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JFNXXX10.1 177/1 074840 716642 790Journal of Family Nursing Östlu nd et al.
Article
Abstract
Stroke in midlife is a life altering, challenging experience for the whole family
thereby necessitating a family approach to intervention. The aim of this study
was to describe the experiences of 17 family members living in Sweden,
including seven adult stroke patients (six males; one female) under the age
of 65 who participated in a series of three nurse-led family conversations
that were offered in each family’s home. These Family Health Conversations
(FamHC) were guided by the conceptual lens of Family System Nursing.
Individual, semi-structured, evaluative interviews conducted with each
participant one month after the FamHC were analyzed by qualitative content
analysis. The FamHC were described by family members as a unique
conversation that they had not previously experienced in health
1Uppsala
University/Region Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
2MidSweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
3Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Corresponding Author:
Ulrika Östlund, Research Supervisor, Centre for Research & Development,
Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, SE-801 88 Gävle, Sweden. Email:
ulrika.ostlund@regiongavleborg.se
Keywords
family intervention, therapeutic conversation, stroke, family nursing,
Family Systems Nursing, Family Health Conversations, Sweden
(Benzein et al., 2008; Benzein, Olin, & Persson, 2015; Benzein & Saveman,
2008; Dorell et al., 2014; Dorell & Sundin, 2016; Östlund et al., 2015;
Persson & Benzein, 2014; Sundin et al., 2015). Recent evidence has also
documented the cost-effectiveness of FamHC (Lämås, Sundin, Jacobsson,
Saveman, & Östlund, 2015). These current findings indicate that family
members find FamHC to be a positive intervention that fosters a trusting
environment in which they can put their stories and experiences into words
and feel affirmed. Craig and colleagues (2008) suggested that knowledge of
the process of the intervention, from the perspective of both patients and
nurses, is important for a comprehensive understanding of nursing interven-
tion regardless of whether the intervention is new or previously developed
and then implemented in a new context. Family members’ evaluation of
their experiences of participating in FamHC can add to an understanding of
family nursing intervention and are therefore needed.
Study Aim
The aim of this study was to describe family members’ evaluation of the
experiences of participating in FamHC, offered to families experiencing the
stroke of an adult family member.
Method
This family nursing intervention study was part of a larger project evaluating
FamHC with families in the context of stroke rehabilitation. The core compo-
nents of FamHC and nurses’ fidelity to FamHC have been examined (Östlund et
al., 2015). Furthermore, what family members choose to focus on during the
FamHC offered post-stroke (Sundin et al., 2015), and the cost-effective-ness of
FamHC have also been studied (Lämås et al., 2015). The present study used a
qualitative descriptive design (Patton, 2002) to describe the fam-ily members’
experiences of participating in FamHC which occurred in the family home
following discharge from a stroke rehabilitation center. Before and during the
study, written and verbal information concerning the study aim, voluntary
participation, and assurance of confidentiality were given to the participants.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Regional Ethical Review Board in
Umeå, Sweden (No. 210-101-31M).
Participants
A total of 12 adult family members under the age of 65 who had recently
experienced a stroke (eight males and four females) were consecutively (Polit
& Beck, 2012) approached during their stay in a rehabilitation center and
invited to participate in the study. Seven of the stroke patients (six male and
one female) consented to participate. These participants were then asked to
identify close family members who shared the illness experience and who
they specifically defined as belonging to their family (Wright & Leahey,
2013). Seven families, consisting of a total of 17 family members including
the seven stroke patients, were included in FamHC following individual
informed consent. Exclusion criteria were families who did not speak and
read Swedish. For a description of the participants, see Table 1.
university education about FamHC (Lindh et al., 2013) and were also teach-
ing family nursing. The six nurses conducted the FamHC in pairs, as the
presence of two nurses during FamHC is suggested to be enriching
(Benzein et al., 2008). The pairs were configured in different combinations
such that all of the nurses conducted FamHC with at least two families.
During the family conversations, one nurse took the major responsibility for
the conver-sation whereas the other was a co-participant, observing meta-
communica-tions and offering reflections on the content of the conversation
(Benzein et al., 2008).
The series of three 1-hr nurse-led family conversations focused topics
that the families considered important; the FamHC dialogue was focused on
iden-tifying and releasing resources within and outside the family. To
challenge current beliefs and create alternative ways for families to think
about their situation, reflective, interventional questions were offered
(Benzein et al., 2008; Wright & Bell, 2009; Wright & Leahey, 2013)
throughout the conver-sation series. In addition, suffering was
acknowledged along with family strengths and resources.
