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ABSTRACT : Practical experience of highway networks arc furnaces as a byproduct of production of elemental
showed that high percentage of road pavements are suffering silicon or alloys containing silicon. It can exhibit both
from cracking and rutting. This problem had often occurred pozzolanic and cementitious properties and produced by
due to the shortage in asphalt mix properties as well as the reduction of high purity quartz with coal in the production
increase in traffic loading. Fatigue, creep and rutting of of ferrosilicon alloys. SF has been used in improvement of
asphalt mix in long term may be occurred due to the shortage the cement concrete compressive strength, bond strength,
in the mechanistic properties of either of the binder and/or the
abrasion resistance and reducing permeability.
asphalt mix. This study investigates the effect of using silica
Yazan Issa (2016) studied the effect of using
fume (SF) as an additive to the binder on the behavior of
asphalt mixes. The scope of the study includes the investigation
rubber on the pavement properties. Waste tires rubber can
of the properties of the asphalt mixes using different be used in asphalt pavement with optimum replacement
percentages of SF (2, 4, 6 and 8% by bitumen weight). ratio 10% by weight. Also, adding polyethylene leads to
Marshall, Direct Compression (DC), Indirect Tensile Strength increase mixture workability and efficiency of compaction
(ITS) tests are used to examine the mixes properties whereas for modified mixes [4].
the wheel tracking (WT) test is carried out to investigate the Ahmed A. L. (2007) studied the effect of using
rutting properties of the modified mixes. Results indicate that, polyethylene on the change of asphalt mixes properties. It
the optimum SF percentage is 6% by weight of bitumen which was found that adding polyethylene to asphalt mixes
achieve the best results in Marshall, DC, ITS and WT tests. increased mixture workability and enhanced the
Marshall Stability and flow are increased by about 23.61% and compaction of the modified mixes [1].
4.67%, respectively. The unit weight increases, while the air Sheelan A. Ahmed et al. (2015) found that using
voids percentage (AV %) is kept within the accepted limits. fiber in asphalt mixes improved the mix properties. The
Adding SF reduces rutting depth by about 35.82%. The DC study investigated that the optimum fiber content was
value increases by about 25% while the ITS value increases by 1.5% by the total weight of the mixture in which the
about 3.83%. Finally, adding SF to the asphalt cement success
Marshall stability increased by 14% [5].
in enhancing the properties of hot mix asphalt.
Keywords: Silica Fume (SF), Asphalt Mixes, Marshall
Negi et al.(2013) studied the change of properties
Stability, Flow, Rutting Depth of clayey soil using SF. It was concluded that the addition
of 20% SF to the soil decreased the potential swelling
1. INTRODUCTION from 50% to 7% while the California bearing ratio (CBR)
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is a mixture of coarse value increased by about 72% [6].
aggregate, fine aggregate, mineral filler and a relatively Priti Chauhan et al. (2016) studied the effect of
small amount of asphalt binder. HMA is a solid mineral using micro silica, lime and fly ash on the stabilization of
matrix with elements of various sizes connected to each black cotton soil. It was found that the optimum
other by an asphalt binder. It is interested that a small percentages of micro silica, lime and fly ash for
amount of binder (about 5% by mass) has a strong impact stabilization black cotton soil were 5%, 3%, and 3%
on the mechanical properties of the paving mix [1]. The respectively. Black cotton soil stabilized with lime, fly
previous researches showed that asphalt binder is quite ash, micro silica and their combination improved the
often modified by various additives (polymers, fibres, soaked CBR to about 6.5 times and the un-soaked CBR to
rubber, nano materials, lime, combinations of fibres and about 1.8 times of the un-stabilized soil [7].
polymers …. etc.) which may enhance the properties of Abd El-Aziz et al. (2004) studied the change in the
bitumen and mix [1, 2, 3]. properties of clayey soil after mixing with lime and SF.
