REPUBLIC ACT NO.

6506

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6506 - AN ACT CREATING THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS

FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Section 1. Creation and Composition of the Board. — There

shall be created a Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the
Philippines to be composed of a Chairman and two members
possessing the qualifications prescribed in Section three of
this Act, who shall be appointed by the President of the
Philippines upon the recommendation of the Commissioner of Civil
Service from among the registered criminologists, if any, or
from known criminologists of recognized standing in the
profession, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments:
provided, that the first Board of Examiners for Criminologists
to be created pursuant to this Act shall be issued a certificate
of registration as criminologists without prior examination in
accordance with the provisions of this Act.

Sec. 2. Powers Vested in the Board. — The Board of Examiners

for Criminologists is vested with authority conformably with the
provisions of this Act, to administer the provisions thereof, to
issue, suspend or revoke certificate of registration for the
practice of criminology and to administer oaths.

Sec. 3. Qualifications of Board Members. — The members of the

Board shall at the time of their appointment be:

(1) Natural-born citizens of the Philippines;

(2) Holders of the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Criminology (B.S. Crim.) or Master of Criminology (M. Crim.),
conferred by a reputable and legally constituted College or
Institute of Criminology recognized by the Government;

(3) At least thirty years of age;

(4) Registered criminologists with at least ten years

experience in the profession: provided, that the requirements of
registration shall not apply to appointments to the first Board;

(5) Non-members of the Faculty of any school, college or

institute where a regular course in Criminology is taught, nor
have any pecuniary interest in such institution; and

(6) Not connected with any government agency which operate an

academy, training school or institute for the education or
training of peace officers or law enforcement agents.

Sec. 4. Term of Office. — The members of the Board shall hold

office for a term of three years after their appointments unless
sooner removed for any of the causes enumerated in Section six
of this Act.n which case their successors shall be appointed
immediately and duly qualified, who shall serve the unexpired
term only. Each member of the Board shall qualify by taking the
proper oath of office prior to entering upon the performance of
his duties.

Sec. 5. Executive Officer and Secretary of the Board. — The

Commissioner of Civil Service shall be the executive officer of
the Board and shall conduct the examination given by the Board.
The Secretary of all the Boards of Examiners appointed under
Republic Act Numbered Five hundred forty-six shall also be the
Secretary of the Board of Examiners for Criminologist. All
records and minutes of the deliberations of the Board, including
examination papers, shall be kept by the Civil Service
Commission under the direct custody of the Secretary.

Sec. 6. Removal of Board Members. — The President of the

Philippines may remove any member of the Board for neglect of
duty or incompetency or for unprofessional or dishonorable
conduct, after having given the member concerned an opportunity
to defend himself in the proper administrative investigation.

Sec. 7. Compensation of Board Members. — The members of the

Board shall each receive a compensation of not exceeding ten
pesos for each applicant examined. All fees shall be received by
the officer designated by competent authority as collecting
officer for the Civil Service Commission, and such officer shall
pay all authorized expenses of the Board, including the
compensation provided for by this Act for the members of the
Board.

Sec. 8. Annual Report. — The Board shall submit an annual

report to the President of the Philippines after the close of
each fiscal year, giving detailed account of its proceedings,
during the year and making such recommendation as it may deem
necessary and proper.

Sec. 9. Inhibition Against the Practice of Criminology. — No

person shall practice or offer to practice as a criminologist in
the Philippines without having previously obtained a certificate
of registration from the Board.
SECTION 10. Exemption from Registration. — Registration shall
not be required of the following classes of persons:

(a) Criminologists from other countries called in for

consultations or for a special project related to Criminology
not requiring more than five months' residence in the
Philippines in any twelve months' period: provided, that such
criminologists are legally qualified to practice as such in
their own State or country.

(b) Foreigners employed as technical officers, professors or

consultants in such special branches of Criminology or may, in
the judgment of the President of the Philippines be necessary
and indispensable for the country: provided, however, that they
are internationally recognized experts and that they do not
engage in private practice during their stay in the Philippines.

SECTION 11. Examination Required. — Except as otherwise

specifically allowed under this Act, all applicants for
registration as criminologists shall be required to undergo an
examination as provided in this Act.

SECTION 12. Qualifications for Examination. — Any person

applying for examination and for a certificate, shall, prior to
admission to examination, establish to the satisfaction of the
Board that:

(a) He is at least eighteen years of age and a citizen of the

Philippines;

(b) He must be a person of good moral character, as certified

to by at least three persons of good standing in the community
wherein he resides;

(c) He must not have been convicted of a crime involving

moral turpitude; and

(d) He has graduated in Criminology from a school, college or

institute recognized by the Government after completing a four-
year resident collegiate course leading to the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology (B.S. Crim.): provided, that
holders of Bachelor of Laws degree may, within five years after
the approval of this Act, take this examination after completing
at least ninety-four (94) units Criminology, Law Enforcement,
Police Science and Penology subjects.
SECTION 13. Holding of Examination. — The Board is hereby
authorized to conduct examinations in the Cities of Manila,
Baguio, Legaspi, Cebu and Davao whenever practicable at least
once a year and on such working days and place as the Board may
fix with the approval of the Commissioner of Civil Service.
Written or printed notice of examination shall be published in
newspapers and copies nailed to each candidate who has filed his
name and address with the Secretary of the Board, at least
thirty days prior to the date of examinations.