During the first FamHC, all family members were invited to listen to each
other’s stories and tell their own. The second conversation was intended to focus
on problems and beliefs identified in the first conversation. The third
conversation focused on family strengths and resources as well as the future. At
the end of each conversation, the nurses offered a reflection to the fami-lies.
Two or 3 weeks after the third and final conversation, a “closing letter” was sent
to the family (Bell, Moules, & Wright, 2009; Moules, 2009). In the reflections
during the conversations and in the closing letter, the nurses offered their
reflections on what had happened during the three conversa-tions, beliefs of
family members that were challenged, and the resources of the family that were
highlighted. All FamHC were carried out in the families’ homes following
discharge of the patient from a stroke rehabilitation center.
Data Collection
Semi-structured evaluative interviews (Polit & Beck, 2012) were conducted
individually with each of the 17 family members one month after the
FamHC were completed. To capture a family view, the evaluative inter-
views focused on each family member’s opinions about the entire family’s
experience of participating in the FamHC. The focus was on cognitive,
affective, and behavioral aspects as well as positive and negative experi-
ences of participating in the FamHC. The evaluative interviews also focused
on how participating in FamHC had contributed to any changes for the fam-
ily, and whether the family had been able to influence the FamHC.
Furthermore, questions were asked about the format (time and framing) of
the FamHC. A nurse researcher, not involved in offering the FamHC, per-
formed the follow-up evaluative interviews, which took 20 to 45 min, and
were conducted in the participant’s home. Interviews were recorded and
transcribed verbatim. Before the analysis began, the first author read
through the transcripts and checked them against the recordings, resulting in
only minor corrections.
Data Analysis
Data from the evaluative interviews were analyzed using qualitative con-
tent analysis (Patton, 2002) with an inductive approach (Elo & Kyngas,
2008). The interview transcripts were chosen as the unit of analysis
(Graneheim & Lundman, 2004), and all were read through to get a sense of
the text as a whole. The analysis was then conducted in several steps.
Meaning units, i.e., text containing aspects related to each other through
content and context (Graneheim & Lundman, 2004), covering the manifest
content of experiences from participating in the conversations were
searched for and marked. The meaning units were then extracted from the
transcripts and assembled in a new document. This new document was read
thoroughly to gain a deeper sense of the extracted data, and meaning units
were condensed, that is, the text was shortened without losing its content
and meaning. At this stage, it became clear that there were two domains,
one about the intervention format (time and framing) of the FamHC and the
other about possibilities created within the actual content and focus of the
FamHC. The following analysis was carried out separately for each of these
two domains.
Next, condensed meaning units were coded based on their content and
sorted into subcategories created from the similarities and differences
found. Subcategories were then further abstracted into categories
(Graneheim & Lundman, 2004). The analysis was an ongoing process in
which the research team discussed, until agreement was reached, how to
understand and struc-ture the evaluative interview content and label the
subcategories and catego-ries to describe the family members’ experiences.
Results
The results describe family members’ experiences of participating in
FamHC under two domains: format of the FamHC and possibilities created
in the FamHC. For an overview of the two major domains and categories
within each of them, see Table 2.
Time frame and context. Family members talked about when, in the
stroke care trajectory, they would have preferred to start the FamHC. Some
wanted these family conversations earlier when the effects of the stroke were
most troublesome. Others thought the current timing was adequate because the
period immediately following the diagnosis of the stroke was busy with reha-
bilitation care and they appreciated the space following discharge from the
stroke rehabilitation center that was provided before the start of the FamHC.
Furthermore, family members reported that a 1-hr family conversation, the
time (about 2 weeks) between the conversations, and the number of conver-
sations (three) were appropriate and sufficient. There were family members,
however, who wanted at least one more conversation because they felt they
had approached a core issue only during the final conversation or they felt
alone in the process of new understanding brought about by the FamHC.
Family members reported the home environment was appropriate for con-
ducting the conversations, as it was calmer than the clinical setting of the
stroke rehabilitation center.
It felt more like it was all four of us together who decided, somehow, the
content. Things that Mom and I had said in the first conversation, they took
up the thread during the next conversation. So it was a conversation, which
just proceeded. (Adult Son F2)
What made it a little difficult was that it wasn’t just about me and my situation,
but we all three have illnesses making it easy to get into others’ situations as well.
