MODIFY

ASH FUSION TEMPERATURE

OF R & Q SEAMS LATI AREA

Dudi Setiabudi

Geology & Development Department

August 2000
 Summary

The mineable Lati coal reserves for R and Q seams excluded mine out March 2000 which in
stripping ratio below 7 are 24.84 million metric tonnes, consist of 14.85 million metric tonnes R
seam and 9.99 million metric tonnes Q seam.

66.10% of mineable coal reserve or 16.42 million metric tonnes within ash fusion temperature
value below and equal 1300oC and 24.84% of mineable coal reserve or 8.42 million metric
tonnes within ash fusion temperature value upper 1300oC. Both are ash fusion temperatures in
flow reducing condition.

Where, the long-term market to Jawa Power with the spec of reducing ash fusion temperature is
1,050oC initial deformation, 1,200oC softening, 1,280oC hemisphere, and 1,300oC flow. Rejection,
when a coal supply within ash fusion temperature below 1,300oC flow in reducing condition.

Based on statement above, for the long-term coal supply to Jawa Power is used upgrading ash
fusion temperature content. The study has addressed to consent "how to upgrade ash fusion
temperature of a coal in Lati Area."

Generalize, increases ash content in a coal correlated with increases ash fusion temperature
value and the ash fusion temperature is assumed under influence of the composition ash mineral
in ash of a coal. From 20% minimum contains of Al2O3, CaO and Fe2O3 of R and Q seams Lati
area that showed the increases Al2O3, CaO to followed increases ash fusion temperature, while
the increases Fe2O3 to followed decreases ash fusion temperature.

The upgrading ash fusion temperature of R and Q seams Lati Area can do as follows:
• Blending between Low ash fusion temperature and high ash fusion temperature of a coal.
• Adding percentage of ash in coal with high Al2O3 and or CaO contents.

Adding percentage of ash in coal can do with blending system between fine coal and non-coal,
and spraying black wall paint to fine coal. Spraying system it’s better than direct blending.

Although spraying black wall paint to fine coal that caused increases ash fusion temperature but
it’s not economics. Therefore, upgrading ash fusion temperature of R and Q seams Lati area for a
while just can do blending both of a coal.

i
 Content
Page
Summary i
Content ii
1. Introduction 1
2. Ash Fusion Temperature 1
3. Blending System 4
3.1 Coal 4
3.2 Non Coal 9
4 Conclusion 15
References 16

Table Content :

Table 1 Comparison of Ash Fusion Temperature Blending Between Composite Calculation 7

and Analysis Result
Table 2 Mineable Coal Reserve of R & Q Seams With Composite Ash Fusion Temperature 7
Table 3 Mineable Coal Reserve of R & Q Seams With Diversified Ash Fusion Temperature Value 8
Table 4 Common Minerals Found in Coals 10
Table 5 Ash Fusion Temperature Value of Mudstone 11
Table 6 Repeatability and Reproducibility of Ash Fusion Temperature 12
Table 7 Melting Temperature of Ash Components 13
Table 8 Ash Fusion Temperature and Others Quality Result Coal Spray with Black Wall Paint 14
Table 9 Ash Fusion Temperature and Others Quality Result Feasible Economic Sprayed by 14
Black Wall Paint

Graphic Content :

Graphic 1 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and Ash Mineral of R Seam 3
Graphic 2 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and Ash Mineral of Q Seam 3
Graphic 3 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and Ash Mineral of R&Q Seams 3
o
Graphic 4 Relationship of C Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) 5
and % CaO/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams
Graphic 5 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) 5
and % MgO/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams
Graphic 6 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) 5
and % Fe2O3/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams
Graphic 7 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) 6
and % SiO2/Al2O3 of R & Q Seams
o
Graphic 8 Relationship of C Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) 6
and % SiO2+Al2O3/Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O of R & Q Seams
o
Graphic 9 Relationship Between Million Metric Tonnes Mineable Coal Reserve and C Ash
o
C Ash Fusion Temperature in Flow Reducing Condition of R & Q Seams
o
Graphic 10 Relationship of C Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) and 9
% Ash in air dried basis of R & Q Seams

Appendix 1
ii
1. Introduction

The mineable Lati coal reserves for R and Q seams excluded mine out March 2000 which in
stripping ratio below 7 are 24.84 million metric tonnes, consist of 14.85 million metric tonnes R
seam and 9.99 million metric tonnes Q seam. Mineable coal reserve calculated based on
topographic map scale 1:1,000, drill holes data up to 1999, < 3% Na2O Free SO3 and < 0.8%
Total Sulfur in as received basis. The coal reserve can be changed by additional data or
calculation parameter.

66.10% of mineable coal reserve or 16.42 million metric tonnes within ash fusion temperature
value below and equal 1300oC and 24.84% of mineable coal reserve or 8.42 million metric tonnes
within ash fusion temperature value upper 1300oC. Both are ash fusion temperatures in flow
reducing condition.

Where, the long-term markets to Jawa Power with the spec of reducing ash fusion temperature
are 1,050oC initial deformation, 1,200oC softening, 1,280oC hemisphere, and 1,300oC flow.
Rejection, when a coal supply within ash fusion temperature below 1,300oC flow in reducing
condition.

Based on statement above, for the long-term coal supply to Jawa Power is used upgrading ash
fusion temperature content. The study has addressed to consent "how to upgrade ash fusion
temperature of a coal in Lati Area."

2. Ash Fusion Temperature

Ash fusion Temperature describes the softening and melting characteristic of ash and are
measured according to standard procedures by gradually heating a prepared sample in the shape
of a cone and observing it profile. The critical profiles at which temperature measurement are
made and defined as (after Bruce Proudfoot & others, 1999) :

• Initial Deformation, the temperature at which the first signs of rounding of the tip or edges of
the piece occur.
• Softening, the temperature at which the cone has fused to a spherical lump (i.e. height equal
to base diameter).
• Hemispherical, the temperature at which the test pieces forms approximately a hemisphere
(i.e. height equal to half-base diameter).
• Flow, the temperature at which the ash is spread out, the height of which is one third that at
the hemisphere temperature.

1
The condition is carried out either completely reducing (a mixture of hydrogen with carbon
dioxide) or completely oxidizing (air or carbon dioxide). The specimen is heated at 5oC per minute
from 900oC to a maximum of 1600oC.
Ash Fusion temperatures are regularly measured under both oxidizing and reducing conditions.
Those measured under oxidizing conditions are normally higher to an extent depending on the
presence of certain components of the ash, such as iron oxide, which have different fluxing
effects when in the oxidized and reduced forms.

Ash fusion temperature is one of others of physical ash property, while ash as determined in coal
analysis, may be defined as the non-combustible residue that remains when coal is burned. The
composition of the ash gives in ash analysis, a useful guide to the type of mineral present in a
coal, there are:

Silicon as SiO2 Aluminum as Al2O3 Calcium as CaO

Titanium as TiO2 Iron as Fe2O3 Magnesium as MgO
Sodium as Na2O Potassium as K2O Manganese as Mn3O4
Phosphorus as P2O5 Sulfur as SO3.

Of the above minerals, silicon, aluminum and titanium are considered to be acid, while the
remainders are regarded as basic (after Bruce Proudfoot & others, 1999).

The relationship between ash mineral present in ash of a coal and ash fusion temperature in Lati
Area that showed in graphic 1 to 3, within 89 data points of R seam and 105 data points of Q
seam.

Based on the third graphic within increases from 20% minimum contains of Al2O3, CaO and
Fe2O3, that showed increases Al2O3, CaO to followed increases ash fusion temperature, while
the increases Fe2O3 to followed decreases ash fusion temperature.

The value of ash fusion temperature is assumed under influence of the composition ash mineral
present in coal, but the exactly correlated is difficult presented on the formula.

Carabodgan, Singer and Panoiu, 1964 (in Teichmuller and others, 1982) They have studied the
influence of mineral in coal on the fusion temperature and defined a factor :

CaO, MgO, Fe2O3

R = ------------------------
SiO2 + Al2O3

With increases value of R the fusion temperature also increases, such as sample of R and Q
seams in graphic 4 to 6, and the fusion temperature decreases with increases ratio between SiO2
and Al2O3 values, such as sample of R and Q seams in graphic 7.

2
 1400

MgO
1300 Al2O3
K2O
C AFT

CaO
1200 P2O5
Fe2O3
SiO2
TiO2
o

Mn3O4 SO3
1100 Na2O

1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% Ash Mineral R Seam

Graphic 1 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and

Ash Mineral of R Seam Lati Area

1400

1300
C AFT

Mn3O4
CaO
1200 TiO2MgO
o

SO3
K2O
Na2O
1100 P2O5
Fe2O3
SiO2

Al2O3

1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% Ash Mineral Q Seam

Graphic 2 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and

Ash Mineral of Q Seam Lati Area

1400

Al2O3
1300
K2O
CaO
C AFT

P2O5

1200 TiO2
Mn3O4
MgO
o

SO3

1100 Na2O
SiO2
Fe2O3

1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% Ash Mineral R&Q Seam

Graphic 3 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and

Ash Mineral of R&Q Seams Lati Area

3
While, Elmer John Badin, 1984, defined factor :

Al2O3 + SiO2
R = -----------------------------------------------
Fe2O3 + CaO + MgO + Na2O + K2O

With increases value of R correlated with increases value of ash fusion temperature, such as
sample of R and Q seams in graphic 8.

