedto 200 kHz.
712 I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E
As you have seen,when the inductive reactanceis greater than the capacitivereac-
tance, the circuit appears inductive; so the current lags the applied voltage. when the
capacitive reactanceis greater, the circuit appears capacitive, and the cument leads the
appliedvoltage.
SECTION1B-1 1. In a given seriesRZC circuit, x6. is 150 Q and,xp is 80 o. what is the total reac-
REVIEW tancein ohms?ls it inductiveor capacitive?
2. Determinethe impedancein polar form for the circuit in euestion I when R =
47 Q. what is the magnitude of the impedance?what is the phaseangle?Is the cur-
renl leadingor laggingthe appliedvoltage?
,IB_2I ANALYSIS
OF SERIES
RI.CCIRCUITS
Recall that capacitive reuctance varies inversely with frequency and that inductive
reactance varies directly with frequency. In this section, the combined effects of the
reactances as afunction offrequency are examined.
Figure l8-3 showsthat for a typical seriesRIC circuit the total reactancebehavesasfol-
lows: starling at a very low frequency,X. is high, and X1 is low, and the circuit is pre-
dominantly capacitive.As the frequency is increased,X. decreasesand Xlincreases until
a value is reachedwhere X. = Xr. andthe two reactancescancel, making the circuit purely
resistive.This condition is series resonanceand will be studiedin Section l8-3. As the
frequency is increased further, X1 becomes greater rhan Xc, and the circuit is predomi-
nantly inductive.Example 18-2 illustrateshow the impedanceand phaseangle changeas
the sourcefrequencyis varied.
Capacitive: Inductive:
xc> xr. Xr> xc
Xr.= Xc
t
Seriesresonance
A N A L Y S IO SI C C I R C U I T Sr
S F S E R I ER 713
EXAMPLE
1B_2 For each of the following input frequencies,lind the impedance in polar form for the
circuit in Figure 18-4. Note the changein magnitudeand phaseangle with frequency.
(a)f=1v11t (b) f=2kHz (c) kHz (d)./=5 kHz
"f=3.5
F I C U R E1 B - 4
Solution
(a) At/= l kHz,
z = V R\ t(ILet\
lxr- xr,)'z-tan
-
\ R /
=@ z - t a n ' ( J i 1 ! 9 \ = a . o + z - e s k. 8o.
\3.3kO/
(b) At/= 2kHz,
X 'r = =3.98kl)
2rc(2kHz)t0.02 pF)
Xr= 2n(2 kHz)(100mH) = 1.26kO
,tl2.t2 ka\
z = V G 3 k o ) 2+ 1 1 . 2 k6a - 3 . 9 8k Q ) 2 z - t a n
\33ko/
= 4.281-39.5' kO
X '. = =l.l7ka
2 n ( 3 . 5k H z X 0 . 0 2s F )
Xt= 2n(3.5kHz)(100mH) = 2.20 kQ
The circuit is very close to being purely resistivebecauseXg and X, are nearly
equal,but is still slightly capacitive.The impedanceis
z= ' z-tun-'l!!Z-!q1
\3.3ko/
= 3.31-1.22"kdl
(d) At/= 5 kH.
| =l.59ko
X' . -
2n(5kHzX0.02pF)
mH) = 3.14kO
Xt= 2n(5kHz)(100
714 T R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E
= 3.65225.2' kdl
Notice how the circuit changed from capacitive to inductive as the frequency
increased.The phasecondition changedfrom the current leading to the current lagging
as indicated by the sign of the angle. It is interesting to note that the impedancemag-
nitude decreasedto a minimum approximately equal to the resistanceand then began
increasing again.
In a series RLC circuit, the capacitor voltage and the inductor voltage are always
180' out of phase with each other. For this reason, Vs and V; subtract from eachother,
and thus the voltage acrossl, and C combined is always less than the larger individual
voltage acrosseither element, as illustrated in Figure 18-5 and in the waveform diagran
of Figure 18-6.
F I G U R E1 B - 5
The voltage across the series combination
of C arul L is always less than the larger
indivi.dual voltage.
F I G U R E1 8 - 6
Vg2 is the algebraic sum of V1 and Vs.
Because of the phase relationship, Va and.
V6 effectively subtract.
In the next example, Ohm's law is used to find the current and voltases in the series
RIC circuit.
A N A L Y S IO
S F S E R I ERST CC I R C U I T S
EXAMPLE
1B_3 Find the cunent and the voltages across each element in Figure 18-7. Express each
quantity in polar form, and draw a complete voltage phasor diagram.
FIGURE1B-7 R
v, LJ.
t0t0" v 2501
60c|
Z = R + j X r - j X c = 7 5 Q + j 2 5 O - j 6 0 t 2 = ' 7 5O - j 3 5 O
z=lP 1P
a y z ,, . - r u n - t ( x ' ' ' \
\ R /
F I G U R E1 B - 8 3.03V VR
VL 9.08V
10v
V,
vc
7.26V
Related Problem What will happento the current if the frequency in Figure l8-7 is
increased?
716 r R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E
SECTION1B_2 1. The following voltages occur in a certain seriesRIC circuit. Determine the
REVIEW voltage:Y n = 24130" V. V. - l5ll20" V, and V6 = 451-60" Y.
2. When R = 1.0 kQ, Xc = 1.8 kQ, andXl= 1.2 kf2, does the current lead or lag
applied voltage?
3. Determine the total reactancein Question 2.
1 8 - 3 r S E R IERESONANCE
S
In a series RLC circuit, series resonunce occurs when X6 = Xr. The frequency at
which resonance occars is culled the resonant frequency and is designatedf,.
XC XL
F I C U R E1 B - 9
Seriesresonance,Xs and Xa canceleach other resulting in a purely resistivecircuit.
Z,=R+JXL_JXC
At resonance,Xr = Xc and the / terms cancel; thus, the impedanceis purely
These resonantconditions are statedin the following equations:
Xt= Xc
Zr= R
SE S O N A N C E.
S E R I ER 717
EXAMPLE
1B-4 For the seriesRIC circuit in Fieure 18-10. determine X. and Z at resonance.
FIGURE
1B-10
Z , = R + j X L - j x c = 1 0 0Q + j 5 0 0 O - j 5 0 0 Q = 1 0 0 2 0 ' O
Related Problem Just below the resonantfrequency,is the circuit more inductive or
more capacitive?