Well, that might not be wrong but not what the time was scheduled for . . . It was,
however, fair and good that it was not just about me. (Patient D1)
summarized their situations pretty well; the families could recognize them-
selves in them. However, some said that central issues were missed and that
some parts of the reflections did not really match their own experiences:
What we felt was nice at the end were the reflections that we were invited to
listen to. I thought it was very good, since we got to hear their views of me
and X [the husband who suffered the stroke] as people and how we are and
how they felt about us in general. (Wife G2)
A conversation different from those usually held within the family. Family
members reported the FamHC differed from conversations normally held within the
family. It gave them an opportunity to sit down together as a family and talk. For
some, this was a new experience as their family did not usually gather to discuss
urgent matters; they sat down as a family only for meals. The FamHC were more
structured and focused and no one left the conversations before they were
concluded. The FamHC were also more neutral and held on equal terms in which all
points of view were considered valid. Family mem-bers described talking about
different issues than usual, including things that were implicitly known but not often
discussed: “We talk a lot at home, but it’s not the same [as talking with the nurses
present]. It can be difficult to go into certain things even if we have known each
other for years” (Patient C1).
discussion families had not previously taken part in. Conversations they had
experienced before with health care professionals were described as focusing
entirely on medical issues (i.e., diagnosis and treatment of the stroke) with no
allowance for feelings and experiences. The FamHC was less formal, more
relaxed, and held in a way that acknowledged equality among all participants
and focused on the family and not just the family member who had suffered the
stroke: “They came and were interested in us, at least showed an interest, and
they tried to help us. That was great” (Patient B1).
Room for trust. Family members reported that an atmosphere was cre-
ated in which all family members not only had the chance to talk and listen
but they actually dared to do so. It was reported that even family members,
who tended to be quiet, participated in meaningful parts of the
conversations. However, it was also reported that some family members did
not dare to share their opinions due to a fear that this could lead to negative
consequences for another family member. Furthermore, family members
described that some significant issues concerning relational problems could
not be raised due to the way the relationships worked and the fact that very
sensitive issues could be difficult to talk about: “[Did you hold back?] Yes
of course, I always do, every day” (Patient B1).
Room for narratives. Family members reported that room was created to
tell their own stories and to listen to the others’ stories. This included narrating
not only the family story but also their own individual stories. Family members,
other than the person diagnosed with the stroke, had the opportunity to talk
about their own situations. They also appreciated the possibility of talking about
the situation of the ill family member. The ill family member also expressed the
significance of listening to other family members’ views on their situations:
Well, there were three family members in the conversation so it was good for me
to hear them saying things about my situation as well. Previously, there were just
short comments; now it was put into a context in another way. (Patient D1)
Room for deeper conversation. Family members reported that room for
deeper conversations was created. Deep emotions, such as fear and anxiety not
shown before because of mutual considerations, could now be expressed and
shared. Family members said they could be more open about their thoughts and
feelings, providing a means of relief. Distressing emotions arose during the
conversions when participants thought about their own dif-ficult situations. This
was initially described as negative, but was followed by expressing positive
experiences related to participating in the FamHC:
Room for confirmation. Family members reported that room for con-
firmation was created. Things implicitly known about family issues were
confirmed and the family members could see themselves from various per-
spectives. Verbal reflections could provide confirmation of their own views.
Furthermore, the family’s understanding of the situation was acknowledged
and the recovery of the family member who had suffered the stroke was
con-firmed:
When I saw myself from other perspectives, I thought it was a true picture of me
and therefore gave a little affirmation. It is probably not very often you tell each
other that this and this is good, maybe mother and father say this to each other, so
this becomes another way to affirm each other. (Teenage Son A4)
Room for reflection. Family members reported that room for reflection
was created in the conversations. This meant they were given an
opportunity to think back and to think over their own roles. This inner
conversation was thought-provoking, was an eye-opener, and created new
insights: “There’s more ability to listen and then to process it yourself and
gain insights” (Patient D1).
Room for telling the story differently or telling a different story. Family
mem-bers described room being created for telling their stories in a different
way than usual or even for telling a different story. They could express and find
words for thoughts and feelings and hear other family members put into words
implicit emotions, views, and memories never shared before. Furthermore,
the possibility of putting into words issues central to family relations was
experienced. Family members other than the ill family member described,
as a new experience, having the opportunity to tell the stroke patient their
own views and feelings from the moment of the stroke onset:
Maybe not so many new things, but it is still interesting and fun to hear when
they put it into words. Some of the things that they expressed you might have
imagined that they think or feel. (Wife A2)
Discussion
The findings from this study provide important insights into the post-stroke
experiences of family members who participated in FamHC, suggesting that
these unique family nursing conversations are useful to families involved in
stroke care. The results highlight that possibilities such as sharing experi-
ences thoughts and feelings and changes within the families were created.