3. Blending System

Obviously, that ash fusion temperature is one of others of physical ash property but it is assumed
under influence of the composition ash mineral in ash of a coal. Therefore, it is acceptable that
the low ash fusion temperature to blend with high ash fusion temperature but the produce is not
an acceptable product, for example is showed in table 1.

The upgrading value of ash fusion temperature can do to blend between low ash fusion
temperature and high ash fusion temperature of a coal. Beside that, can do to add percentage of
ash in coal with blending between low ash fusion temperature of a coal and high ash fusion
temperature of non-coal material.

3.1. Coal

The mineable coal reserve of R and Q seams excluded mine out March 2000 which in stripping
ratio below 7 are 24.84 million metric tonnes, consist of 14.85 million metric tonnes R seam and
9.99 million metric tonnes Q seam. Mineable coal reserve calculated based on drill holes data up
to 1999, < 3% Na2O Free SO3 and < 0.8% Total Sulfur in as received basis. Both are quality
parameters, it's coal spec for supply to Jawa Power. The mineable coal reserve can be changed
by additional data, such as drilling, topographic map, coal quality parameter and stripping ratio.

The ash fusion temperature value of mineable coal reserve R and Q seams is showed in table2,
such as :

• 14.85 million metric tonnes of R seam consists of 14.68 million metric tonnes with ash fusion
temperature 1,312oC in flow reducing condition and 0.17 million metric tonnes without ash
fusion temperature value.
• 9.99 million metric tonnes of Q seam consists of 9.99 million metric tonnes with ash fusion
temperature 1,244oC in flow reducing condition and 0.002 million metric tonnes without ash
fusion temperature value.

4
 1,400

1,300
C AFT

1,200
o

1,100

1,000
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
% CaO/SiO2+Al2O3

o
Graphic 4 Relationship of C Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing)
and % CaO/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams Lati Area

1,400

1,300
C AFT

1,200
o

1,100

1,000
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
% MgO/SiO2+Al2O3

o
Graphic 5 Relationship of C Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing)
and % MgO/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams Lati Area

1,400

1,300
C AFT

1,200
o

1,100

1,000
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
% Fe2O3/SiO2+Al2O3

o
Graphic 6 Relationship of C Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing)
and % Fe2O3/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams Lati Area

5
 1,400

1,300

1,200
C AFT

1,100
o

1,000

900
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
% SiO2/Al2O3

o
Graphic 7 Relationship of C Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing)
and % SiO2/Al2O3 of R & Q Seams Lati Area

1,400

1,300
C AFT

1,200
o

1,100

1,000
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
% SiO2+Al2O3/Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O

o
Graphic 8 Relationship of C Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing)
and % SiO2+Al2O3/Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O of R & Q Seams Lati Area

• Composite of R and Q seams is 24.67 million metric tonnes with ash fusion temperature
1,285oC in flow reducing condition and 0.17 million metric tonnes without ash fusion
temperature value.

Based on statement above in table 2, the amount of 24.67 million metric tonnes combine of R and
Q seams within ash fusion temperature value 1,285oC in flow reducing condition, it's save for coal
supply to Jawa Power. The ash fusion temperature is in ranges of reproducibility value, it's80oC
for flow in reducing condition (ASTM, 1998). Be considered the composite produce of ash fusion
temperature is not an acceptable product, for example is showed in table 1.

6
 Table 1
Comparison of Ash Fusion Temperature Blending
Between Composite Calculation & Analysis Result

A. Blending Between Coal & Coal ( 1 : 1 )

Coal Coal Composite Analysis

Reducing MS-R-V MS-Q-VIII Calculation Result
Ash = 4.19 pct Ash = 3.97 pct Blend 1 : 1 Blend 1 : 1

Deformation 1090 1190 1139 1060

Spherical 1100 1260 1178 1080
Hemisphere 1170 1300 1233 1110
Flow 1240 1350 1294 1150

B. Blending Between Coal & Mudstone ( 97 : 3 )

Coal Mudstone Composite Analysis

Reducing ROBBY-106 MS-RF-99 Calculation Result
Ash = 4.86 % Ash = 84.5 % Ash = 7.25 % Ash = 7.22 %

Deformation 1080 1200 1122 1140

Spherical 1110 1240 1155 1160
Hemisphere 1120 1310 1186 1240
Flow 1180 1340 1236 1360

Table 2
Mineable Coal Reserve of R and Q Seams
With Composite Ash Fusion Temperature
Lati Area

o
C Ash Fusion Temperature
Mineable Reserve
Identification Reducing Oxidizing
(metric tonnes)
D S H F D S H F

With Coal Quality

R 14,681,409.21 1,183 1,235 1,254 1,312 1,262 1,306 1,324 1,375
Q 9,988,357.07 1,141 1,182 1,199 1,244 1,206 1,270 1,283 1,344
Su Total 24,669,766.28 1,166 1,213 1,232 1,285 1,239 1,291 1,307 1,362

Without Coal Quality

R 167,530.48 - - - - - - - -
Q 1,773.07 - - - - - - - -
Su Total 169,303.55 - - - - - - - -

Grand Total 24,839,069.83

7
The mineable coal reserve of R and Q seams with diversified ash fusion temperature value based
on rejection point <1,250oC, critical point between 1,250oC to 1,300oC, and save point 1,300oC<
are showed in table 3. All of ash fusion temperature value in flow reducing condition. The amount
of 0.17 million metric tonnes both are R and Q seams, that without ash fusion temperature value
is assumed as <1,250oC.

Within table 3 can be explain, such as:

• 32.06% of mineable coal reserve R and Q seams or 7.96 million metric tonnes of a coal that
rejection point for coal supply to Jawa Power.
• 34.04% of mineable coal reserve R and Q seams or 8.45 million metric tonnes of a coal that
critical point for coal supply to Jawa Power.
• 33.90% of mineable coal reserve R and Q seams or 8.42 million metric tonnes of a coal that
save for coal supply to Jawa Power.

Based on statement above in table 3, the amount of 33.90% of mineable coal reserve R and Q
seams or 8.42 million metric tonnes within upper 1,300oC, it's save for coal supply to Jawa Power.
66.10% of mineable coal reserve R and Q seams or 16.42 million metric tonnes within below and
equal 1,300oC, it's critical to rejection point for coal supply to Jawa Power. Both are ash fusion
temperatures in flow reducing condition.

Table 3
Mineable Coal Reserve of R and Q seams
With Diversified Ash Fusion Temperature Value

o
Coal Seam C AFT - Flow - Reducing Total
<1250 1250 - 1300 1300 <

R 2.34 5.52 6.99 14.85

Q 5.62 2.94 1.43 9.99

7.96 8.45 8.42 24.84

R&Q
32.06% 34.04% 33.90% 100%

Mineable reserve in million metric tonnes

Relationship between mineable coal reserve of R and Q seams and ash fusion temperature value
is showed in graphic 9. R seam within great quantities of high ash fusion temperature and the
other way of q seam within great quantities of low ash fusion temperature.

8
 8

Mineable Reserve (MMT)

7
6
5 R Seam
4 Q Seam
3
2
1
0
<1250 1250 - 1300 1300 <
o
C AFT - Flow - Reducing

Graphic 9 Relationship between million metric tonnes mineable coal reserve and
o
C ash fusion temperature in flow reducing condition of R & Q seams
Lati area

3.2. Non Coal

Non-coal describes as a material that has high ash content. In graphic 10 that showed with
increases ash content also increases ash fusion temperature. Therefore, upgrading value of ash
fusion temperature can do to add percentage of ash in coal within high contents of Al2O3 and or
CaO, which in clays or carbonates group mineral type. The more common minerals found in coal
are showed in table 4.

1600

1500

1400

1300
C AFT
o

1200

1100

1000

900
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

% Ash

Graphic 10 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing)

and % Ash in air dried basis of R & Q Seams Lati Area

The blending coal and non-coal (clays or carbonates group) beside can do to increase ash fusion
temperature value but another parameter quality will be decrease especially calorific value.

9
Non coal materials that easy to get in mining area are interburden and overburden materials of
the coal seams, such as : soil, mudstone (clay), sand, coally shale (that usually found in roof or
floor of the coal seams) and scoria. Those material qualities are showed in appendix 1 included
others material that’s not found in mining area.

A Coal blending with soil or scoria which have high ash fusion temperature, such as about
1,370oC deformation and 1,560oC flow of soil and about 1,380oC deformation and more than
1,600oC Flow of scoria, while values of hemisphere and spherical between values of deformation
and flow. Both are ash fusion temperatures in reducing condition. Disadvantages of soil and
scoria, both are nil of calorific value that caused calorific value of coals blending will be high
decrease. Beside that, the colour of scoria is red that caused contras with color of a coal.

