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ir
A spectrum of the laser output, when driven by the 3 A electri-
cal pulses. is shown in Fig. 1 by the dashed line. The narrow peak
on the long-wavelength side of the spectrum corresponds to the
pulse tail. The broader short-wavelength component carries the
main optical pulse. An unstrained FBG removes a narrow portion
in the middle. The solid line shows the output spectrum when the
reflection wavelength and bandwidth of the grating are tuned to
minimise the tail componcnt in the output signal.
The corrcsponding oscilloscope traces of the unfiltered (dashed
line) and filtered (solid line) signal are shown in Fig. 2. A trace
corresponding to the tail-free unfiltered operation at low current
of 0.SA is shown by the dotted line. It can be seen from conipari-
son of the solid and the dotted lines, that the peak power of the
hil-free pulse is increased by a [actor of 5 as a result of the spec-
tral filtering.
I yl.0
.g .I \\
5
I The effects o f strong motion errors in wide-beam azimuth
I I I ,
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2
deflection LSz
Fig 3 Pidsewidth and izorrncilised r-e/a.utrtion tuil w w g y E,,,iJErotoc
against grating strciin
Closed symbols correspond to unstrained FBG
The relaxation oscillation suppression is further illustrated in
Fig. 3. Opcn triangles show the ‘normalised pedestal energy’, i.e.
the ratio or the energy conlaincd in thc pulse tail, to the total
energy, as a functioii of the FBG bending. Greater bending corrc-
sponds to the greater strain and therefore to the longer reflection
wavelength.
The ‘pedestal energy’ parameter changes from 0.9, correspond-
ing Lo the unfiltered signal, to the value less than 0. I , when the fil-
ter is optimised, i.e. the undesired components are suppressed by
approximately an order of magnitude.
As well as suppressing the tail, the filtering affects the duration
and chirp of the main optical pulse. It is well known that gain-
switched laser diode pulses possess considerablc chirp. Under the
large-signal modulation the linewidth enhancement factor changes
during thc pulse, and the chirp is not linear. As a result, it is pos-
sible to obtain shorter pulses from the gain-switched laser output
by selecting only the linearly chirped components [3, 41. In our
case, the same result is achieved by removing the long-wavelength
components. Open circles in Fig. 3 show the output pulsewidth as
a function of strain. As the nonlinearly chirped components are
removed, the pulse experiences significant narrowing. In the point
of optimum, the output pulse is shortencd to a duration of 8 ps
froin the initial 25 ps. The optiinuni point for the pulsc shortcning
does not coincide with the best tail suppression, although the lat-
ter corresponds to the short pulsewidth of lops. At the same time.
the main pulse experiences a very low power loss of 10 to 20% in
the filter.
We have demonstrated the relaxation oscillation suppression in
an overdriven DFB laser by spectral filtering, resulting in thc peak
power improvement by a factor of 5 for the tail-free operation. At
the same time, thc spectral filtering removes the nonlinearly
chirped components resulting in the pulse shortening by a Factor
of 3.
0 IEE 2001 18 June 2001
Electronics Letters O n h r . No: 20010950
D 01: lO.lO49/~~1:2OOlO9SO
M.V. Dubov (Institute of Physics of Natioiiul Academy of Sciences of
Ukrche. 46, Prospect Nnulcy, 03650, M S P Kiev-39, tikraine)
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 8th November 2001
D. Giannone, I.Y. Khrushchev and 1. Bennion (Photonics Research
Gruup, Schoul of 6zgineerbfg oiid Applied PhyJics, ilston University,
Astun Triangle, Birniinghcini B4 7ET, United Kingdom)
E-mail: I.Khruslicliev~~aston.ac.uk
References
1 VASIL‘EV. P : ‘Ultrafast diode lascrs: fundamcntals and applications’
(Artech House, London, 1Y95), p. 271
2 CHISHOLW. K., I iu, Y . and BTNNION, i.: ‘Compact FBG grating
array structurc for high spatial rcsolution distributed strain
sensing’. Proc. Optical Fibre Sensing 2000, 2000, Paper P 3- I9
3 NIFMI. T , ZIIANG. I , and I IJDVIGSF,N. H.: ‘Effect of optical filtering
on pulses generated with a gain-switched DFB lascr‘. Opt,
Conrmun., 2001. 192, pp. 339-345
4 KoMuKAi. T., M I Y A J I M ~Y.,
. and NRKAZAWA, M.: ‘An in-line optical
bandpass tiltet‘ with fiber gt‘ating and an optical circulator and its
application to pulse compression’, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1995, 34, pp.