H C U R E1 B - 1 1 vc, vt. vc vr
At the resonant frequency, f,, the voltages
acrossC and L are equal in magnitude. VR tu# VR fuv^
Sincethey are 180" out of phase with eqch
other,they cancel, leaving 0 V across the
LC combination (point A to point B). The
ir= f4 {-lF-"unn-i
sectionof the circuit from A to B
v J, v, )"r
ffictively laoks like a short ai resonance.
vL
v^
Atl 1: 4o,=0 B^ f
l< 90'
----0v---- tl--*v"
\
*lf, t /n,"
Y
v
vn=v, VC
(c., (d)
7"IB I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E
SeriesResonantFrequency
For a given seriesRtC circuit, resonancehappens at only one specific frequency.A for-
mula for this resonantfrequency is developedas follows:
Xt= Xc
1
t- - (18-6)
2n\/ LC
F I G U R E1 B - 1 2
f,=;h=t;5ffi=318kHz
Related Problem If C = 0.01 prFin Figure l8-I2, what is the resonantfrequency?
SeriesRIC lmpedance
At frequenciesbelow/|, Xc> Xri thus, the circuit is capacitive.At the resonantfrequency,
Xc = Xr, so the circuit is purely resistive.At frequencies above/;, XL > Xc', thus, the cir-
cuit is inductive.
The impedancemagnitude is minimum at resonance(Z = R) and increasestn
above and below the resonantpoint. The graph in Figure 18-13 illustrates how i
changeswith frequency.At zero frequency, both X6' and Z are infinitely large and X;
zero becausethe capacitor looks like an open at 0 Hz and the inductor looks like a short.
As the frequency increases,X6 decreasesand X7 increases.Since X6 is larger thanX1
frequencies below f,, Z deqeases along with Xc. At f,, Xc = Xr and Z = R. At fl
abovefi X; becomesincreasingly larger than Xg, causing Z to increase.
SE S O N A N C E.
S E R I ER 719
F I G U R E1 8 - 1 3 z(o)
Serics RLC impedanceas a function of
frequency.
EXAMPTE
18_6 For the circuit in Figure 18-14, determine the impedance magnitude at the following
frequencies:
(a) f, (b) 1000 Hzbelow f, (c) 1000 Hz abovef,
FIGURE
1B-14
Solution
(a) At f,, the impedanceis equalto R.
Z = R = 1 0d L
To determinethe impedanceaboveandbelowJ, first calculatethe resonantfrequency.
1=;+-- = 5.03
kHz
zr|v LL 2nV1100mH.1(0.01pF)
(b) At 1000Hz belowf,, the frequencyandreactances
areasfollows:
f =f,- lkHz= 5.03kHz - 1 kHz =4.03kH2
Xr= -L = 3.95kf,
2nfC 2nt4.03kHzx0.0l rrF)
Xr=2nfL=2n(4.03kHz)(100mH) = 2.fikA
Therefore,the impedanceaLf, - 1 kHz is
z=f R'+(xr-xr)=
, @ =L42ka
(c) At f 000 Hz above
f,.
f = 5.03kHz + I kHz = 6.03kllz
X'c = ;
.;=;] - =2.61ktt
2n16.03 kHzXO.0lpF;
Xr= 2n(6.03kHz)(100mH) = 3.79kA
Therefore,the impedanceatf, + 1 kHz is
z =Y 00 Q)2+ (3.79ka - 2.64ko)2 = 1.15kO
720 r AND RESONANCE
RIC CIRCUITS
F I G U R E1 B - 1 5
Current and voltage magnitudesas a function of frequency in a seriesRLC circuit. Vs
Va ca.nbe much larger than the sourcevoltage.
The resistor voltage, Va, follows the current and is maximum (equal to %) at
nanceand zeroatf = 0 and atl= F, as shown in Figure 18-15(b). The general
the V6 and Vl curves are indicated in Figure 18-15(c) and (d). Notice that V, = l/,
f = 0, because the capacitor appears open. Also notice that V1 approachesV"
approachesinfinity, becausethe inductor appearsopen.
The voltages are maximum at resonancebut drop off above and belowf,. The
ages acrossL and C at resonanceare exactly equal in magnitude but 180o out of
so they cancel. Thus, the total voltage acrossboth L and C is zero, and Va = V, al
nance,as indicatedin Figure l8-16. Individually, VTandV6car be much greater
source voltage, as you will see later. Keep in mind that V7 and V6 are always
polarity regardlessof the frequency,but only at resonanceare their magnitudes
SE S O N A N C E.
S E R I ER 721
F I G U R E1 B - 1 6
SeriesRLC circuit at
resona,nce.
Vn= vt
EXAMPLE
1B-7 Find 1, Vp, V6 and Vc'at resonancein Figure 18-17. The resonantvaluesof X1 andX6
are shown.
F I G U R E1 B - 1 7
5ov,=22.7mA
t=L=
R 2.2k4
Notice that all of the source voltage is dropped acrossthe resistor.Also, of course, V;
andVs are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase.This causesthesevoltagesto can-
cel, making the total reactive voltage zero.
(a) Below/), 1leads I{. (b) Att, 1is in phasewith I{ (c) Above/),1lags I{
FIGURE 1B-18
The phase angle as a function offrequency in a seriesRLC circuit.
I Coverage ofparallel reactive circuits begins in Chapter 16, part 2, on page 611,
18-4T IMPEDANCE
OF PARALLET
RI.CCIRCUITS
In this section, you will learn how to determine the impedance and phase angle of a
parallel RLC circuit, Also, conduct&nce,sasceptance,and admittunce of a parallel
RLC circait ure covered.
Figure 18-19 shows a parallel RLC cncuit. The total impedance can be calculated
using the reciprocal of the sum-of-reciprocals method, just as was done for circuits
with resistors in oarallel.
i 1 1 1
T - T -
z Rzj' xLzgjo xcl-90"
z- 1 1 1
(18-7)
- T
T -
Rlj" xLz90" xcl-90'
FIGURE 18-19
Paralkl RLC circuit.
723
724 T RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE
F I C U R E1 B - 2 0
|
Z=
10mS+ jlO mS
\410,ns)jl (10-$zztun-'l19 t! )
\l0mS/
= --+ ^ = 7 0 , 7 1 - 4 5A
'
14.14245"
mS
The negative angle shows that the circuit is capacitive. This may surprise you, since
xz > xc.However, in a parallel circuit, the smaller quantity has the greater effect on
the total current. Similar to the case of resistancesin parallel, the smaller reactance
draws more current and has the greater effect on the total Z.