A coal blending with coaly shale, the advantages of color is like a coal, but source of coaly shale
is very little so difficult to get it in great quantities. The ash fusion temperature of coaly shale in
reducing condition is about 1,200oC deformation and 1,500oC flow and calorific value is about 565
kcal/kg in air dried bases, the assumed of the calorific value will be able more than it.

Table 4
Common Minerals Found in Coals
(J.Sligar)

Specific
Group Species Formula
Gravity

Kaolinite Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O 2.60

Clays Illite K2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.H2O 2.90
Montmorillonite Al2(Si4O10)(OH2) 2.30

Siderite FeCO3 3.96

Carbonates Calcite CaCO3 2.94
Dolomite Ca(CO3).Mg(CO3) 2.86

Pyrite FeS2 5.01

Sulfides
Marcasite FeS2 4.88

Quartz SiO2 2.65

Hematite Fe2O3 5.26
Accessory Biotite K2O.MgO.Al2O3.3SiO2.H2O -
Minerals Rutile TiO2 -
Orthoclase (Feldspars) K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 2.63
Albite (Feldspars) Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 2.63

Mudstone has calorific value between 275 to 600 kcal/kg in air-dried bases and ash fusion
temperature between 1,030oC to 1,330oC deformations and 1,250oC to 1,500oC flows, both are in
reducing condition.

10
The advantages of mudstone to blend with a coal if compared with another materials of
interburden and overburden of the coal seams are:

• Mudstone has a calorific value, therefore calorific value of a coal blending will be lower
decrease than soil and scoria. While, ash contents at all of materials relative the same are
about 80%.
• Mudstone has a great quantity of source and very easy to get it, caused its majoring
material removed in mine operation.

Another material that can do to upgrade ash fusion temperature is zeolite. Zeolite is a group of
tektosilicates within contains of SiO2, Ca, K, Na, Ba. The show powerful properties of Base
Exchange clay minerals with occur of volcanic rocks (after Whitten & Brooks, 1972).
Ash fusion temperature of zeolite is 1,200oC deformation and 1,500oC flow in reducing condition.
Within source of zeolite is out of mine area and the value of ash fusion temperature is almost the
same with mudstone, therefore a coal blending with zeolite is not effective.

Generalize, mudstone is better than another materials that can do to blend with a coal for
upgrading value of ash fusion temperature, while disadvantages of mudstone to blend with a coal
are describe as:
• Within high ash content that caused calorific value of a coal blending decrease.
• The property of mudstone is sticky when wet and will be able to make clotting with a coal.
• The mixture of mudstone is about 1% from about 5000 tonnes of coal. It's very difficult to
make homogenous blending.

Obviously, mudstone is sticky when wet and will be able to make clotting with a coal and varieties
value of ash fusion temperature (table 5), with ranges over than reproducibility value by ASTM
1998 (table 6).

Table 5
Ash Fusion Temperature Value of Mudstone

o o
Reducing C Oxidizing C
Identification
Min Max Min Max

Deformation 1,030 1,330 1,230 1,400

Sherical 1,130 1,450 1,380 1,500
Hemisphere 1,180 1,470 1,450 1,530
Flow 1,250 1,500 1,460 1,560

11
Based on statement above, when a coal blending with mudstone is needed additional handling,
such as:

• Mudstones before blending with a coal must be crush or screen which in loose less than
50 millimeter (mudstone size must be less than top coal size).
• Its needed mudstone storage and its better close to coal processing plan.

Caused coal blending with mudstone is very difficult to make homogenous, so to take another
alternative. It is adding mineral present in a coal, which in liquid form and spraying to a coal in
stockpile processing together with a liquid that use to preventive self-combustion of a coal and
decreases air pollution of fly ash or spraying to a coal its self.

Table 6
Repeatability and Reproducibility of Ash Fusion Temperature
(ASTM - D 1857, 1998)

Repeatability Reproducibility
Identification o o o o
Reducing C Oxidizing C Reducing C Oxidizing C

Deformation 30 30 75 55
Sherical 30 30 55 55
Hemisphere 30 30 55 55
Flow 30 30 80 55

With in the assumed that the value of ash fusion temperature under influence of ash mineral in a
coal and Al2O3 and or CaO is one of others mineral that caused ash fusion temperature
increases with increases both are of ash minerals. Therefore, within to add percentage contains
of both are minerals in coal is expressly increased value of ash fusion temperature.

Al2O3 is a simple oxide with the white powder form and it's not soluble in water. One of others
compound of Al2O3 that soluble in water is Al2SO4. The form of Al2SO4 like Al2O3 is white
powder. Ash fusion temperature of Al2SO4 is less than 900oC of deformation in reducing
condition, while a melting simple oxide of Al2O3 is 2,043oC. Low ash fusion temperature of
Al2SO4 may be that caused by sulfur in SO4.

CaO like Al2O3 is a simple oxide with the white powder form. One of others compound of CaO
that soluble in water is CaCO3. Ash fusion temperature of CaCO3 is more than 1,600oC of
deformation in reducing condition, while a melting simple oxide of CaO is 2,521oC.

Interaction takes place at elevated temperatures producing complex salts that have entirely
different physical constants from the simple oxides. Among other changes, the melting

12
temperatures of the compounds are usually lowered to simple oxides temperature is showed in
table 7 (J.Sligar).

Base on the assumed of the increases Al2O3 and or CaO to followed increases ash fusion
temperature and black wall paint with the majoring made of Kaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O),
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and others chemical composition. Therefore, it's tried to spray black
wall paint to fine coal.

Table 7
Melting Temperature of Ash Components
(J. Sligar)

Melting
Identification o
Temperature ( C)

Oxide

SiO2 1715
Al2O3 2043
Fe2O3 1565
CaO 2521
MgO 2799
Na2O (Sublimes 1277)
K2O (Decomposes 349)
TiO2 1838

Compound

Na2SiO 849
Na2OTiO2 1032
CaSiO2 1538
CaAl2O3 1600
FeSiO2 1149

The experiment result to be indicated that ash fusion temperature increases with spraying black
wall paint to fine coal and affect another qualities, such as: increases calorific value, sulfur content
and decreases inherent moisture (table 8). The increase calorific value may be caused by
decrease inherent moisture.

The feasible economics spraying black wall paint to find coal is about one liter liquid solution for
one ton find coal with composition 2% liquid solution, but it's impossible that caused increases
ash fusion temperature. Therefore, in liquid solution to add 0.02% mudstone powder from total
sprayed of find coal.

Based on statement above is tried 25 kg find coal sprayed by 250 ml liquid solution with
composition 5 ml black wall paint, 245 ml water and 5 gram mudstone powder. The tried result to
be indicated that ash fusion temperature is not increase (table 9).

13
 Table 8
Ash Fusion Temperature and Others Quality Result
Coal Spray with Black Wall Paint

o
Sample Mixing AFT ( C)
Code Ratio Reducing Oxidazing
D S H F D S H F

A Normal 1,020 1,080 1,100 1,120 1,120 1,170 1,190 1,230

B 1:1 1,270 1,280 1,300 1,320 1,320 1,340 1,360 1,380
C 1 : 10 1,070 1,090 1,100 1,140 1,190 1,230 1,290 1,330
D 1 : 20 1,080 1,130 1,140 1,160 1,180 1,220 1,230 1,240

Sample Mixing Proximate (adb) adb daf

Code Ratio IM Ash VM FC TS CV Ash TS CV
% % % % % kcal/kg % % kcal/kg

A Normal 19.72 3.80 37.72 38.76 0.92 5,470 4.97 1.20 7,152
B 1:1 15.58 6.08 40.61 37.73 0.97 5,536 7.76 1.24 7,067
C 1 : 10 17.76 4.38 39.25 38.61 0.99 5,569 5.63 1.27 7,153
D 1 : 20 17.32 3.84 38.81 40.03 1.00 5,657 4.87 1.27 7,175

Note :
Normal = Original sample
1:1 = 100 milliliter water and 100 milliliter black wall paint
1 : 10 = 20 milliliter water and 200 milliliter black wall paint
1 : 20 = 10 milliliter water and 200 milliliter black wall paint
Each fine coal (1 kg size 4.75 milimeter) to spray 200 milliliter by mixture of water and black wall paint

The price of black wall paint is about Rp 20,000 per liter, while the feasible economic price is
about Rp 400 per ton of fine coal sprayed excluded mudstone powder price. Fine coal spraying
within feasible economics price is not caused ash fusion temperature increase yet. Although
sprayed by black wall paint that caused increases ash fusion temperature but it’s not economics.