Recently, modern techniques used waste tire Laboratory experiments were carried out for several
rubber and mineral fibre in modifying the HMA. They samples by lime contents of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% and
succeeded in improving the resistance of asphalt mixtures 11% and SF contents were 5%, 10% and 15%. The results
against cracks and rutting, respectively [4, 5]. of combination of L-SF soil indicated that the swelling
The American Concrete Institute (ACI) defines potential was reduced from 19% to 0.016%, while the
SF as very fine non-crystalline silica produced in electric plasticity index (PI) decreased from 40.25% to 0.98% at
Stability(Ib)
number of passes or time to the final rutting depth. The 2700
Stability (Ib)
3300 3280
3200 3140
3100
2880
3000
y = -8E+06x3 + 581490x2 + 2387.4x + 2888.5
2900 R² = 0.9
2900
2800
0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
Silica Fume %
points Poly. ( points)
Figure (2): Effect of Adding SF on Penetration Value. Figure (5): Effect of Adding SF on Marshall Stability at OAC
By adding SF to asphalt cement, the viscosity 3-3 Effect of Adding SF on Marshall Flow
increases from 378 to 492 centistokes which represents Figures (6) and (7) show the relationships between
about 30.16% as shown in Figure (3). the flow and AC for different SF contents and also with SF
content at OAC. Figure (6) shows that the mix flow is firstly
decreases with an increase in SF contents up to 2% and then it
600 increases with the increase in SF accordingly. The maximum
492
500 flow value is obtained at 8% SF. The high flow values
ViScosity,(Cst)
0.155 0.152
0.150
0.145 0.153
0.140
0.135 0.140
0.130
0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
Silica Fume %
points Poly. (points)
(SF) in the HMA that makes the mix denser than the 3.00
control mix. 2.80
2.70
2.60 2.40
2.340
2.40
2.330
2.320 2.20
Unit Weight (gm/cm3)
2.310 2.00
2.300 0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
Silica Fume %
2.290 connect point Poly. (connect point)
2.280 Figure (11): Effect of Adding SF on AV% at (OAC)
2.270
2.260 3-6 Effect of Adding SF on VMA %
2.250 Figures (12) and (13) show that the VMA%
2.240 decreases as the SF increases up to 2% and then it
2.230
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
increases accordingly. The maximum value of VMA% is
Poly. (SF=0%)
Asphalt Content %
Poly. (SF=2%)
obtained at 8% SF, while the minimum value occurs at
Poly. (SF=3%) Poly. (SF=4%) 2%. Also, it is observed that the values of VMA% of the
Poly. (SF=5%) Poly. (SF=6%)
Poly. (SF=7%) Poly. (SF=8%) modified mixes are lower than the value of the control mix
Figure (8): Effect of Adding SF on Marshall Unit Weight except of at SF 7 and 8%.
2.335
2.329
2.330
2.325 2.320
Unit Weight (gm/cm3)
2.320 2.314
2.315
2.310 2.304 2.305
2.305
2.298
2.300 y = 325.89x3 - 51.648x2 + 1.9279x + 2.3046 2.295
2.295 R² = 0.96
2.290
0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
Silica Fume%
points Poly. ( points)
14.67
14.80 shows that the stiffness values for the modified mixes are
14.60 14.48 greater than those of the unmodified mix for the range of
14.40
SF contents from greater than 0.0% and less than 7.20%.
14.20 28000
14.10
14.00
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 24000
Silica Fume %
Con nect Poin t Poly. (Connect Point)
22000.00
22222.22
21000.00
20000.00
19523.81
19000.00
18947.37
18000.00
84.00
3-9 Effect of Adding SF on DC Value
83.00 The DC test value defines as the maximum
83.00 81.00
82.00
vertical compression load affecting on a specimen until its
81.00
damage. Two sets of specimens, three samples in each set,
80.00
80.00 79.00
are examined in this test. The first set is for control mix
VFB%
79.00 78.00
without SF, while the second set is for the modified mix
78.00 with 6% SF (the obtained optimum SF% from Marshall
77.00 76.20 76.00 test). Results indicate that adding 6% SF changes the DC
76.00 y = 57709x3 - 9107.3x2 + 319.04x + 79.085 value from 30.134 to 37.773 kg/cm2 as shown in Figure
R² = 0.952
75.00 (18). This value of SF enhances DC value by about
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 25.35% which means increasing in load carrying capacity
Silica Fume %
Connect points Poly. (Connect points) by about 25%.
Figure (15): Effect of Adding SF on VFB% at OAC
40 37.773
30.134 10.000
y = -0.0029x2 + 0.2918x + 1.1199
30 R² = 0.991
DC, (kg/cm2)