In this circuit, the total current leads the total voltage by a phase angle of 45o,
Related Problem If the ftequency in Figure 18-20 increases,does the impedance
increaseor decrease?
Conductance,Susceptance/
and Admittance
The conceptsofconductance (G), capacitive susceptance(86,),inductive susceptance
and admittance (Y) were discussed in chapters 16 and 17, The phasor formulas
restatedhere.
c; !'.eio'
n2oe
EF P A R A L L ERLt C C I R C U I T SI
I M P E D A N CO 725
I
Br' = ;;--;- = Bt l-90" = -jBt (18-10)
xLl90'
1
(18-11)
"=zfr=Yl+o=G+jBc-jBr
As you know, the unit of each of these quantities is the siemens (S).
1B-e
EXAMPLE totar
susceptance'
and
lff'#n:n"rffifi',#;ii?flliffi,ll'li#ill;#*::l'"
F I G U R E1 B - 2 . I
Solution = = 1ooZo.mS
" # ** n=
B,= = mS
r0z+0"a= 100290"
nh
SECTION1B-4 1. In a certain parallel RLC circfit, the capacitive reactanceis 60 Q, and the inductive
REVIEW reactanceis 100 O. Is the circuit predominantly capacitive or inductive?
) Determine the admittanceof a parallel circuit in which R = 1.0 k{r, Xc = 500 Q, and
Xr= l.2k{1.
3. In Question 2, what is the impedance?
726 I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E
18-5 r ANALYSIS
OF PARAIIELRIC CIRCUITS
As you have seen, the smaller reactunce in a parallel circuit dominqtes becuuseit
results in the larger brunch current. In this section, you will exqmine current rela-
tionships in parallel circuits,
Recall that capacitive reactancevaries inversely with frequency and that inductive reac-
tance varies directly with frequency. In a parallel RZC circuit at low frequencies,the
inductive reactanceis less than the capacitive reactance;therefore, the circuit is inductive,
As the frequency is increased,X1 increases and Xs decreasesuntil a value is reached
where Xz = Xc. This is the point of parallel resonance.As the frequency is increased
ther, Xg becomes smaller than X7, and the circuit becomescapacitive.
CurrentRelationships
In a parallel RIC circuit, the current in the capacitivebranch and the current in the induc-
tive branch are always 180' out of phasewith each other (neglecting any coil resistance),
BecauseIs and 11 add algebraically, the total current is actually the difference in their
magnitudes.Thus, the total current into the parallel branches of L and C is alwaysless
than the largest individual branch current, as illustrated in Figure 18-22 and in the wave-
form diagram ofFigure 18-23. Ofcourse, the current in the resistive branch is always900
out of phase with both reactive cuffents, as shown in the current phasor diagram of Fig-
ure 18-24.
F I G U R E1 B - 2 2
The total current into the parallel
combinatinn of C and L is the dffirence
of the two branch currents.
F I G U R E1 B - 2 3
Ig and Ia effectivelysubtract.
RTCCIRCUITST 727
OF PARALLEL
ANALYSIS
F I C U R E1 B - 2 4
Typicalcurrent phasor diagramfor a
parallel RLC circuit.
EXAMPLE 1B-10 Find eachbranch cuffent and the total current in Figure
F I C U R E1 B - 2 5
AC
so
Solution Use Ohm's law to find each branch current in phasor form.
^ -= lt
'r^ - 5lo' v = 2.27zo"A.
R 2.2lo"e
5zo"v =ll9tJ"A
f - =- V ' -
" x- 5z-90" t)
V. - slo'v = o . S Z - 9 0 "A
l ," =
xL 10290"t)
The total cuffentis the phasorsumof the branchcurrents.By Kirchhoff's law,
lror=ln+I.+I.
= 2.2'7 /0' A + ll90' A + 0.52.-90"A
= 2 . 2 1A + 7 1 A - j 0 . 5 A = 2 . 2 1A + j 0 . 5 A
Converlingto polar form yields
F I G U R E1 B - 2 6
Ic Ir
Related Prohlem Will total current increase or decreaseif the frequency in Figure
18-25 is increased?
sEcTtoN
1B-s 1. In a three-branchparallel circuit. R = 150 f). X. = 100 Q, and X1= 50 O.
REVIEW mine the current in eachbranchwhen V" = l2Y.
2, The impedanceof a parallel RIC circuit is 2.81*38.9" kQ. Is the circuit capaci
or inductive?
18-6 T PARALLEL
RESONANCE
In this section, we will first look at the resonant condition in an ideal parallel LC
cuit, Then, we will examine the more reslistit cuse where the resistunce of the coil
tqken into account.
Conditionfor ldealParallelResonance
Ideally, parallel resonanceoccurs when Xc = Xr.The frequency at which
occurs is called the resonantfrequency, }ust as in the seriescase.When X6 - X7, the
branch currents, 16 and 17, are eqtaTin magnitude, and, of course, they are always1
out of phase with each other. Thus, the two currents cancel and the total current is
as shown in Figure 18-27.
Since the total current is zero, the impedance of the parallel lC circuit is
targe (*). These ideal resonantconditions are stated as follows:
XL= Xc
Zr= *
The ldealParallelResonantFrequency
For an ideal (no resistance)parallel resonant circuit, the frequency at which
occurs is determined by the same formula as in seriesresonantcircuits; that is,
{_ r
t'-
2n\,Ec
RESONANCE.
PARALLEL 729
IC
.
I
f---+v
I
IL
TIGURE 1B-27
Ani.ilealparallel LC circuit at resonance.
TankCircuit
The parallel resonantLC circuit is often called a tank circuit. The term tank circuit rcfers
to the fact that the parallel resonantcircuit stores energy in the magnetic fleld of the coil
and in the electric field of the capacitor. The stored energy is transfemedback and forth
between the capacitor and the coil on alternate half-cycles as the current goes first one
way and then the other when the inductor deenergizesand the capacitor charges,and vice
versa.This conceptis illustratedin Figure 18*28.
F I G U R E1 B - 2 8
Energy storage in an ideal parallel resonant tank circuit.
F I G U R E1 B - 2 9
Generalizedimpedancecumefor a parallel resonantcircuit, The circuit is inductivebelowfn
resistiveat f, and capacitiveabovef,.