Table 9
Ash Fusion Temperature and Others Quality Result
Feasible Economics Sprayed by Black Wall Paint

o
Sample Mixing AFT ( C)
Code Ratio Reducing Oxidazing
D S H F D S H F

AF1 Normal 1,100 1,120 1,170 1,260 - - - -

AF2 2% 1,090 1,110 1,120 1,250 - - - -

Sample Mixing arb Proximate (adb) adb daf

Code Ratio TM IM Ash VM FC TS CV Ash TS CV
% % % % % % kcal/kg % % kcal/kg

AF1 Normal 25.60 19.04 4.82 37.71 38.43 0.80 5,413 6.33 1.05 7,109
AF2 2% 25.50 19.77 4.72 36.97 38.54 0.78 5,352 6.25 1.03 7,088
Note :
Normal = Original sample
Fine coal sprayed by 2% liquid solution black wall paint and 0.02% mudstone powder from total srayed of find coal

14
4. Conclusion

The value of ash fusion temperature is under influences ash mineral composition in coal. Coal
properties of R and Q seams in Lati Area, from 20% minimum contains of Al2O3, CaO and
Fe2O3, that showed with the increase Al2O3, CaO to followed increase ash fusion temperature,
while the increase Fe2O3 to followed decrease ash fusion temperature.

The upgrading ash fusion temperature of R and Q seams Lati Area can do as follows:
• Blending between Low ash fusion temperature and high ash fusion temperature of a coal.
• Adding percentage of ash in coal with high Al2O3 and or CaO contents.

Adding percentage of ash in coal can do with blending system between fine coal and non-coal,
and spraying black wall paint to fine coal. Spraying system it’s better than direct blending.

Although spraying black wall paint to fine coal that caused increases ash fusion temperature but
it’s not economics. Therefore, upgrading ash fusion temperature of R and Q seams Lati area for a
while just can do blending both of a coal.

15
References :

1. Annual Book of ASTM Standards (1998), Volume 05.05 Gaseous Fuels, Coal and
Coke, Easton MD USA.
2. Bruce Proudfoot & Others (1999); Coal Quality Course March 15 - 17, 1999, PT.
Geoservices Bandung Indonesia.
3. Colin R Ward (1983), Coal Geology And Coal Technology, Blackwell Scientific
Publications Melbourne Oxford London - Edinburgh Boston Palo Alto.
4. D.G.A. Whitten and J.R.V. Brooks (1972), The Penguin Dictionary of Geology, Hazell
Watson & Viney Ltd., Great Britain.
5. Elmer John Badin (1984), Coal Combustion Chemistry - Correlation Aspect, Elsevier
Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo.
6. J. Sligar, Coal Properties and Their Effect On Power Station Design, Institute of Coal
Research, Coal Characterisation and Utilisation Course for Novacoal Australia.
7. Stach, Taylor, Mackowsky, Chandra, M. Teichmuler and R. Teichmuler (1982), Stach's
of Texbook of Coal Petrology, Gedbruder Borntraeger - Berlin - Stutgart.

16
APPENDIX
 Flow Procedure of
Fine Coal Sprayed By Black Wall Paint

4 kg
4.75 mm

1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg
4.75 mm 4.75 mm 4.75 mm 4.75 mm

Normal 1:1 1:10 1:20

AFT Analysis AFT Analysis AFT Analysis AFT Analysis

Ok Ok Ok Ok

Analysis : Analysis : Analysis : Analysis :

Proximate Proximate Proximate Proximate
TS TS TS TS
CV CV CV CV
Ash Analysis Ash Analysis Ash Analysis Ash Analysis

Note :
Normal = Original sample
1:1 = 100 milliliter water and 100 milliliter black wall paint
1 : 10 = 20 milliliter water and 200 milliliter black wall paint
1 : 20 = 10 milliliter water and 200 milliliter black wall paint
Each fine coal (1 kg size 4.75 milimeter) to spray 200 milliliter by mixture of water and black wall paint
 Ash Mineral Present in Ash and Ash Fusion Temperature of R Seam

Ash Minral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)

No. Hole Reducing Oxidizing
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Mn3O4 TiO2 P2O5 SO3
D H S F D H S F

1 HD-97-105 10.33 14.03 8.30 17.60 5.19 11.65 0.84 0.02 0.67 0.86 30.21 1,140 1,170 1,190 1,210 1,270 1,280 1,300 1,310
2 HD-97-106 18.99 17.88 9.46 19.05 7.54 3.36 0.62 0.04 0.86 1.91 19.91 1,160 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,240 1,320 1,330 1,350
3 HD-97-112 15.18 11.64 10.24 17.12 6.60 0.60 0.46 0.66 0.33 0.44 36.49 1,080 1,100 1,110 1,120 1,190 1,200 1,210 1,230
4 HD-97-117 25.70 16.57 13.44 17.28 5.78 1.49 0.47 0.05 1.00 0.33 17.69 1,100 1,110 1,120 1,130 1,200 1,210 1,220 1,250
5 HD-97-146 19.03 25.09 12.44 15.76 6.79 1.50 0.26 0.74 1.48 3.06 13.62 1,160 1,230 1,260 1,340 1,250 1,280 1,310 1,400
6 HD-97-149 43.42 35.48 7.43 4.18 0.89 0.67 0.31 0.02 1.66 0.33 5.31 1,070 1,100 1,260 1,200 1,240 1,270 1,280 1,310
7 HD-97-151 15.43 21.33 5.87 14.15 5.42 12.09 0.46 0.02 1.28 1.56 22.18 1,140 1,160 1,180 1,190 1,250 1,300 1,320 1,340
8 HD-97-155 15.65 14.90 9.67 26.45 12.18 0.44 0.40 0.08 0.47 1.53 17.95 1,260 1,280 1,300 1,320 1,300 1,320 1,340 1,380
9 HD-97-156 9.74 16.68 20.42 16.23 7.23 0.74 0.35 0.74 0.83 0.82 26.01 1,140 1,160 1,180 1,240 1,270 1,330 1,340 1,410
10 HD-97-163 22.95 14.85 18.85 12.70 7.76 0.80 0.50 0.43 0.08 0.43 20.33 1,070 1,090 1,110 1,140 1,190 1,210 1,230 1,290
11 HD-97-166 23.55 23.38 14.22 12.55 4.83 0.60 0.52 0.83 0.99 0.89 17.44 1,120 1,200 1,220 1,250 1,260 1,280 1,290 1,320
12 HD-97-168 14.32 19.35 9.04 18.80 6.93 2.50 0.38 0.08 0.67 0.85 26.48 1,130 1,140 1,170 1,240 1,170 1,230 1,240 1,390
13 HD-97-169 20.23 21.60 18.15 16.11 6.64 0.97 0.35 0.23 1.02 1.57 12.80 1,070 1,110 1,120 1,160 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,250
14 HD-97-44 21.67 22.35 9.49 10.27 5.16 0.47 0.28 0.45 0.92 0.75 28.08 1,230 1,280 1,330 1,350 - - - -
15 HD-97-46 26.20 19.97 26.88 7.71 2.29 2.70 0.67 1.33 1.33 0.33 10.27 1,170 1,240 1,340 1,370 - - - -
16 HD-97-56 38.66 12.28 5.30 8.93 2.81 7.20 0.61 1.55 0.55 0.15 21.66 1,040 1,100 1,130 1,170 1,090 1,130 1,150 1,240
17 HD-97-64 45.32 8.60 8.81 10.55 4.71 11.58 0.34 0.04 0.39 1.26 8.08 970 1,010 1,040 1,070 1,120 1,180 1,210 1,280
18 HD-97-70 15.95 13.55 9.20 11.77 4.35 10.98 0.60 0.04 0.50 0.92 31.99 1,020 1,030 1,040 1,050 1,190 1,210 1,220 1,240
19 HD-97-83 25.06 17.56 10.43 13.29 4.22 1.23 0.41 1.51 1.11 0.25 24.65 1,270 1,290 1,300 1,340 1,290 1,300 1,310 1,360
20 HD-97-88 44.02 26.06 11.71 5.48 1.32 1.35 0.36 0.05 0.67 0.13 8.68 1,210 1,510 1,520 1,550 1,470 1,510 1,530 1,560
21 HD-97-89 19.49 34.63 13.63 6.36 1.39 0.34 0.68 0.07 0.91 2.57 19.70 1,450 1,570 1,590 >1600 1,480 1,590 >1600 >1600
22 HD-97-94 11.06 20.88 32.74 7.56 3.13 0.33 0.49 0.42 0.49 1.57 21.20 1,160 1,260 1,280 1,400 1,390 1,410 1,430 1,500
23 HD-98-11 35.32 32.15 13.69 5.89 2.02 0.30 0.29 0.31 0.94 1.88 7.01 1,140 1,320 1,340 1,360 1,230 1,390 1,400 1,410
24 HD-98-14 20.29 11.76 7.72 16.45 5.78 10.67 0.68 0.07 0.82 1.21 24.15 1,090 1,130 1,140 1,150 1,200 1,230 1,250 1,270
25 HD-98-15 25.87 39.99 18.91 3.52 0.75 0.44 0.22 0.07 1.29 3.16 5.58 1,300 1,410 1,440 1,490 1,390 1,470 1,500 1,520
26 HD-98-16 37.73 29.80 13.69 6.72 2.02 0.53 0.24 0.23 1.37 1.24 6.03 1,170 1,360 1,370 1,390 1,260 1,400 1,430 1,450
27 HD-98-17 37.67 25.88 9.95 11.10 2.37 0.45 0.33 0.64 1.25 1.49 8.58 1,230 1,240 1,260 1,300 1,260 1,270 1,290 1,320
28 HD-98-20 8.31 2.75 10.75 21.66 7.14 11.53 0.42 0.05 0.12 0.09 36.84 1,160 1,220 1,230 1,250 1,260 1,210 1,240 1,270
29 HD-98-24 13.79 5.19 15.43 16.93 5.72 12.52 0.44 0.05 0.35 0.13 28.05 1,110 1,120 1,130 1,150 1,140 1,160 1,170 1,200
30 L-84-06 33.30 29.20 9.46 9.45 3.81 0.43 0.84 0.23 0.98 1.40 10.00 1,250 1,330 1,330 1,570 1,190 1,310 1,320 1,500
 Ash Mineral Present in Ash and Ash Fusion Temperature of R Seam