This adds to previous knowledge from evaluations of FamHC (Benzein et
al., 2008, 2012; Benzein et al., 2015; Benzein & Saveman, 2008; Dorell et
al., 2014; Dorell & Sundin, 2016; Lämås et al., 2015; Lindh et al., 2013;
Östlund et al., 2015; Persson & Benzein, 2014; Sundin et al., 2015), and
gives specific insight into the family members’ perceptions of the processes
that take place during the FamHC.
Within the domain, “Format of the FamHC,” family members described the
home to be a safe place for holding the FamHC. This could be due to the home
being a place that offers a sense of safety and control (see also Bateson, 1972).
Conducting the FamHC in the home might also be an appropriate setting to
challenge constraining beliefs as the complications due to stroke become more
apparent regarding practical tasks, roles, and relationships (Bäckström &
Sundin, 2007). To offer FamHC in the home milieu may make it more possible
to the view the family as a unit rather than as an individual patient and his or her
relatives, thereby making the communication more balanced (Ross &
The reflections offered by the nurses were described as central to the posi-
tive experience of the FamHC. In adopting a systemic view, reflective think-ing
is emphasized and nurses are expected to listen to what the family really says
(Andersen, 1995; Benzein et al., 2008). Nurses’ reflections may help family
members begin their own internal conversations, understand what has
happened, and find new meaning. Within the reflections, nurses have the
opportunity to acknowledge suffering, use commendations (Houger Limacher
& Wright, 2006), and challenge families’ beliefs (Wright & Bell, 2009).
Receiving a closing letter was also described as a positive experience and
was seen as a significant completion of the conversation series. Receiving a
personally written letter communicating closeness and warmth written by
health professionals is likely an uncommon experience but seemed to be a
valuable part of the FamHC. The healing potential of closing letters has pre-
viously been documented in other research (Bell et al., 2009; Benzein et al.,
2008; Benzein & Saveman, 2008; Moules, 2009).
Within the domain “Possibilities created in the FamHC,” family members
described an opportunity for greater relational sharing being created within the
family. This is an important result as an important assumption underlying
FamHC is that meaning is created through relational activity. A feeling of trust
in FamHC in which all family members were given a chance to talk and listen
was experienced. Being in a trusting relationship has previously been described
as leading to families feeling free to talk about important and often challenging
issues (Benzein & Saveman, 2008).
In this study, family members consequently described how room was
cre-ated for them in which they could tell their own stories and also listen to
each other’s stories. Narrating and disclosing their experiences has the
potential to create the possibility of reaching an increased understanding of
themselves (Ricoeur, 1992) as well as of their family members (Ricoeur,
1995, 1996). Within FamHC, narratives are assumed to affect the healing
process and also to help participants reflect on their experience.
Furthermore, families can share deep emotions as a means of relief. The
FamHC have previously been described as a way for families to unburden
themselves of things they did not know they were carrying (Benzein &
Saveman, 2008). In the present study, family members reported that their
views, knowledge, and understanding were affirmed and acknowledged.
Within the domain, possibilities created in the FamHC, opportunities for
change were created, which is significant because the purpose of family nurs-
ing interventions is to invite change. Room for reflection was experienced as an
eye-opener; it created new insights and new patterns of relating. It is assumed
that our beliefs, even if they are often outside our awareness and un-reflected,
are the truth of a subjective reality that influences our thoughts,
feelings, and behavior (Wright & Bell, 2009). Through reflection, beliefs
may become a part of our conscious awareness (Wright & Bell, 2009) and,
when challenged or confirmed through conversation, can create
opportunities for change in family health. Furthermore, Wright and Bell
(2009) promoted a process of self-reflection in which family members are
invited through the conversation “to think about their thinking,” which is
important for the co-evolution of new, more facilitating beliefs.
Telling a story in a different way through the FamHC or even telling a
different story was described in the present study. Family members found
words for and heard each other putting into words their thoughts and emo-
tions never shared before. The FamHC, then, can be seen as useful as the
conversations were aimed at helping families find alternative ways of talk-
ing about their situation and subsequently develop a new reality about pos-
sibilities in learning to live alongside the stroke (Benzein et al., 2008;
Wright & Leahey, 2013).
Although most of the family members in the present study experienced
the FamHC as positive, there was still the possibility of negative
consequences not revealed within the evaluation interviews. Some less-than-
positive expe-riences were expressed such as aphasia (as a result the stroke)
making it impossible to adequately use the conversation opportunities
provided by the FamHC. Family members also expressed that it was hard to
raise issues other than those introduced by the nurses, and distressing
emotions did occur dur-ing family conversations. In FamHC, the presence
of the nurse and the art of listening are crucial. The challenge for nurses
offering FamHC is to give space and priority to all family members and also
be the family members’ voice (see also Sakalys, 2003). Furthermore, it is
important for the nurses to invite an opportunity to “speak the unspeakable”
about the family experience of illness (Wright & Bell, 2009).