Ltr=2 (18-13)
The phase angle of the parallel resonant circuit is 0o because the impedanceis
purely resistive at the resonantfrequency.
znr.r(Q't- | \= I
\ O. J 2nf,C
where Q is the quality factor of the coil, Xy'Rw.Solving for f,in terms of e yields
f'=#tf (1B-14)
Therefore, the parallel resonant frequency is approximately the same as the seriesreso-
nant frequency as long as Q is equal to or greater than 10.
f,=# forQ)10
RESONANCEI
PARALLEL 731
-
" \/T @TctL)
ft=----------- (1B-1s)
2nYLC
EXAMPLE 1B-1 1 Find the precise frequency and the value of Q at resonancefor the circuit in Figure
I 8-30.
F I C U R E1 B - 3 0
v, L
10v 0.05pF
0 =Rw
+ = 4100
€ o= t 4 . t
Note that since Q > 10, the approximate formula, /| = ll2tFfC, can be used.
Related Prohlem For a smaller R1a,will/| be less than or greater than 2.25 kIIz?
I Coverageof series-parallel resctive circuits begins in Chapter 16, Part 3, on page 620.
"18.7I ANATYSIS
OF SERIES.PARALLEL
RI.CCIRCUITS
In this section, series and parallel combinations of R, L, and C elements are analyzed
in specific examples.Also, conversion of a series-parallel circuit to an eqaivalent par-
allel circuit is covered and resonance in u nonideal parallel circuit is considered.
The following two examples illustrate an approach to the analysis of circuits with both
series and parallel combinations of resistance,inductance, and capacitance.
In Figure 18-31, find the voltage acrossthe capacitor in polar form. Is this circuit pre-
dominantly inductive or capacitive?
732
ANALYSIS RtC CIRCUITSI
OF SERIES-PARALLEL 733
Solution Use the voltage-divider formula in this analysis. The impedance of the
seriescombination of R1 and Xt is called Zy In rcctangular form,
Zt = Rt-r jXr= 1000O + j500 O
zr=f4xlztun-'(*\
"
\R'/
=@ z L a n - t ( - Q - 9 _ ) = l l l s / 2 6 . 6 "Q
\ r uuu
rrl
The impedanceof the parallel combination of R2 and X6' is called 22. In polar form,
Z', = ( - \z-,unt/&\
\ V n 3 +x ? ) \xcl
= [@17-,u,,-r/looo a\= 44it-63.4"
!)
LVtroooQ)2+ (sooQ)2| \ sooa /
Converting to rectangular form yields
Zz.=Zzcos0+jZ2sin0
= 447 cos(-63.4") + j447 sin(*63.4") = 200 f) - j400 O
Z, { L \ - ^ . ^ ^- - =
v '- = ( W.- = ( 4 4 7 2 - 6 3 ' 4 Y 18'61-68'2'V
\z,o,l \120414.76. A)5010"
Therefore,V6'is 18.6V and lags V,by 68.2".
The { term in 2,o,, or the positive angle in its polar form, indicates that the cir-
cuit is more inductive than capacitive. However, it is just slightly more inductive,
becausethe angle is small. This result may surpriseyou, becauseXc=XL = 500 Q.
However, the capacitor is in parallel with a resistor, so the capacitor actually has less
effect on the total impedance than does the inductor. Figure 18-32 shows the phasor
relationship of V6, and V". Although Xc = Xr, this circuit is not at resonance,because
theTterm of the total impedanceis not zero due to the parallel combination of R2 andXs.
You can see this by noting that the phase angle associatedwith Z,o, is 4.76' and not
zeto.
F I C U R E1 B - 3 2
Related Problem Determine the voltage across the capacitor in polar form if R1 is
increasedto 2.2 kQ.
734 I RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE
EXAMPLE
1B-13 For the reactive circuit in Figure 18-33, find the voltage at point B with respect to
ground.
F I C U R E1 B - 3 3 ^c2
\ I Output
3020" y
l
Solution The voltage (Vu) at point B is the voltage acrossthe open output terminals.
Use the voltage-divider approach.To do so, you must know the voltage (Va) at point A
first; so you need to find the impedancefrom pointA to ground as a starting point.
The parallel combination of Xa and R2 is in serieswith X62. This combination is
in parallel with R,. Call this impedance from point A to ground, Zo. To find Za,
take the following steps.The impedance of the parallel combination of R2 and X1 is
called 21.
Z ,= (
=(
Zz=Xcz]- Zr
= lZ-90" Q + 4.24258oC)= -/l e + 2.25 e +73.6 e
= 2.25 {l + j2.6 A
F I G U R E1 B - 3 4
V,
3020" v
2.'.75t37.r.
A
ANALYSIS RtC CIRCUITS I
OF SERIES-PARALLEL 735
Next, use the voltage-divider principle to find the voltage (Va) at point A in Fig-
ure 18-33. The total impedanceis
Z r o r = X 6 1I Z 4
= 2 2 - 9 0 " Q + 2 . 1 5 2 3 1 . 1 'f ) = - i 2 Q + 2 . 1 9A + i 1 . 6 6f 2
= 2 . 1 9O - j 0 . 3 4 0 O
z,o,= @ 0'3a0o
ztan-r/ 1= 2.221-8.82"
e
\ z . r sr , l - " " "
The voltageat point A is
( 4'24ts8' Q \1'j
v ,- = ( Z t \ v ^ -= ' 2 / 4 5 ' e " Y = 4 5 ' 9 2 5 4 ' 8 "Y
\2,1 \zt+z+or a)37
Surprisingly, V1 is greater than V", and Vs is greater than Va! This result is possible
becauseof the out-of-phase relationship of the reactive voltages. Remember that X6
and Xy tend to cancel each other.
FIGURE
1B-35
^c2
z2
Related Problem What is the voltage in polar form across C, in Figure 18-33?
Conversionof Series-Parallel
to Parallel
The particular series-parallelconliguration shown in Figure 18-36 is important becauseit
representsa circuit having parallel L and C branches,with the winding resistanceof the
coil taken into account as a seriesresistancein the l, branch.
It is helpful to view the series-parallel circuit in Figure 18-36 in an equivalent
parallel form, as indicatedin Figure 18-37.