Ash Minral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)

No. Hole Reducing Oxidizing
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Mn3O4 TiO2 P2O5 SO3
D H S F D H S F

31 L-84-07 34.80 30.20 13.80 7.48 3.05 1.63 0.78 0.16 1.14 1.17 6.33 1,100 1,320 1,320 1,570 1,280 1,380 1,380 1,420
32 L-85-05 17.70 19.20 8.76 19.60 6.48 1.00 0.61 0.24 0.89 1.80 24.70 1,260 1,260 1,260 1,300 1,260 1,270 1,270 1,300
33 L-86-17 34.50 14.70 6.70 16.30 4.10 6.00 0.90 0.08 0.90 0.39 13.96 1,050 1,100 1,100 1,160 1,120 1,200 1,220 1,420
34 L-86-19 15.90 20.50 9.90 21.90 5.85 10.85 0.42 0.05 0.59 0.09 13.07 1,230 1,330 1,350 1,520 1,260 1,390 1,400 1,580
35 L-86-24 26.30 20.50 11.50 13.90 5.50 1.08 0.99 0.52 1.15 0.07 16.67 1,040 1,080 1,100 1,480 1,090 1,200 1,230 1,300
36 L-86-25 16.50 8.00 7.50 24.50 5.50 13.80 0.21 0.11 0.30 0.08 22.03 1,070 1,100 1,120 1,180 1,110 1,170 1,170 1,200
37 L-86-41 16.00 21.00 15.90 17.40 6.95 0.67 0.21 0.50 1.00 0.02 19.10 1,200 1,250 1,270 1,360 1,230 1,320 1,380 1,560
38 L-86-55 59.00 18.80 6.90 3.95 2.68 1.15 1.58 0.26 1.10 0.18 3.86 1,160 1,190 1,210 1,250 1,170 1,280 1,290 1,330
39 L-86-56 29.30 40.00 11.70 6.25 2.60 0.78 0.24 0.11 0.89 0.48 6.32 1,330 1,340 1,360 1,450 1,320 1,340 1,370 1,450
40 L-86-58A 36.50 29.30 10.30 8.25 3.25 0.70 0.63 0.42 1.58 0.30 7.17 1,210 1,270 1,300 1,440 1,240 1,270 1,280 1,340
41 L-86-63A 27.50 18.60 7.80 13.88 4.78 13.88 0.73 0.03 0.51 0.06 10.93 1,110 1,130 1,140 1,160 1,260 1,310 1,320 1,340
42 L-87-108 31.50 39.10 14.50 3.68 0.64 0.33 0.25 0.23 1.70 3.55 2.85 1,180 1,330 1,350 1,420 1,230 1,470 1,470 1,510
43 L-87-116 22.30 17.70 9.63 17.50 7.00 0.57 0.28 0.17 0.63 1.65 21.56 1,160 1,190 1,190 1,370 1,180 1,210 1,210 1,260
44 L-87-120 12.80 16.40 8.25 16.60 5.00 11.60 0.73 0.07 0.71 3.30 22.75 1,170 1,280 1,290 1,440 1,270 1,430 1,430 1,580
45 L-87-20 29.90 46.50 13.00 3.91 1.25 0.30 0.38 0.23 0.67 2.49 2.88 1,270 1,340 1,380 1,530 1,310 1,440 1,440 1,510
46 L-87-24A 31.04 12.91 12.42 14.13 7.41 1.39 0.51 0.10 0.52 0.91 18.91 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590
47 L-87-41 38.10 32.50 11.80 6.00 2.15 0.49 0.98 0.24 1.16 1.75 3.69 1,100 1,320 1,330 1,380 1,240 1,280 1,290 1,420
48 L-87-42 30.70 27.10 14.30 10.20 3.58 0.54 0.72 0.28 1.29 0.35 9.14 1,210 1,250 1,270 1,370 1,280 1,290 1,310 1,350
49 L-87-57 42.80 35.90 9.20 3.05 0.91 0.47 0.69 0.06 0.83 3.00 1.45 1,220 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,560 1,590 1,590 1,590
50 L-87-58 18.40 16.30 9.63 16.60 8.75 1.31 0.63 0.07 0.50 1.40 24.59 1,260 1,310 1,320 1,560 1,190 1,320 1,350 1,580
51 L-87-64 25.50 16.90 7.60 15.30 4.00 10.80 0.68 0.07 0.57 2.10 14.39 1,030 1,070 1,070 1,090 1,200 1,290 1,300 1,310
52 L-87-80 24.70 17.30 8.38 14.70 4.90 15.30 0.48 0.05 0.48 0.26 12.22 1,070 1,090 1,090 1,100 1,230 1,320 1,320 1,340
53 L-87-84 27.20 19.50 9.75 15.20 5.40 2.56 0.25 0.06 0.81 0.30 17.63 1,160 1,200 1,200 1,280 1,270 1,320 1,320 1,330
54 L-87-86 30.00 20.30 19.80 9.80 4.18 0.80 0.44 0.47 0.94 0.40 12.20 1,150 1,200 1,200 1,230 1,250 1,350 1,380 1,560
55 L-95-07 14.88 21.27 8.26 19.20 8.00 8.16 0.39 0.07 0.08 0.09 18.74 1,118 1,130 1,138 1,151 1,320 1,384 1,389 1,396
56 L-95-13 21.11 14.19 13.07 20.34 4.79 9.06 0.33 0.10 0.71 0.79 15.72 1,096 1,100 1,106 1,120 1,188 1,260 1,268 1,280
57 L-95-20 19.81 3.24 9.96 28.82 6.37 11.20 0.32 0.17 0.04 0.01 18.18 1,070 1,120 1,128 1,137 1,190 1,197 1,200 1,210
58 L-95-39 29.90 25.42 6.77 11.82 4.07 9.70 0.87 0.04 0.69 0.53 9.89 1,090 1,098 1,103 1,120 1,273 1,317 1,330 1,345
59 L-95-56 44.62 34.82 5.29 4.47 1.25 0.52 2.13 0.12 1.12 0.47 3.78 1,470 1,550 1,556 1,570 1,550 1,600 1,600 1,600
60 L-95-58 11.99 21.88 9.71 26.44 6.14 0.05 0.47 0.36 1.17 0.88 20.48 1,196 1,263 1,278 1,285 1,260 1,271 1,280 1,293
 Ash Mineral Present in Ash and Ash Fusion Temperature of R Seam

Ash Minral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)

No. Hole Reducing Oxidizing
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Mn3O4 TiO2 P2O5 SO3
D H S F D H S F