SECTION 14. Scope of Examination. — The examination shall be

writing and shall cover the following subjects with their
respective relative weights:

Subject Relative Weight

Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure 20%

Law Enforcement Administration 20%

Correctional Administration 15%

Criminalistics 20%

Criminal Sociology 15%

Ethics and Human Relations 10%

However, the Board may change or revise any of the above

subjects in the event the Department of Education shall
correspondingly change the curriculum prescribed for the Degree
of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

In the conduct of the examination, the Board, in its discretion,

may give practical and field examinations in each subjects, as
it may deem fit.

SECTION 15. Ratings in the Examination. — In order to pass

the examination, a candidate must obtain a general average of at
least seventy-five percent with no rating below fifty percent in
any of the subjects.

SECTION 16. Report of Ratings. — The Board shall within

ninety days after the date of the completion of the examination,
report the ratings obtained by each candidate to the
Commissioner of Civil Service.
SECTION 17. Oath-taking. — All successful candidates shall be
required to take a professional oath before the Board ore before
any person authorized to administer oaths prior to entering upon
the practice of criminology in the Philippines.

SECTION 18. Issuance of Certificate. — Upon payment of the

registration fee as provided in this Act, the Board shall issue
a certificate of registration as criminologists to any applicant
who, in the opinion of the Board has satisfactorily met all the
requirements specified in this Act.

All certificates of registration issued under this Act shall

show the full name of the registrant; shall have serial numbers,
shall be signed by all the members of the Board, shall be
attested by the Secretary of the Board; and shall be
authenticated by the official seal of the Board: provided, that
upon application filed within six months after the approval of
this Act, the Board shall issue a certificate of registration
without examination to persons who have been graduated with the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology (B.S. Crim.) and
who have been in the practice of criminology for at least ten
years prior to the enactment of this Act.

SECTION 19. Fee for Examination and Registration. — All

applicants for examination shall pay an application fee or fifty
pesos and every applicant for registration shall pay a
registration fee of thirty pesos.

Sec. 20. Revocation of Certificate of Registration. — The

Board may, after giving due notice and hearing to the party
concerned, revoke or suspend his certificate of registration if
found guilty of malpractice, incompetency, unprofessional
conduct, serious ignorance or gross negligence in the practice
of criminology. He shall be required to surrender his
certificate of registration to the Board. The decision of the
Board, however, may be appealed within thirty days to the
President of the Philippines whose decision shall be final.

Sec. 21. Reissue of Revoked Certificate and Replacement of

Lost Certificate. — After the expiration of one year from the
date of revocation of a certificate of registration, and after
payment of the required fee, the Board may, for reasons it may
deem sufficient, entertain an application for new certificate of
registration from a person whose certificate has been revoked.

A new certificate of registration to replace a certificate lost,

destroyed or mutilated may be issued, subject to the rules of
the Board and upon payment of a fee of thirty pesos.

Sec. 22. Criminologist Defined. — A criminologist is any

person who is a graduate of the Degree of Criminology, who has
passed the examination for criminologists and is registered as
such by the Board.

Sec. 23. Practice of Criminology Defined. — A person is

deemed to be engaged in the practice of Criminology if he holds
himself out to the public in any of the following capacities:

1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in Criminology in

any university, college or school duly recognized by the
government and teaches any of the following subjects: (a) Law
Enforcement Administration, (b) Criminalistics, (c) Correctional
Administration, (d) Criminal Sociology and allied subjects, and
(e) other technical and specialized subjects in the Criminology
curriculum provided by the Department of Education.

2. As law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser,

consultant or agent in any government or private agency.

3. As technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questioned

documents, police photography, lie detection, forensic chemistry
and other scientific aspects of crime detection.

4. As correctional administrator, executive supervisor,

worker or officer in any correctional and penal institution.

5. As counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any

government or private agency on any aspects of criminal research
or project involving the causes of crime, juvenile delinquency,
treatment of offenders, police operations, law enforcement
administration, scientific criminal investigation or public
welfare administration.

Sec. 24. Privileges of Certified Criminologists. — All

certified criminologist shall be exempt from taking any other
entrance or qualifying government or civil service examinations
and shall be considered civil service eligibles to the following
government positions: (1) dactylographer, (2) ballistician, (3)
questioned document examiner, (4) correctional officer, (5) law
enforcement photographer (6) lie detection examiner, (7)
probation officer, (8) agents in any law enforcement agency, (9)
security officer, (10) criminal investigator, or (11) police
laboratory technician.
Certificated criminologists shall also be eligible for
appointment as Patrolman in chartered cities and municipalities,
provided they possess the general qualifications for appointment
provided in Section nine, Republic Act Numbered Forty-eight
hundred and sixty-four.