FIGURE 18_36 F I G U R E1 B - 3 7
A series-parallelRLC circuit Parallel equivalentform of the
(Q = XJRil. circuit in Figure 18-36,
736 I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E
1."=L(+) (18-16)
Rp("q)=R*(Qz+1) ('tB-17)
where Q is the quality factor of the coil, XLlRw. Derivations of these formulas are quite
involved and thus are not given here. Notice in the equationsthat for a Q > 10, the value
of Z"n is approximately the same as the original value of Z. For example, if L = 10 mH,
then
EXAMPLE 18-14 Convert the series-parallelcircuit in Figure 18-38 to an equivalent parallel form at the
given frequency.
F I G U R E1 B - 3 8
X r = 2 n J L = 2 n ( 1 5 . 9 k H z ) ( 5m H ) = 5 g g I
The Q of the coil is
o^ =x ;, : =5 0f0foi = 2 0
SinceQ > 10, thenL.r= L= 5 mH.
The equivalent parallel resistanceis
,Parallel equivalent
7 ofinductive branch
/ in Figure 18-38
0.02pF C
0.02pF
(a) Parallel equivalent of the circuit in Figure 18-38 (b) Ro,ru=R1ll Roleqy
= 3.2kc)
FIGURE1B-39
Conditionsin a NonidealCircuit
ParallelResonant
The resonanceof an ideal parallel LC circlit was examined in Section 18-6. Now, let's
consider resonancein a tank circuit with the resistanceof the coil taken into account. Fig-
ure 18-40 shows a nonideal tank circuit and its parallel RIC equivalent.
F I G U R E1 B - 4 0
A practical treatmentof parallel resonantcircuits must include the coil resistance,
Recall that the quality facror, Q, of the circuit at resonanceis simply the Q of the
coil.
o=xt
Rw
The expressionsfor the equivalent inductance and the equivalent parallel resistancewere
givenin Equations(18-16) and (18-17) as
'",='(%))
R p ( " q ) =R * ( Q 2 + l )
F o r Q > 1 0 ,L . r = L .
738 I RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE
At parallel resonarce,
Xzt"q)= Xc
In the parallel equivalent circuit, Ro1"4is in parallel with an ideal coil and a capaci
tor, so the 1- and C branches act as an ideal tank circuit which has an infinite imped-
ance at resonance as shown in Figure 18-41. Therefore, the total impedance of the
nonideal tank circuit at resonance can be expressedas simply the equivalent parallel
resistance.
r+ Rw(Qz+ 1)
F I G U R E1 B - 4 1
At resonance,the parallel LC portion appearsopen and the sourceseesonly Ropo;,.
1B-15 Determine the impedance of the circuit in Figure 1842 at the resonant frequency
EXAMPLE
(f, = 17,794 Hz).
F I G U R E1 B - 4 2
C
0 . 0 1p F
0 =R+w= t5l0=Oo=l n . e
+ 1) = 59 Q(I7.92+ 1) = 16.1191
Z,= Rw(Q2
RelatedProblem DetermineZ,for R* = 10 fl.
RIC CIRCUITST 739
OF SERIES_PARALLEL
ANALYSIS
Affectsa TankCircuit
An ExternalParallelLoadResistance
There are many practical situations in which an external load resistanceappearsin paral-
lel with a tank circuit as shown in Figure 18-43(a). Obviously, the external resistor (R1)
will dissipatea portion of the power delivered by the source and thus will lower the over-
all Q of the circuit. The external resistor effectively appearsin parallel with the equiva-
lent parallel resistanceof the coil, Rp1e4,and both are combined to determine a total par-
allel resistance,Rp1nt1, as indicatedin Figure 18-43(b).
Rpgot)= Rr ll Rp("q)
R.*
FIGURE 1B-43
Tankcircuit with a parallel load resistor and its equivalent circuit.
R',-,,
Qo= =7 (18-1e)
xLeqr
As you can see,the effect of loading the tank circuit is to reduce its overall O (which is
equal to the coil Q when unloaded).
SeriesResonant
Circuits
The current in a seriesRIC circuit is maximum at the resonantfrequency(alsoknown ascen-
terfrequency) and drops off on either side of this frequency.Bandwidth, sometimesabbrevi-
atedBW is an important characteristicof a resonantcircuit. The bandwidth is the rangeof
frequenciesfor which the current is equal to or greaterthan70.7% of its resonantvalue.
Figure 18-44 illustrates bandwidth on the responsecurye of a series RLC circuit.
Notice that the frequencyfi belowf, is the point at which the current is 0.7011** and.is
FIGURE18-44 I
Bandwi.dthon seriesresonantresponsecurvefor L I^o,
o.7o'71_*
hf,fz
Bandwidth
740
T I R C U I T S.
B A N D W I D T HO F R E S O N A NC 741
commonly called the lower critical frequency. The frequencyf2 abovef,, where the cur-
rent is again 0.7071*o,, is the upper critical frequency. Other names for f1 and f2 are
-3 dB frequencies, cutofffrequencies, and half-power frequencies.The signiflcanceof the
latter term is discussedlater in the chapter.
EXAMPTE 1B-1 6 A certain seriesresonantcircuit has a maximum current of 100 mA at the resonantfre-
quency.What is the value of the current at the critical frequencies?
ParallelResonant
Circuits
For a parallel resonant circuit, the impedance is maximum at the resonant frequency;
so the total current is minimum. The bandwidth can be defined in relation to the
impedance curve in the same manner that the current curr'/ewas used in the series cir-
cuit. Of course,/f is the frequency at which Z is maximum; i is the lower critical fre-
quency at which Z = 0.10'72**; and /2 is the upper critical frequency at which again
Z = 0.'7012-*. The bandwidth is the range of frequenciesbetweenfi andl2, as shown
in Figure 18-45.
Z,o,
Z^o"
0.70'72*o"
fi .f, fz
F I G U R E1 B - 4 5
Bandwidthof the parallel resonantresponsecurvefor 2,o,,
Formulafor Bandwidth
The bandwidth for either series or parallel resonant circuits is the range of frequencies
between the critical frequenciesfor which the responsecurve (1 or Q is 0.'701of the max-
imum value. Thus, the bandwidth is actually the difference betweenf2 andf1.
B W= f z * f t (1B-20)
t t t
| _JtTJ2
Jr -
(1B-21)
2
742 I RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE
EXAMPTE 18-17 A resonant circuit has a lower critical frequency of 8 kHz and an upper critical fre-
quency of 12 kHz. Determine the bandwidth and center (resonant)frequency.