61 L-96-101 31.04 27.18 10.81 13.32 3.60 0.55 1.23 0.12 1.33 0.27 10.79 1,208 1,280 1,310 1,380 1,290 1,305 1,315 1,390
62 L-96-103 37.89 23.80 8.97 9.34 1.89 1.10 1.05 0.17 1.23 2.75 11.57 1,185 1,256 1,272 1,330 1,250 1,352 1,372 1,435
63 L-96-104 41.70 20.92 5.90 13.41 3.50 0.47 1.83 0.09 0.07 0.32 9.89 1,180 1,220 1,270 1,370 1,220 1,250 1,280 1,390
64 L-96-107 4.36 15.37 9.85 32.44 6.88 0.60 0.21 0.20 1.30 0.79 28.75 1,210 1,240 1,270 1,310 1,280 1,310 1,320 1,330
65 L-96-112 23.07 25.35 18.89 12.97 2.89 0.47 0.47 0.39 1.22 0.84 12.47 1,300 1,305 1,310 1,320 1,325 1,330 1,335 1,340
66 L-96-118 12.93 16.26 13.94 23.60 6.44 0.50 0.75 0.24 0.75 0.47 24.64 1,150 1,180 1,200 1,220 1,250 1,270 1,280 1,294
67 L-96-61 39.72 26.65 12.86 7.11 1.98 0.31 0.92 0.22 0.82 1.79 7.38 1,309 1,329 1,339 1,380 1,320 1,335 1,340 1,400
68 L-96-63 25.88 32.77 9.29 15.88 3.82 0.83 0.48 0.15 1.17 0.87 9.18 1,330 1,340 1,350 1,380 1,340 1,348 1,359 1,393
69 L-96-67 3.31 17.14 12.91 33.89 8.82 0.91 0.28 0.17 0.61 0.48 20.85 1,175 1,247 1,292 1,320 1,275 1,323 1,337 1,381
70 L-96-73 23.81 22.42 7.32 21.81 5.97 4.30 0.64 0.07 0.96 2.56 9.65 1,182 1,195 1,198 1,225 - - - -
71 L-96-81 9.37 15.03 7.98 35.42 6.98 1.33 0.41 0.13 0.41 0.20 23.43 1,210 1,276 1,285 1,320 1,298 1,320 1,330 1,340
72 L-96-86 37.07 27.16 11.68 6.76 2.03 0.59 0.77 0.39 1.10 3.00 9.35 1,190 1,250 1,271 1,310 - - - -
73 L-96-88 28.45 19.34 6.07 18.15 4.64 4.63 1.70 0.08 0.62 0.01 16.91 1,110 1,120 1,130 1,160 1,272 1,312 1,322 1,350
74 L-96-92 13.69 17.35 7.89 27.92 7.34 5.30 0.50 0.12 1.33 0.50 18.19 1,240 1,250 1,260 1,280 1,290 1,335 1,350 1,360
75 L-96-GT3 35.94 25.54 4.85 9.52 2.57 4.43 0.81 0.09 1.11 0.63 14.30 1,135 1,195 1,231 1,315 1,262 1,281 1,305 1,368
76 L-97-07 19.59 23.67 7.99 20.11 5.03 4.44 0.52 0.10 1.28 0.49 17.00 1,120 1,150 1,170 1,190 1,250 1,350 1,370 1,410
77 L-97-15 18.53 24.67 7.59 18.99 5.77 5.87 0.51 0.08 1.31 0.97 14.37 1,130 1,145 1,160 1,180 1,315 1,375 1,390 1,405
78 L-97-26 20.04 19.48 7.82 22.39 7.32 1.33 1.19 0.07 0.83 0.31 20.19 1,130 1,140 1,160 1,190 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,230
79 L-97-34 32.29 33.36 6.79 9.47 3.59 0.68 1.25 0.21 1.13 0.80 9.08 1,300 1,350 1,370 1,400 1,310 1,360 1,390 1,420
80 L-97-41 41.49 32.16 8.91 4.88 1.74 0.60 0.45 0.58 1.35 0.86 6.65 1,201 1,513 1,523 1,545 - - - -
81 L-97-42 25.43 23.64 6.69 14.00 4.86 6.40 1.36 0.06 1.68 0.08 14.25 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,180 1,248 1,330 1,380 1,466
82 L-97-44 31.96 18.79 9.63 9.30 3.14 11.01 0.86 0.06 0.98 0.28 13.82 1,074 1,089 1,117 1,125 - - - -
83 L-97-51 9.38 20.57 8.44 27.92 8.08 2.10 0.42 0.08 1.04 1.04 19.73 1,250 1,280 1,290 1,305 1,264 1,290 1,300 1,318
84 L-97-56 15.16 14.18 10.86 15.23 4.99 11.50 0.22 0.09 1.24 0.29 25.68 1,171 1,192 1,197 1,205 - - - -
85 L-97-58 15.33 5.13 7.22 15.24 4.37 7.46 0.59 0.04 1.33 0.02 43.03 1,130 1,160 1,170 1,197 - - - -
86 L-97-64 21.66 2.35 12.84 15.83 4.57 10.58 0.39 0.05 0.12 0.07 31.38 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,160 1,280 1,330 1,350 1,370
87 L-97-66B 28.13 3.39 10.72 16.25 6.45 13.66 0.35 0.03 0.31 0.57 19.78 1,106 1,115 1,122 1,150 1,330 1,370 1,376 1,390
88 L-97-68 4.02 19.74 8.13 24.95 7.24 11.18 0.45 0.08 1.68 1.27 20.56 1,260 1,280 1,290 1,340 1,360 1,376 1,390 1,410
89 L-97-72 30.71 5.09 19.51 11.49 3.70 0.67 0.52 0.06 1.44 0.10 26.53 1,160 1,170 1,190 1,210 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,230
 Ash Mineral Present in Ash and Ash Fusion Temperature of Q Seam

Ash Mineral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)

No. Hole Reducing Oxidizing
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Mn3O4 TiO2 P2O5 SO3
D H S F D H S F

1 HD-97-11 15.74 3.44 29.37 15.26 7.06 2.29 0.44 0.07 0.23 0.37 25.62 1,170 1,180 1,190 1,210 1,140 1,270 1,290 1,350
2 HD-97-12 19.91 3.25 9.55 22.48 5.75 10.68 0.89 0.08 0.70 0.56 25.93 1,040 1,050 1,060 1,090 1,220 1,230 1,240 1,250
3 HD-97-122 8.12 2.15 16.02 21.08 6.32 10.75 0.78 0.05 0.20 0.06 34.16 1,180 1,240 1,260 1,290 1,250 1,340 1,360 1,390
4 HD-97-144 11.68 18.42 17.13 11.54 16.46 3.11 0.45 0.44 0.00 0.55 19.36 1,060 1,110 1,130 1,180 1,200 1,230 1,250 1,290
5 HD-97-149 26.45 10.29 16.53 11.50 9.20 4.14 1.08 0.08 0.46 0.55 20.37 1,090 1,100 1,110 1,120 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,150
6 HD-97-150 50.40 11.18 16.63 6.58 3.25 1.09 0.48 0.22 0.16 0.19 9.71 1,040 1,170 1,180 1,210 1,210 1,290 1,300 1,310
7 HD-97-153 24.57 1.63 6.78 19.28 5.74 5.24 0.51 0.07 1.79 0.13 32.23 1,060 1,070 1,090 1,130 1,130 1,150 1,160 1,220
8 HD-97-156 28.79 1.08 10.39 13.88 17.05 2.20 0.26 0.04 0.00 0.73 25.54 1,120 1,140 1,150 1,160 1,170 1,180 1,190 1,210
9 HD-97-157 29.42 5.99 14.47 15.56 4.20 5.34 0.36 0.04 0.70 0.90 22.85 1,060 1,080 1,120 1,130 1,160 1,170 1,190 1,290
10 HD-97-160 38.90 9.79 15.37 12.37 5.06 0.54 0.41 1.10 4.99 0.03 11.38 1,300 1,390 1,400 1,420 1,360 1,420 1,430 1,460
11 HD-97-161 67.84 13.61 10.40 2.57 0.80 0.84 0.70 0.04 0.27 0.10 2.46 1,100 1,270 1,350 1,390 1,230 1,350 1,390 1,420
12 HD-97-164 46.99 6.45 28.18 4.96 4.24 0.67 0.43 0.26 0.27 0.26 7.08 1,040 1,060 1,090 1,190 1,170 1,260 1,280 1,300
13 HD-97-169 43.97 1.43 10.40 13.30 3.56 13.02 0.51 0.04 0.16 0.09 13.34 1,000 1,010 1,020 1,030 1,100 1,120 1,130 1,140
14 HD-97-170 19.23 3.73 12.67 20.41 12.78 1.02 0.12 0.55 0.00 0.82 27.84 1,160 1,170 1,190 1,210 1,190 1,200 1,210 1,230
15 HD-97-171 14.76 13.61 30.05 11.95 7.36 0.76 0.37 0.40 0.20 0.38 19.82 1,140 1,150 1,160 1,190 1,220 1,230 1,250 1,310
16 HD-97-172 42.71 9.26 22.18 8.77 4.21 0.47 0.79 0.50 5.49 0.56 5.01 1,100 1,110 1,130 1,140 1,110 1,240 1,270 1,320
17 HD-97-25 7.16 5.50 39.32 16.32 7.14 0.99 0.77 0.43 0.16 0.57 21.48 1,160 1,200 1,230 1,270 1,200 1,420 1,440 1,490
18 HD-97-26 36.95 7.27 16.67 8.62 5.74 4.81 0.46 0.39 0.27 0.43 18.04 1,020 1,050 1,080 1,110 1,180 1,170 1,180 1,250
19 HD-97-27 8.76 4.33 13.52 13.83 19.82 5.05 0.40 0.05 0.12 0.36 33.46 1,080 1,100 1,120 1,170 1,150 1,290 1,310 1,420
20 HD-97-28 45.12 25.86 20.92 2.90 0.91 0.43 1.37 0.07 0.58 0.32 1.32 1,070 1,150 1,310 1,330 1,200 1,380 1,390 1,400
21 HD-97-29 10.94 8.72 45.92 10.68 5.21 0.61 0.42 0.43 0.31 0.56 15.93 1,120 1,230 1,240 1,310 1,240 1,460 1,470 1,520
22 HD-97-30 5.47 3.44 17.17 19.98 5.87 11.45 0.37 0.04 0.08 0.06 35.89 1,140 1,150 1,160 1,180 1,260 1,230 1,250 1,340
23 HD-97-36 12.33 12.36 25.34 9.61 5.82 8.48 0.54 0.28 0.20 0.29 24.61 1,060 1,070 1,080 1,110 1,150 1,160 1,170 1,220
24 HD-97-38 13.42 5.09 13.77 22.24 6.27 12.22 0.33 0.03 0.39 0.19 25.78 1,190 1,220 1,230 1,270 1,150 1,330 1,350 1,450
25 HD-97-45 24.72 7.16 11.20 14.21 6.07 11.84 0.74 0.04 0.31 0.29 23.22 1,040 1,060 1,080 1,100 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,150
26 HD-97-49 9.01 3.78 9.50 20.08 4.89 6.82 0.84 0.06 0.50 0.33 41.97 1,020 1,040 1,050 1,060 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,150
27 HD-97-52 13.82 2.35 9.38 24.11 7.62 15.98 0.64 0.05 0.16 0.04 25.50 1,060 1,090 1,120 1,170 1,120 1,150 1,170 1,220
28 HD-97-54 17.71 2.86 13.13 16.98 5.82 12.48 0.43 0.04 0.39 0.25 29.73 1,060 1,070 1,080 1,090 1,100 1,110 1,120 1,130
29 HD-97-55 8.77 2.15 10.40 23.70 7.11 12.77 0.48 0.04 0.23 0.21 33.88 1,230 1,300 1,310 1,330 1,250 1,320 1,330 1,340
30 HD-97-56 15.65 6.54 16.00 17.43 4.75 13.10 1.72 0.06 0.80 0.67 23.17 1,000 1,010 1,020 1,030 1,110 1,140 1,150 1,170
 Ash Mineral Present in Ash and Ash Fusion Temperature of Q Seam