L230-L232
Sub-aperture algorithm for motion
compensation improvement in wide-beam
0.4
SAR data processing
0.2
A. Potsis, A. Reigber, J. Mittermayer, A. Moreira and
N. Uzunoglou
o synthetic apcrture radar (SAR) proccssing are analysed and
discussed, using simulated data, as wcll as data collected by the
airbome experimental SAR system of the Deutsches Zentrum fur
Luft- und Raumt’ahrt e.V. (DLR) (E-SAR). A new sub-aperture
approach for residual motion eimi- compensation in wide-beam
azimuth processing is proposed.
Introduction: There is increasing interest in VHFiUHF synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) applications. These radars have proven to
bc very powerful for underground and obscured object detection,
as well as for parametcr retrieval purposes. For new upcoming
applications, Tor example in forestry, biomass monitoring or
archaeological and geological exploration, high-resolution VHF/
UHF SAR imaging is an important task, but cannot be achieved
easily with conventional SAR processing techniques. Onc problem
in widc-beam azimuth processing is the degradation of the system
spatial resolution and thc target misplacement owing to uncor-
rected motion errors. Usually. motion compensation is perlhrmcd
only for a coinmon squint angle, while for wide-beam azimuth
focusing this approximation is insufficient.
Algorithm description; During this motion-compensation (MoCo)
procedure, the data must be corrected by a phase term propor-
tional to the deviations Ar between the actual trajectory and a
nominal reference track [l]. SAR systems, operating at higher fre-
quencies (more than 1 GHz centre frequency), normally need only
a short synthetic aperture to achieve high resolution in azimuth,
and it is sufficient to correct only the motion error perpendicular
to the nominal flight direction [2]. For SAR systems operating at
lower frequencies, the wider angular antenna characteristic makes
it indispensable to correct also for the changes of Ar over the aper-
ture. If this kind of data is processed with ‘conventional’ motion
conipensation, a phase variation is introduced, limiting the achiev-
able azimuth resolution. In addition, targets appear misplaced in
the final processed scene. To correct for these effects, an addi-
tional sub-aperture residual motion compensation step has to be
introduced into the SAR processing chain. In the following we
refer to the extended chirp scaling (ECS) processing technique [l],
although the described algorithm can be applicd in a similar way
to several other SAR processing techniques.
After the first-order MoCo has been applicd to the raw data,
and before the range compression is performed, the raw data is
transformed to the azimuth frequency domain using a series of
short Past Fourier transform (FFTs) with a length of 64 samples.
Owing to the use of short FFTs, the algorithm is adaptive to 64
different azimuth frequencies, as well as to the azimuth position of
Vol. 37 No. 23 1405
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the sensor. The latter is important because of the variation of the
MoCo parameters over azimuth. Every azimuth frequency is
related to a certain squint angle pi [2]. With the knowledge of each
pi, the residual motion error d(pJ can be expressed as
with 0 5 i 5 63. In eqn. I , b,ock denotes the conventional
(average) motion error for the middle of the respective azimuth
block and for the line-of-sight direction corresponding to middle
range. The calculated correction function has a parabolic shape
and it is proportional to the particular offset Ar,,ljli-b/ock. It has to
be noted that this sub-aperture algorithni only estimates the resid-
ual motion error due to squint angle changes; the error for the
average squint value is already compensated by the conventional
motion compensation. The data can then be corrected according
to:
with S denoting an azimuth block of original SAR data (in the
range-azimuth frequency domain), S, the resulting phase corrected
block of SAR data and h, the wavelcngth corresponding to radar
carrier frequency. Finally, the corrected raw data is transfomied
back to time domain by applying inverse FFTs. In the current
foiin, the proposed algorithm cannot compensate for the slight
range dependency of the motion error, as before range compres-
sion no range dependent phase corrections can be applied. A solu-
tion would be a second-order compensation of the residual motion
error after range compression. However, experimental results
show that for common sensor configurations this is not necessary.