Half-PowerFrequencies
As previously mentioned, the upper and lower critical frequencies are sometimescalled
the half-power frequencies. This term is derived from the fact that the power from the
source at these frequenciesis one-half the power delivered at the resonantfrequency.The
following steps show that this is true for a seriescircuit. The same end result also applies
to a parallel circuit. At resonance,
P^*= I2^*R
The power at f1 or f2 is
p = I 2nR= (03 0i I **)z R = (0.'7Oi I2** R = 0.5I2*",R = 0.5p
1 )2 **
Selectivity
The responsecurves in Figures 1844 and 18-45 are also called selectivity curves. Selec-
tivity deflnes how well a resonant circuit responds to a certain frequency and discrimi-
nates against all others. The narrower the bandwidth, the greater the selectivity.
We normally assume that a resonant circuit accepts frequencies within its band-
width and completely eliminates frequenciesoutside the bandwidth. Such is not actually
the case, however, becausesignals with frequencies outside the bandwidth are not com-
pletely eliminated. Their magnitudes, however, are greatly reduced. The further the fre-
quencies are from the critical frequencies, the greater is the reduction, as illustrated in
Figure 18-46(a).An ideal selectivitycurve is shown in Figure 18-46(b).
Amplitude
Frequenciesbetween/, and/,
are passedthrough the filter with
amplitudesno lessthan 10.7Voof
maximum.
Frequenciesoutside passband
are reduced to less than7}.1%o
of ma-rimum and are considered
to be rejected.
;;F Passband
(a) Actual (b) Ideal
.I
FIGURE 8_46
Generalizedselectivitycurve of a band-passfilten
CIRCUITS.
BANDWIDTHOF RESONANT 743
As you can see in Figure 1846, another factor that influences selectivity is the
sharpnessof the slopes of the curve. The faster the curve drops off at the critical fre-
quencies, the more selective the circuit is because it responds only to the frequencies
within the bandwidth. Figure 18-47 shows a general comparison of three responsecurves
with varying degreesof selectivity.
Amplitude
Medium seloctivity
Least selectivity
BW3
F I G U R E1 B _ 4 7
Comparativeselectivitycumes,
Q AffectsBandwidth
A higher value of circuit Q results in a narrower bandwidth. A lower value of Q causesa
wider bandwidth. A formula for the bandwidth of a resonantcircuit in terms of Q is stated
in the following equation:
t*=* (18-22)
F I C U R E1 8 - 4 8
0.005,uF
744 I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E
Solution For the circuit in Figure 18-4S(a), the bandwidth is found as follows:
I
= 1.59MHz
2nY LC 2nY (200pHX50pF)
o
= = LR= 2 lkooo= 2 o o
l ' 5 9 M H z- ^ - ' l
nw=L = 7'95kHz
a= zoo
For the circuit in Figure 18-48(b),
-@c/L)
" fT = 225 kllz
zns/rc znfz?o-nXooos,O
x,- 1.41ko
Y- R - rooo
rl -
Bw=+="#= r.6o
kHz
Relatedproit"- ChangeC in Figure18-48(a)to 1000pF anddererminethe band-
width.
18-9 r APPLICATIONS
Resonqnt circuits are used in u wi.devariety of applications, particularly in commu-
nication systems.In this section, we will look briefly at a few common communicq-
tion systemsapplications. The purpose in this section is not to explain how the sys-
tems work, but to illustrute the importance of resonant circuits in electronic
communication.
TunedAmplifiers
A tuned amplifier is a circuit that amplifies signals within a specifled band. Typicalty, a
parallel resonantcircuit is used in conjunction with an amplifier to achievethe selectivity.
In terms of the general operation, input signals with frequencies that range over a wide
APPLICATIONSr 745
band are acceptedon the amplifler's input and are amplified. The function of the resonant
circuit is to allow only a relatively narrow band of those frequenciesto be passedon. The
variable capacitor allows tuning over the range of input frequenciesso that a desired fre-
quencycan be selected,as indicatedin Figure 18_/:9.
FIGURE 1B-49
A basictuned band-passampffier.
Antennalnput to a Receiver
Radio signals are sent out from a transmitter via electromagnetic waves that propagate
through the atmosphere. When the electromagnetic waves cut across the receiving
antenna, small voltages are induced. Out of all the wide range of electromagnetic fre-
quencies,only one frequency or a limited band of frequencies must be extracted. Figure
18-50 shows a typical arrangementof an antennacoupled to the receiver input by a trans-
former. A variable capacitor is connectedacrossthe transformer secondaryto form a par-
allel resonantcircuit.
Antenna
tl
Coupling
transformer
F I C U R E1 B - 5 0
Resonantcouplingfrom an antenna.
Double-Tuned
Transformer
Couplingin a Receiver
In some types of communication receivers, tuned amplifiers are transformer-coupled
together to increase the amplification. Capacitors can be placed in parallel with the pri-
mary and secondarywindings of the transformer, effectively creating two parallel reso-
nant band-pass filters that are coupled together. This technique, illustrated in Figure
18-51, can result in a wider bandwidth and steeperslopeson the responsecurve, thus
increasing the selectivity for a desired band of frequencies.
746 T R L CC I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E
-1--l
/ l
l , o(J
t
q
atl tlIJ
F '1-
T-
:
T-
=
F I G U R E1 B - 5 1
Double-tunedampffiers,
Audio IF Audio
Sound
{ ) ) '//
)
Audio amolifier
sano-pass
f,=4.5MHz
Video + audio
From video
IF section
Video Band-stop
amPlifier f,= 4.5MHz
(wave trap) Cathode-ray tube
FICURE,IB-52
A simpffiedportion of a TV receivershowingfilter usage.
Receiver
Superheterodyne
Another good example of filter applications is in the common AM (amplitude modula-
tion) receiver.The AM broadcastband ranges from 535 kHz to 1605 kHz. Each AM sta-
tion is assigneda ceftain narrow bandwidth within that range.A simplified block diagram
of a superheterodvneAM receiver is shown in Fisure 18-53.
APPLICATIONSr 747
Amplitude-modulated 455kHz AM
600 kHz carrier
'{lfuilqll,t'y
caffier
6lt.
TEnvelope
z^'A7,',/
Audio signal
IF
ampl
/
))'*'.