Ash Mineral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)

No. Hole Reducing Oxidizing
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Mn3O4 TiO2 P2O5 SO3
D H S F D H S F

31 HD-97-58 20.32 4.30 21.66 14.06 3.92 9.83 0.53 0.04 0.39 0.31 24.41 1,050 1,060 1,070 1,080 1,240 1,250 1,260 1,270
32 HD-97-60 10.92 6.45 12.60 20.65 4.79 14.38 1.00 0.06 0.40 0.22 29.32 1,140 1,180 1,190 1,210 1,190 1,200 1,220 1,260
33 HD-97-63 36.41 9.45 17.21 10.89 3.74 8.15 1.08 0.04 0.55 0.32 11.99 950 1,000 1,010 1,040 1,060 1,100 1,130 1,160
34 HD-97-64 9.81 2.15 13.07 19.84 6.19 13.44 0.46 0.04 0.47 0.12 34.27 1,220 1,270 1,280 1,310 1,230 1,290 1,300 1,330
35 HD-97-73 16.97 7.88 37.15 10.71 5.15 2.94 0.96 0.53 0.39 0.50 16.74 1,020 1,030 1,040 1,060 1,150 1,160 1,170 1,200
36 HD-97-74 12.02 1.63 12.05 14.32 18.91 4.69 0.34 0.06 0.12 0.64 34.71 1,080 1,090 1,100 1,110 1,210 1,220 1,230 1,300
37 HD-97-82 21.53 1.43 20.77 18.88 6.38 3.95 0.56 0.04 0.27 0.09 25.86 1,090 1,120 1,130 1,150 1,160 1,170 1,180 1,200
38 L-84-07 10.50 4.01 12.70 18.90 5.28 12.20 0.37 0.11 0.14 0.07 33.60 1,170 1,220 1,240 1,280 1,280 1,330 1,330 1,410
39 L-86-04 17.00 5.10 16.00 22.30 6.60 9.20 0.54 0.11 0.27 0.01 22.47 1,190 1,240 1,250 1,280 1,290 1,320 1,320 1,590
40 L-86-10 18.20 8.50 37.00 16.50 3.00 0.34 0.66 0.30 0.27 0.01 14.77 1,030 1,070 1,080 1,110 1,120 1,320 1,370 1,510
41 L-86-17 17.00 5.10 16.00 22.30 6.60 9.20 0.54 0.11 0.27 0.01 22.47 1,060 1,200 1,220 1,290 1,240 1,270 1,270 1,580
42 L-86-18 11.20 2.80 14.70 24.50 8.40 9.90 0.26 0.09 0.08 0.00 26.24 1,260 1,320 1,320 1,350 1,080 1,320 1,330 1,580
43 L-86-19 5.20 1.42 15.90 25.50 6.63 11.80 0.19 0.06 0.07 0.01 32.02 1,080 1,204 1,240 1,330 1,200 1,260 1,280 1,580
44 L-86-20 3.80 1.12 15.80 23.50 6.30 13.80 0.19 0.05 0.07 0.01 34.68 1,150 1,210 1,210 1,260 1,070 1,300 1,320 1,580
45 L-86-24 10.90 1.72 9.70 23.60 6.35 15.70 0.20 0.05 0.06 0.07 30.88 1,280 1,330 1,330 1,380 1,000 1,230 1,280 1,580
46 L-86-25 10.40 7.89 11.70 18.80 5.30 15.10 0.40 0.06 0.20 0.00 29.20 1,160 1,190 1,190 1,210 1,100 1,220 1,230 1,560
47 L-86-41 11.50 3.90 13.70 30.95 8.35 1.00 0.43 0.87 0.15 0.10 30.00 1,220 1,290 1,310 1,350 1,300 1,340 1,350 1,560
48 L-86-55 41.50 11.00 15.80 10.00 4.78 0.60 1.21 0.29 0.52 0.05 12.53 1,120 1,140 1,150 1,180 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,270
49 L-86-56 16.50 5.60 22.10 21.00 6.65 1.02 0.24 0.49 0.19 0.03 24.59 1,160 1,190 1,190 1,200 1,190 1,240 1,260 1,350
50 L-86-58A 43.00 22.50 18.70 6.10 1.58 1.01 0.61 0.23 0.31 0.11 5.18 1,020 1,120 1,140 1,320 1,270 1,330 1,340 1,440
51 L-86-63A 20.50 2.92 8.90 15.10 5.60 14.88 0.54 0.04 0.07 0.01 30.75 1,230 1,240 1,240 1,270 1,140 1,160 1,170 1,200
52 L-86-68 26.50 13.00 0.29 11.50 4.40 0.71 0.57 0.25 0.32 0.05 13.23 1,010 1,030 1,030 1,140 1,140 1,240 1,240 1,430
53 L-87-01A 32.00 15.60 35.50 5.40 2.94 0.74 0.82 0.16 0.58 0.08 5.14 1,050 1,090 1,090 1,130 1,210 1,310 1,340 1,390
54 L-87-108 58.50 4.00 18.60 5.50 2.00 0.58 0.32 0.29 0.18 0.13 10.10 1,020 1,110 1,360 1,410 1,100 1,320 1,330 1,410
55 L-87-116 21.00 3.19 24.00 16.60 5.95 1.30 0.21 0.66 0.10 0.08 25.24 1,130 1,200 1,200 1,270 1,120 1,200 1,210 1,310
56 L-87-121 31.30 6.20 11.30 13.30 4.40 19.50 0.76 0.11 0.25 0.01 15.10 1,010 1,050 1,050 1,070 1,170 1,180 1,180 1,180
57 L-87-14 43.00 23.40 14.80 5.67 1.97 3.19 1.87 0.09 0.38 0.17 4.65 1,170 1,210 1,230 1,320 1,220 1,390 1,390 1,410
58 L-87-33 18.00 3.60 6.30 25.30 8.50 5.50 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.03 31.20 1,250 1,290 1,300 1,360 1,210 1,330 1,330 1,590
59 L-87-41 17.70 3.72 12.20 17.70 4.83 15.40 0.50 0.05 0.11 0.05 26.04 1,060 1,130 1,130 1,140 1,140 1,160 1,160 1,210
60 L-87-42 37.00 16.40 15.00 10.80 4.90 1.65 1.16 0.23 0.38 0.15 13.23 1,010 1,110 1,110 1,190 1,130 1,210 1,210 1,360
 Ash Mineral Present in Ash and Ash Fusion Temperature of Q Seam

Ash Mineral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)

No. Hole Reducing Oxidizing
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Mn3O4 TiO2 P2O5 SO3
D H S F D H S F