azimuth position, m 1616111
Fig. 1 Aziniuth response of sinzulated P-hand point target, processed
without motion errors (ideal case), with nzofioiz errors coinpensuted bj?
conventional MoCo techniques, and using proposed sub-aperture correc-
tion ulguritkm
No weighting and no antenna pattern have been introduced into the
simulated data
~ ideal case
.. . . .. . . ... conventional MoCo
_ _ _ _ sub-aperture MoCo
Simulution results: The performance and the correction accuracy
of the proposed sub-aperture algorithm has been verified with sev-
eral simulated data sets, as well as with real E-SAR P-band data.
Fig. 1 illustrates the nonnalised amplitude responses of a Simu-
lated point target, using conventional motion error correction, as
well as the proposed sub-aperture correction. Motion errors of up
to Ar = 9 m are simulated in this example, the processed aperture
angle was p = f8", Corresponding to 1.21n azimuth resolution.
From Fig. 1 it becomes evident that the conventional motion
compensation algorithm fails to reconstruct the correct phase his-
tory of the simulated point target, resulting in increased sidelobes
as well as a misplaced impulse response. In contrast, the proposed
sub-aperture algorithm manages to compensate most of the resid-
ual motion errors. The point target response shows an improved
1406 ELECTRONICS LETTERS
peak-sidelobe-ratio (PSLR) and appears now at the correct azi-
muth position.
"9
0.8
Fig. 2 Azimuth amplitude response of 1.5 ni trihedral corner reflector,
locuted 250 in ground range di.ytance f r o m middle reference hin, with
motion errors compensated by conventionul MoCo techniques, and using
proposed sub-aperture correction algorithm
sub-aperturc MoCo
~
_ _ - _ conventional MoCo
E-SAR P-hand dutu results: P-band S A R data acquired by the E-
SAR system at the test site of Ailing, Germany, have been proc-
essed using the modified ECS processor. The amplitude response
of a 1.5m trihedral corner reflector, processed with and without
the proposed sub-aperture motion compensation, is shown in
Fig. 2. During data acquisition, the maximum offset AY between
the nominal and the actual track was about 3m. Using eqn. 1,
and for processed squint angle p = W, the maximum residual
motion error to be compensated is about 30". The ground range
distance of the analysed coiner reflector from the reference middle
range bin (for which the sub-aperture MoCo correction is per-
fomied) is 250m. Compared to the image obtained with conven-
tional motion compensation, the azimuth position of the impulse
response changes by about 0.4m when using the proposed algo-
rithm. The new position corresponds almost perfcctly to the true
position of the corner reflector, which is known from precise GPS
ground measurements. In addition, the PSLR of the impulse
response improves clearly.
Conclusions: The implementation of a new sub-aperture technique
to suppress the residual motion compensation errors in low fre-
quency wide-beamwidth SAR data have been presented. The per-
fomiance of the proposed sub-aperture algorithm using simulated,
as well as real E-SAR P-band data, has becn demonstrated. Resid-
ual motion phase errors up to 150" have been successfully com-
pensated for squint angle of i8" and motion compensation offset
values up to 9m. The result is images with improved PSLR and a
better geometric correctness. Thc latter, in particular, is of great
importance for advanced SAR techniques, e.g. SAR interferom-
etry [3].Even though the sub-aperture algorithm was developed
following the ECS processing chain, the simplicity of the intro-
duced additional processing steps ensures easy and successful
implementation in most of the known SAR signal processing algo-
rithms.