1 _ /<< l.E-
600kHz 1055kHz
I
I LO
600kHz I Locai
oscillator
i
I
I
I
- - T - - - _ _ L _ l = 1 O 5 5L H z
I
xrx -
F 1 runlng
!.-y' .onttol
F I G U R1EB - 5 3
A simpffied iliagram of a superheterodyneAM radia broadcastreceiver showing an example
of the applicationof tuned resonantcircuits.
In this system, there are basically three parallel resonant band-pass fllters in the
front end of the receiver. Each of these filters is gang-tuned by capacitors; that is, the
capacitors are mechanically or electronically linked together so that they change
together as the tuning knob is turned. The front end is tuned to receive a desired station.
for example, one that transmits at 600 kHz. The input filter from the antenna and the RF
(radio frequency) amplifier filter select only a frequency of 600 kHz out of all the fre-
quenciescrossing the antenna.The actual audio (sound) signal is carried by the 600 kHz
carrier frequency by modulating the amplitude of the carrier so that it follows the audio
signal as indicated. The variation in the amplitude of the caffier corresponding to
the audio signal is called the envelope.The 600 kHz is then applied to a circuit called
the mixer The local oscillator (LO) is tuned to a frequency that is 455 kHz above the
selectedfrequency (1055 kHz, in this case).By a process called heterodyningor beat-
ing, the AM signal and the local oscillator signal are mixed together, and the 600 kHz
AM signal is converted to a 455 kHz AM signal (1055 kHz - 600 kHz = 455 kHz). The
455 kHz is the intermediate frequency (IF) for standardAM receivers. No matter which
station within the broadcast band is selected, its frequency is always converted to the
455 kHz IF. The amplitude-modulatedIF is applied ro an audio detector which removes
the IF, leaving only the envelopeor audio signal. The audio signal is then amplified and
applied to the speaker.
sEcTtoN1B-9 1.Generally, why is a tuned filter necessarywhen a signal is coupled from an antenna
REVIEW to the input of a receiver?
, What is a wave trap?
3. What is meant by ganged tuning?
7 4 8 T R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E
A basic block diagram of an AM radio receiver is shown in Figure 18-54. In this partic-
ular system, the "front end" includes the circuitry used for tuning in a desired broadcas!
ing station by frequency selection and then converting that selectedfrequency ro a smn-
dard intermediatefrequency (IF). AM radio stationstransmit in the frequency range from
535 kHz to 1605 kHz. The purpose of the RF amplifier, which is the focus of this TECH
TIR is to take the signals picked up by the antenna, reject all but the signal from the
desired station, and amplify it to a higher level.
Antenna
Voiume control
RF amplifier IF amplifier
F I G U R E1 B - 5 4
Simpffied block diagram of a basic radio receiven
+9Vdc
_r_ c.
"l
ImH -
Tuning potentiometer
located on front panel
F I G U R E1 B - 5 5
Partinl schematicof the RF ampffier showingthe resonanttuning circuit,
F I C U R E1 8 - 5 6
RF ampffier circuit board.
To mixer
Capacitance
in the Resonant
Circuit
r Calculate a capacitancesetting for C2 that will ensure a complete coverageof the AM
frequency band as the varactor is varied over its capacitancercnge. C3 can be ignored.
The full range ofresonant frequenciesfor the tuning circuit should more than cover the
AM band, so that at the maximum va.ractorcapacitance,the resonant frequency will
be less than 535 kHz and at the minimum varactor capacitance,the resonantfrequency
will be greater than 1605 kHz.
r Using the value of C2 that you have calculated, determine the values of the varactor
capacitancethat will produce a resonantfrequency of 535 kHz and 1605 kHz, respec-
tively.
Testingthe Resonant
Circuit
I Suggest a procedure for testing the resonant circuit using the instruments in the Test
Bench setupof Figure 18-57. Develop a test setupby creatinga point-to-pointhook-
up of the board and the instruments.
r Using the graph in Figure 18-58 that shows the variation in varactor capacitancever-
sus varactor voltage, determine the resonantfrequency for each indicated setting from
the B outputs of the dc power supply (rightmost output terminals). The B output of the
power supply is used to simulate the potentiometer voltage.
750 T RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE
10 15
5
"\tu
v
Setting 1 Setting 2
PowerSupply
OutputB
(@*a@l
FlcuRE18-57
Testbenchsetup,
CLOSSARY. 751
FlcuRE18-58 c (pF)
Varactor capacitance versus voltage,
200
180
160
140
t20
100
80
60
40
20
18-10 l.
sEcTloN What is the AM frequencyrange?
REVIEW 2. State the purpose of the RF amplifier.
3. How is a particular frequency in the AM band selected?
Resonance A condition in a series RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
are equal in magnitude; thus, they cancel each other and result in a purely resistive impedance.
Resonant frequency The frequency at which resonance occurs; also known as the center
ouenct,
Selectivity A measureof how effectively a filter passescertain desired frequencies and rejects
others. Generally, the narrower the bandwidth, the greater the selectivity.
Series resonance A condition in a series RLC circtit in which the reactancescancel and
impedanceis minimum.
Tank circuit A parallel resonant circuit.
r FORMULAS SeriesRLCCircuits
(18-1) Xr'=lXy- Xsl
(18-2) Z=R+jXr-jXc
(18-7) z-
1
- T
1 1
T -
RZjo xLz90' xcz-goo
(ls-s) ,=#=GZ|o
(1s-11) t=*=Ylt|=G+iBc-iBL
(18-12) l,o,={I'^+gl$Zaft(ft)
ParallelResonance
(13-13) t,,,=2
(1s-14)
f,=;i7ffi
(18-1s) " Yr-(N'/c/L)
JT
t=_-4-:_
2fiVLC
(18-16) 1",=L(aF)
(18-17) Rp("q)=Rr,r(Qz+1)
PROBLEMS. 753
(18-22) BW=L
o
F I G U R E1 B - 5 9
V,
420'V
4. For the circuit of Figure 18-59, determine the net reactancethat will make the impedance
magnitude equal to 100 f).
F I G U R E1 8 - 6 0
390O 0.5mH 1 mH c2
v,
1220"v
laoorr
SECTION18-3 SeriesResonance
8. Find Xt, Xc, Z and I at the resonant frequency in Figure 18-61.
9. A certain series resonant circuit has a maximum cuffent of 50 mA and a V, of 100 V. The
applied voltage is 10 V. What is Z? What areX1 and Xs?