61 L-87-53 36.00 20.90 19.20 9.80 3.03 0.32 0.63 0.38 0.27 0.26 7.32 1,100 1,130 1,160 1,370 1,240 1,270 1,290 1,350
62 L-87-58 15.80 4.19 16.00 13.80 4.60 14.63 0.38 0.05 0.16 0.08 29.16 1,130 1,190 1,190 1,200 1,070 1,210 1,220 1,330
63 L-87-61 26.00 25.80 24.60 8.50 3.75 0.35 0.44 0.63 0.20 0.68 7.57 1,060 1,200 1,240 1,480 1,330 1,340 1,350 1,480
64 L-87-63 11.80 5.20 35.00 16.40 5.95 1.31 0.32 0.47 0.18 0.05 21.93 1,190 1,260 1,290 1,580 1,110 1,350 1,350 1,590
65 L-87-64 19.50 6.38 11.50 14.60 4.25 13.40 0.84 0.35 0.18 0.03 27.36 1,020 1,060 1,060 1,070 1,170 1,170 1,170 1,210
66 L-87-80 28.90 4.38 10.60 15.00 4.00 12.50 0.05 0.04 0.12 0.10 22.54 1,170 1,200 1,200 1,220 1,130 1,250 1,270 1,320
67 L-87-84 22.20 3.69 14.60 14.90 4.20 14.00 0.39 0.05 0.12 0.13 23.85 1,070 1,150 1,150 1,160 1,150 1,190 1,190 1,230
68 L-87-98 39.20 3.38 9.38 12.20 3.75 12.10 0.47 0.04 0.08 0.12 17.97 1,010 1,010 1,030 1,080 1,140 1,170 1,180 1,250
69 L-95-18 9.35 6.49 11.34 24.45 6.35 9.52 0.62 0.10 0.33 0.01 32.10 1,160 1,172 1,180 1,190 1,196 1,220 1,230 1,260
70 L-95-20 16.27 11.78 11.09 18.53 5.27 11.40 0.31 0.07 0.12 0.06 24.57 1,140 1,170 1,175 1,185 1,230 1,240 1,250 1,265
71 L-95-26 58.35 16.58 8.76 3.60 4.04 2.53 0.71 0.06 0.38 0.03 4.14 1,154 1,177 1,310 1,396 1,182 1,295 1,355 1,550
72 L-95-39 26.12 9.72 11.20 17.28 5.55 9.59 1.42 0.60 0.33 0.01 19.51 1,060 1,070 1,075 1,090 1,165 1,182 1,190 1,205
73 L-95-40 21.33 20.95 34.11 8.52 4.49 0.47 1.00 0.43 0.38 0.01 6.51 1,108 1,116 1,120 1,163 1,310 1,380 1,390 1,410
74 L-95-58 10.86 6.13 16.68 18.21 5.15 8.53 0.61 0.10 0.39 0.06 32.93 1,160 1,175 1,180 1,185 1,205 1,230 1,245 1,273
75 L-96-101 6.13 2.17 13.35 31.96 7.03 5.25 0.29 0.17 0.21 0.10 33.92 1,240 1,260 1,270 1,280 1,260 1,270 1,280 1,290
76 L-96-107 28.26 2.18 10.71 23.22 5.63 4.57 0.27 0.09 0.25 0.01 24.16 1,040 1,120 1,150 1,180 1,148 1,171 1,180 1,190
77 L-96-111 6.34 5.77 24.19 18.29 16.51 0.46 0.19 0.62 0.19 0.40 16.20 1,250 1,250 1,250 1,275 1,232 1,318 1,323 1,353
78 L-96-112 4.76 1.26 14.56 30.08 6.60 4.25 0.31 0.12 0.04 0.01 36.83 1,180 1,240 1,250 1,266 1,200 1,277 1,280 1,290
79 L-96-118 6.15 2.18 13.04 29.06 6.89 6.06 0.33 0.13 0.08 0.01 35.94 1,190 1,260 1,265 1,270 1,240 1,250 1,275 1,285
80 L-96-120 8.77 4.95 18.17 33.46 9.46 0.67 0.46 0.32 0.24 0.05 23.04 1,289 1,289 1,289 1,315 1,303 1,310 1,325 1,335
81 L-96-61 11.59 2.17 13.30 29.82 7.18 6.12 0.43 0.09 0.08 0.01 28.71 1,230 1,240 1,250 1,260 1,249 1,260 1,265 1,270
82 L-96-67 3.93 3.22 14.18 26.53 6.75 9.19 0.45 0.09 0.16 0.01 35.79 1,160 1,170 1,206 1,230 1,290 1,295 1,302 1,310
83 L-96-73 7.08 3.18 12.47 30.22 6.95 8.37 0.38 0.11 0.04 0.01 30.29 1,230 1,240 1,250 1,257 1,225 1,305 1,333 1,415
84 L-96-74 14.34 5.61 26.91 19.77 6.89 0.61 0.43 0.73 0.38 0.05 24.03 1,196 1,210 1,215 1,218 1,227 1,295 1,323 1,330
85 L-96-81 6.14 2.18 14.67 29.03 6.89 5.91 0.30 0.11 0.12 0.01 33.84 1,180 1,250 1,256 1,267 1,200 1,260 1,268 1,280
86 L-96-86 11.72 3.31 17.49 20.35 6.45 2.61 0.72 1.69 0.11 0.05 34.92 1,163 1,198 1,211 1,224 1,185 1,365 1,382 1,455
87 L-96-98 17.78 2.14 11.34 24.95 5.97 5.00 0.28 0.09 0.08 0.01 31.83 1,119 1,150 1,170 1,210 1,130 1,190 1,200 1,210
88 L-96-GT3 11.73 2.31 17.04 20.31 6.31 9.49 0.86 0.10 0.15 0.10 31.26 1,190 1,210 1,224 1,230 1,236 1,240 1,243 1,280
89 L-97-04 11.79 7.50 28.87 19.51 5.96 0.73 0.29 0.39 0.42 0.63 25.60 1,194 1,205 1,222 1,245 1,281 1,305 1,312 1,340
90 L-97-07 33.73 2.06 20.40 12.10 3.76 4.56 0.11 0.10 0.27 0.08 22.37 1,065 1,095 1,120 1,150 1,195 1,199 1,201 1,219
 Ash Mineral Present in Ash and Ash Fusion Temperature of Q Seam

Ash Mineral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)

No. Hole Reducing Oxidizing
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Mn3O4 TiO2 P2O5 SO3
D H S F D H S F

91 L-97-15 9.23 9.03 9.31 18.79 6.18 9.44 0.49 0.09 0.04 0.03 37.09 1,245 1,250 1,255 1,270 1,224 1,250 1,260 1,269
92 L-97-21 47.84 11.64 6.74 6.40 2.07 3.70 1.32 0.03 0.83 0.40 18.99 1,191 1,201 1,215 1,240 1,227 1,260 1,264 1,269
93 L-97-30 8.89 3.25 20.83 20.71 6.29 9.66 0.50 0.10 0.27 0.02 28.98 1,220 1,234 1,246 1,266 1,295 1,305 1,315 1,332
94 L-97-40 11.30 1.76 9.75 21.36 7.10 11.42 0.27 0.03 0.44 0.24 36.15 1,190 1,197 1,210 1,223 1,233 1,255 1,271 1,301
95 L-97-41 10.36 5.80 24.07 13.79 4.39 5.57 0.46 0.06 1.66 0.35 33.22 1,243 1,272 1,276 1,280 1,352 1,550 1,550 1,550
96 L-97-42 56.49 1.92 6.68 5.68 2.56 4.80 0.49 0.04 0.88 0.03 20.21 1,001 1,012 1,067 1,120 1,160 1,196 1,205 1,217
97 L-97-44 35.39 4.50 7.36 8.73 3.27 7.43 0.78 0.05 0.99 0.06 31.19 1,001 1,115 1,136 1,150 1,267 1,325 1,359 1,378
98 L-97-51 17.84 6.49 12.22 12.35 4.07 0.88 0.53 0.11 1.89 0.13 43.29 1,001 1,021 1,037 1,051 1,125 1,155 1,160 1,163
99 L-97-56 6.89 3.89 15.49 11.84 3.77 8.44 0.34 0.04 0.78 0.27 47.97 1,068 1,121 1,125 1,130 1,287 1,342 1,354 1,375
100 L-97-58 9.67 1.93 14.96 13.28 4.51 11.07 0.63 0.44 0.33 0.17 42.79 1,015 1,080 1,095 1,106 1,312 1,373 1,383 1,393
101 L-97-64 6.05 5.16 8.25 18.18 5.57 9.94 1.16 0.44 0.66 0.08 44.38 1,056 1,065 1,074 1,077 1,149 1,185 1,190 1,199
102 L-97-66B 15.33 13.93 8.12 15.34 3.88 9.01 0.66 0.07 0.82 0.64 32.08 1,015 1,063 1,085 1,100 1,145 1,165 1,175 1,200
103 L-97-68 28.11 2.17 13.35 12.18 4.44 8.10 0.36 0.03 1.62 0.11 29.29 1,038 1,055 1,065 1,075 1,143 1,170 1,175 1,190
104 L-97-71 29.42 21.61 20.25 8.24 3.96 1.75 0.46 0.95 0.14 0.09 12.90 1,128 1,155 1,168 1,181 1,276 1,305 1,313 1,329
105 L-97-72 13.75 2.34 9.99 18.33 5.20 11.59 0.31 0.03 0.22 0.17 37.86 1,147 1,156 1,160 1,167 1,123 1,162 1,189 1,225