Methodological Considerations
To strengthen the trustworthiness of the study (Polit & Beck, 2012), three of the
authors performed the content analysis (U.Ö., B.B., K.S.) and the other (B.I.S.,
V.L.) audited and confirmed the relevance of the categories. All authors
participated in the process of interpretation. All the authors were reg-istered
nurses and doctorally prepared scholars and had in-depth knowledge of FamHC.
Even though FamHC uses a family systems approach, individual family
member evaluative interviews were performed and analyzed sepa-rately. The
strength of the individual interviews was that each family member had the
opportunity to reveal his or her opinions without consideration of the other
family members’ opinions. The weakness of the individual interviews
Conclusion
This article adds knowledge about Family Systems Nursing and specifi-
cally about FamHC by providing and extending knowledge about the use-
fulness of family conversations in the context of long-term illness. FamHC
create possibilities for greater relational sharing and change in family func-
tioning. Therefore, this study supports FamHC as suitable for families in
which a family member has suffered a stroke. Previous studies with this
population of families have shown that family members do not dare to share
feelings and experiences with the stroke patient because they do not want to
agitate or make him or her sad (Bäckström & Sundin, 2007). A fam-ily
conversation such as FamHC offers a sense of relational sharing within the
family, along with a sense of not being alone, which may prevent feel-ings
of alienation. We believe these results may also be transferable to fam-ilies
experiencing other long-term illnesses. Future research about FamHC
should focus on the outcomes of these family nursing interventions and
their sustainability over time.
Funding
The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research,
authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was supported by grants
from the Strategic Research Program in Health Care-Bridging Research and Practice
for Better Health, Sweden.
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Author Biographies
Ulrika Östlund, RN, OCN, PhD, is a research supervisor at the Centre for Research
& Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Sweden. Her research and
clinical interests focus on palliative care, dignity conserving care, and Family
Systems Nursing using mixed-methods research and implementation science. Her
recent publications include, “Nurses’ Fidelity to Theory-Based Core Components
When Implementing Family Health Conversations—A Qualitative Inquiry” in
Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences (2015, with B. Bäckström, V. Lindh, K.
Sundin, & B.-I. Saveman), “Possibilities for Evaluating Cost-Effectiveness of
Family System Nursing: An Example Based on Family Health Conversations With
Families in Which a Middle-Aged Family Member Had Suffered Stroke” in Nordic
Journal of Nursing Research (2015, with K. Lämås, K. Sundin, C. Jacobsson, & B.-
I. Saveman), and “Examining Family Responses to Family Systems Nursing
Interventions: An Integrative Review” in Journal of Family Nursing (2014, with C.
Persson).
Viveca Lindh, RN, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the Department of Nursing at Umeå
University, Umeå, Sweden. Her research and clinical interests focus on pediatric
nurs-ing, pain management, and Family Systems Nursing. Her recent publications
include, “Children Undergoing Radiotherapy: Swedish Parents’ Experiences and
Suggestions for Improvement” in PLoS One (2015, with C. Ångström-Brännström et
al.), “An Initiative to Teach Family Systems Nursing Using Online Health-
Promoting Conversations: A Multi-Methods Evaluation” in Journal of Nursing
Education and Practice (2013, with C. Persson, B.-I. Saveman, C. Englund, K.
Idberger, & U. Östlund), and “Young People’s Experiences With Scoliosis Surgery:
A Survey of Pain, Nausea, and Global Satisfaction” in Orthopaedic Nursing (2013,
with A. C. Rullander, H. Jonsson, & M. Lundström).
Karin Sundin, RNT, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Nursing at
Umeå University, Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. Her research focuses mainly on Family
Systems Nursing in stroke care, parents’ health care, and elderly care. Her recent
publications include, “Becoming Visible—Experiences From Families Participating
in Family Health Conversations at Residential Homes for Older People” in Geriatric
Nursing (in press, with Å. Dorell), “What Couples Choose to Focus on During
Nurse-Led Family Health Conversations When Suffering Stroke” in The
International Journal for Human Caring (2015, with S. Pusa et al.), and
“Experiences With Family Health Conversations at Residential Homes for Older
People” in Clinical Nursing Research (2014, with A. Dorell, B. Bäckström, M.
Ericsson, M. Johansson, & U. Östlund).