FrcuRE18-61
10. For the RLC circuit in Figure 18-62, determine the resonant frequency.
FtcuRE18-62
v,
7.07v
PROBLEMS . 755
11. What is the value of the cunent at the half-power points in Figure 18-62?
12. Determine the phase angle between the applied voltage and the current at the critical fre-
quencies in Figure 18-62. What is the phase angle at resonance?
*13. Design a circuit in which the following seriesresonant frequencies are switch-selectable:
(a) 500 kHz (b) 1000 kHz (c) 1500kHz (d) 2000 kHz
T I G U R E1 B - 6 3
v"
520" V C
f = I2kHz 0.022 1tF
SECTION18-6 ParallelResonance
20. What is the impedance of an ideal parallei resonant circuit (no resistancein either branch)?
21. Find Z at resonanceand f for the tank circuit in Fieure 18-64.
F I G U R E1 8 _ 6 4
)', How much current is drawn from the source in Figure 18-64 at resonance?What are the
inductive current and the capacitive cunent at the resonant frequency?
23. Find Pou", P,, and P, in the circuit of Figure 18-64 at resonance.
756 I SN D R E S O N A N C E
R I C C I R C U I TA
F I G U R E1 8 - 6 5
na
^c
R
220{L ^L
8f,)
(b)
)< For each circuit in Figure 18-65, determine the phase angle between the source voltageand
the total cunent.
26. Determine the voltage acrosseach element in Figure 18-66, and expresseach in polar form.
,1 Convert the circuit in Figure 18-66 to an equivalent series form.
F I C U R E1 8 _ 6 6 Rl
33kO R2
22kA
v"
1220"v
C
f = 2kIlz 0005/,F
T-
F I G U R E1 8 - 6 7 .
L
v, 390mH I R2
r I 5 Z 0 "V tr2 ll
100c)
T _ AAU- to\ l v
l
100c)
29. In Figure 18-67, what is the phase angle between 12and the source voltage?
*30. Determine the total resistanceand the total reactancein Fieure 18-68.
-T- R2
5 ko 10ko 10ko
*31. Find the current through each component in Figure 18-68. Find the voltage acrosseachcom.
ponent.
ANSWERSTO SECTION REVIEWS . 757
32. Determine if there is a value of C that will make Vou= 0 V in Figure 18-69. If not, explain.
*33. If the value of C is 0.2 pfl what is the current through a 100 Q resistor connectedfrom a to
D in Fisure 18-69?
FIGURE1B.69
L
v"
1210"v
f = 3kHz
L2
8mH
*34. How many resonant frquencies are there in the circuit of Figure 18-70? Why?
*35. Determine the resonant frquencies and the output voltage at each frequency in Figure 18-70.
F I G U R E1 8 _ 7 0
*36. Design a parallel-resonant network using a single coil and switch-selectable capacitors to
produce the following resonant frequencies: 8 MHz, 9 MHz, 10 MHz, and 11 MHz. Assume
a 10 pH coil with a winding resistanceof 5 Q.
PART4: SPECIALTOPICS
and Analysis
EWBTroubleshooting
Theseproblems require your EWB compact disk.
42. Open file PRO18-42.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, flnd the fault.
43. Open file PRO18-43.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, find the fault.
44, Open flle PRO18-44.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, find the fault.
45. Open file PRO18-45.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, flnd the fault.
46. Open file PRO18-46.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, find the fault.
47. Open file PRO18-47.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, flnd the fault.
48. Open file PROl8-48.EWB and determine the resonant frequency of the circuit.
49. Open file PRO18-49.EWB and detelmine the resonant frequency of the circuit.
r ANSWERS Section18-1
TO SECTION l. X*,= 70 C);capacitive
REVIEWS 2. Z = 84.32-56.1'Q; Z = 84.3Q; 0 = -56'1'; cunentis leadingV,
Section 1B-2
1. V, = 38.42-21.3'v
2. Currentleadsthe voltage.
3. X,,tr=6 92
Section 1B-3
XL= Xc.
1. For seriesresonance,
2. The currentis maximumbecausethe impedanceis minimum.
3. f,= 159kIIz
4. The circuit is capacitive.
Section 1B-4
1. The circuit is capacitive.
2.Y=1.54249.4"mS
3 . Z = 6 5 1 2 - 4 9 . 4 "d t
Section 18-5
1. 1o= 36 mA, Ic = 120mA, Ir= 240mA
2. The circuit is capacitive.
Section 18-6
L. Impedanceis maximumat parallelresonance.
2. The currentis minimum.
3. Xc = 1500O
4. f,= 225kllz
5.f,=22.5kH2
6. f,= 20'9kHz
Section 1B-7
= 1300O, L"q= 10.16p.H,C = 0.22pF
1. Rp<.qr
2. L@q1=20.1mH, Rp(.q)=1'59kO
Section 1B-8
l. BW=fz-fi=4OOkHz
2 .f , = 2 M H z
3. Pr2= 0.9W
4. LargerQ meansnarrowerBIl.
ANSWERS . 759
TO SELF.TEST
Section1B-9
1. A tuned filter is used to select a narrow band of frequencies.
2. A wave trap is a band-stop filter.
3. Ganged tuning is done with several capacitors (or inductors) whose values can be varied simul-
taneously with a common control.
Section1B-10
1. The AM frequency range is 535 kHz to 1605 kHz.
2. The RF amplifier rejects all signals but the one from the desired station. It then amplifies the
selectedsignal.
3. A particular AM frequency is selectedby varying the varactor capacitancewith a dc voltage.
J $Hz)
t 2
F I G U R E1 B _ 7 1
18-3 Current will increasewith frequency to a certain point and then it will decrease,
18-4 The circuit is more capacitive.
78-S f, = 22.5 klLz
18-6 Z increases;Z increases.
t8-7 I=22.7mA
l8-8 Z decreases.
18-9 Inductive
18-10 Inincreases.
18-11 Greater
18-12Vc = 9.302-65.8" Y
=
18-13Vcr 27.lZ-81.1"Y
18-14 Rp("q)= 25 kA, l"q = 5 mH; C = 0.02p.F
L8-15Z,=79.9kQ
18-161= 35.4mA
18-17 fi = 6.75 kl{z; fz = 9.25kHz
18-18 Bl4z= 7.96kHz