0 TEE 2001 10 September 2001
Electr.onics Letters Online No; 20010933
DOI: 10.1049/d:20010933
A. Potsis and N. Uzunoglou (Nnfional Technical University of Athens,
Depurtment o j Electrical and Computer Enginewing, Y. Iroon
Pol.ytexniou Str. GR- 1.5780, Zografos, Athens, Greece)
E-mail: apotsis@esd.ece.nlua.gr
A. Rcigber (UniversitP dc~ Rennes 1, Lahoratoire Antenmy Rudar
Telicom, 263 Avenue GPn&rul Lrclerc. But I 1 C, CS-74205, 35042
Rennes Cedex. Frunce)
J. Mitterinayer and A. Moreira (Gerniun Acr.ospucc Ccnfcr ( D L R ) ,
hvtitute .for Radio FrQyUenCy and Radar Technology, 0-82230
Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany)
8th November2001 Vol. 37 No. 23
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References
1 I.,R ,and SCHEIBER. R.: 'Extcndcd chirp
MOKEIKA. A.. M ~ I - ~ ~ R M A Y E
scaling algorithm for air- and spacebornc SAR data processing in
stripmap and scanSAR imaging modes', IEEE Truns. Geosci.
Remore Sens., 1996. 34, (3, pp. 1123-1136
2 MOREIRA, A., and HUANG, Y.: 'Airborne SAR processing of high
squinted data using a chirp scaling approach with integrated
motion compensation', IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rentotr Sms., 1994.
32, ( S ) , pp. 1029 -1040
3 REIGRFR, A.: 'Correction of residual motion errors in airborne SAR
interferometry', Elertron. Lett., 2001. 37, pp. 1083-1084
Joint space-time estimation for DS-CDMA
system in fast fading multipath channel
Z. Gu a n d E. G u n a w a n
A space-time array inanifold model is developcd for an
asynchronous DS-CDMA system over a fast fading channel in a
multipath environment. Thc MUSIC algorithm is applied to the
model to extract both the path delays and directions of arrival
from the uplink signals. It is shown that this method can resolve
thc diKcrcnt paths while the conventional approach fails.
Introduc~ion:In next generation CDMA systems, application of
beamforming has been widely recommended for the purpose of
high capacity and spectral efficiency. The uplink and downlink
beamformings are often performed based on direction of arrival
(DOA) information of the uplink signals. Most of the conven-
tional DOA estimation methods employ the covariance matrix of
the received signal to extract direction infomation [I - 31. How-
ever, substantial error may occur when these methods are applied
in a multipath environment. Moreover, in a fast fading channel,
owing to the highly nonstationary characteristic of the received
signal, it is difficult for the conventional methods mentioned
above to work properly.
In this Letter we describe the development of a spatiotemporal
array manifold model for an asynchronous DS-CDMA system in
a fast fading multipath channel. Based on this model, we employ
the MUSIC algorithm to jointly estimate time delay and DOA
parameters for each path. This solution is shown to outperform
the conventional method and can accurately resolve the different
paths for each user. The simulated statistical performance is com-
pared with asymptotic Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). Application of
this method in beamforming can help steer thc main beam of the
antenna array to the direction of the desired user while directing
the nulls to the direction of the multipath and interfercnce from
other users.
Sputiotrmporal manifold model: Consider a K-user DS-CDMA sys-
tem working in a Rayleigh Fast fading multipath channel. An
antenna array with L elements is used in the base station receiver.
The received signals on the antenna array are down-convertcd to
baseband as
k=l r=l
where r(t) E CLx1is the received signal vector after down-convert-
ing. Rk denotes the path number of the kth user. or,Okr and pk,.(f)
are the propagation path delay, the DOA and the fast fading
amplitude of the kth user's rth ray, respectively. sk(t) is the base-
band signal of the kth user containing spread sequence with the
length of N . a(@,,) describes the a m y steering vector,correspond-
ing to the signal DOA of Okr. n(t) E C'"I is the additive noise.
The down-convertedcontinuous signal vector r(t) is then discre-
tised by sampling the outputs of intcgrators with one chip interval.
The snapshot vector can be expressed as
r(q) = H ( ~ , @ , q ) Z ( q ) + n ( q ) q = 1 , 2 , ... (2)
where r(q) = [rl(g),... rr,(!)]7;n(q) = [~21(4)... n,(q)]? Z(q) contains
the transmitted infomation sequences that contribute to r(q). T =
[zll ... zKRK],0 = [e,, .._e,,]. H(T, 0, y) denotes the impulse
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 8th November 2001 Vol. 37
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response of the multiple-input multiple-output digital channel
from the mobile stations to the receiving array:
H(r,@, 4 ) = a(@)B(q)UT(7) (3)
where 4 0 ) = [a@,,)... a ( b d 1 . B(4) = diag{pil(d, ..., P K R ~ is
(~}
he fast fading amplitude matrix. U(T) = [vl(zI1)... vK(zKRK)], where
vk(zlcP)is the impulse response vector of the baseband signal pulse
shaping filter as a function of path delay T ~ ~ .
In a fast fading channel, owing to the rapid variation o f the
channel impulse response matrix H(T. 0, q), the received signal
snapshot vector r(y) is highly nonstationary. This impedes the con-
ventional method to make delay and DOA estimation in such a
channel. Fortunately, according to the Rayleigh model, H(T, 0, 4)
is a stationary Gaussian random process [4]. Assuming that the
channel impulse response can be estimated from the received data
[5], the noisy channel estimate H(T,0: q) can be expressed as
H(r,0, Y) = H ( T @,cl) + E ( d (4)
where E(q) describes the estimation error. After vectorising, eqn. 4
can be written as
h ( 8.~Y) = WT.0 , ~+) 4 ~= ~) ( @ O ( d+ 4 d ( 3
7 ),
where ~ ( 70)
, = % R J ...
[L(sI, 011) ... CI(?~R,, CEXYKI, %I) ...
".
< K ( z K K ~ ? eKR~)l>P(q) = [ P l l ( d ...
PIRi(4) PKI(4) ...
PKRk(Y)IT,
Here, <k(~KR,. OKR,) = a(e,<,)0 V/<(Z/<J, 0 denotes the Kronecker
matrix product. W ( T , 0) is called the space-time array manifold
and eqn. 5 is the spatiotemporal inanifold model. The elements in
p(9) are uncorrelated, since the various paths in the multipath
channel model usually fade independently.
Joint spatiotemporal MUSIC estimrrtor: In this Letter, the MUSIC
algorithm is used for joint parameter estimation. Based on the
spatiotemporal manifold model described in eqn. 5, the joint esti-
mation of unknown parameters { q l ; zLR,: ekl, e,,,} can be
obtained by searching for the Rk two-dimensional maxima of the
MUSIC spectrum
The MUSIC spectrum for the Mh user is defined as P$',,,s,c(.t. e)
= I~&(T, e)li2/llEici,(r,8)11*, where E,, denotes the estimated noise
subspace, which can be derived from the eigen-decomposition of
the estimated correlation matrix of H(T,0, y).
Fig. 1 Sudure plot of I W W C .spectrum function
a Space-timemanifold based MUSIC spectrum
b Conventional MUSIC spectrum
Numerical results: We considered a ten-user asynchronous DS-
CDMA system. Each user was assigned a Gold sequence with a
length of N = 31. A unifomi linear antenna array, the elements of
which were omnidirectioiialwith 0.5 wavelength spacing, was used
in the receiving cnd. The envelope of fast fading amplitude pkr(4)
followed Rayleigh distribution. The estimation error e(q) was
modelled as additive Gaussian noise with qe(q)] = 0 and
ae(p)e*(q)]= 6,,,,.a2,1,where S,,q denotes the Kronecker delta. The
average powers of different paths were assumed to bc equal and
the signal-to-noiseratio was set to 15 dB. In the first example, we
compared the resolvability of our joint spatiotemporal MUSIC
cstimator with the conventional MUSIC estimator [3] which
employs the covariance matrix of the received signal. The antenna
array contained two elements. We simulated three paths between
user 1 and the base station receiver. With the application of the
space-time array manifold model, the three peaks are clearly
No.23 1407