Sec. 25. Penal Provisions. — Any person who shall hold

himself out as a criminologist without being duly registered and
certified in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or who
shall give any false or fraudulent evidence of any kind to the
Board in connection with any examination, or who shall violate
any of the rules and regulations promulgated by the Board in
connection with the practice of Criminology in the Philippines,
shall upon conviction be sentenced to a fine of not less than
two thousand pesos nor more than ten thousand pesos or to suffer
imprisonment for a period of not less than one year but not
exceeding three years or both, at the discretion of the court.

Sec. 26. Repealing Clause. — All laws, executive orders,

administrative orders or ordinance inconsistent with any
provision of this Act are hereby repealed or modified
accordingly.

Sec. 27. Effectivity. — This Act shall take effect upon its
approval.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11131

ARTICLE 1
TITLE, POLICY, OBJECTIVES, TERMS AND PRACTICE

SECTION 1. Title.— This Act shall be known as “The Philippine

Criminology Profession Act of 2018”.

SECTION 2. Statement of Policy.— The State recognizes the

importance of criminology profession in national security,
public safety, peace and order, and in nation-building and
development. Hence, it shall develop and nurture competent,
virtuous, productive and well-rounded criminologists whose
standards of professional practice and service shall be
excellent, qualitative, world-class and globally competitive
through sacred, honest, effective and credible licensure
examinations, coupled with programs and activities that would
promote professional growth and development.

SECTION 3. Objectives.— This Act shall govern:

(a) The examination, registration and licensure for

criminologists;

(b) The supervision, control and regulation of the practice of

criminology;

(c) The standardization and regulation of criminology education;

(d) The development of the professional competence of

criminologists through Continuing Professional Development
(CPD); and

(e) The integration of all criminology professional groups, and

membership of all registered criminologists to the accredited
professional organization.

SECTION 4. Definition of Terms.— As used in this Act, the

following terms shall be defined as follows:

(a) APO refers to the Accredited Professional Organization of

criminologists, that the Professional Regulatory Board of
Criminology created hereunder and, hereinafter referred to as
the Board, as the one and only recognized and accredited
integrated national organization of criminologists, subject to
the approval of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)
hereinafter referred to as the Commission created under Republic
Act No. 8981, otherwise known as the “PRC Modernization Act of
2000”;
(b) Board refers to the Professional Regulatory Board for
Criminologists created hereunder;

(c) CHED refers to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED)

created under Republic Act No. 7722, otherwise known as “Higher
Education Act of 1994”, in the formulation of policy standards,
and monitoring of the criminology education in the country,
which shall be assisted by the Criminology Technical Panel
composed of the president of the APO, Chairperson of the Board
of Criminology, one (1) from the academe, and two (2) from the
law enforcement agencies;

(d) Commission refers to Professional Regulation Commission

(PRC) hereinafter referred to as the Commission created under
Republic Act No. 8981, otherwise known as the “PRC Modernization
Act of 2000”;

(e) Criminology refers to the scientific study of crimes,

criminals, and victims, it also deals with the prevention, and
solution of crimes;

f) Profession refers to the art and science in the practice of

criminology discipline; and ,

(g) Registered criminologist refers to a natural person who

holds a valid certificate of registration and an updated
professional identification card as criminologist issued by the
Board and the Commission pursuant to this Act.

SECTION 5. Scope of Practice.— The practice of criminology shall

include, but shall not be limited to, acts or activities
performed:

(a) In line with the practice of profession or occupation as a

law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant,
officer, investigator, agent or employee in any private or
government agencies performing law enforcement and quasi-police
functions at the Philippine National Police (PNP), the National
Bureau of Investigation (NBI), the Philippine Drug Enforcement
Agency (PDEA), the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), the Bureau
of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), the Provincial Jail, the
Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR), the Probation and Parole
Administration (PPA), the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), the
Bureau of Customs (BoC), the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP),
other government and private banks, the Philippine Postal
Corporation (PPC), the Sea and Air Marshalls, the VIP Security,
Airport and Seaport Police, the National Intelligence
Coordinating Agency (NICA), the Intelligence Service of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP), and other intelligence
service or agencies of the government exercising similar
functions;

(b) In line with the practice of teaching profession such as

those performed by a professor, instructor or teacher in any
university, college or school duly recognized by the government
of any of the following professional and component subjects of
the criminology program: (1) Criminal Jurisprudence and
Procedure; (2) Criminalistics; (3) Law Enforcement
Administration; (4) Crime Detection and Investigation; (5)
Correctional Administration; and (6) Criminal Sociology and
Ethics, and other technical and specialized subjects in the
criminology curriculum provided by the CHED;

(c) As a technician, examiner/criminalist, or specialist in

dactyloscopy, questioned document, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
lie detection, firearms identification, forensic photography,
forensic chemistry and other scientific crime detection and
investigation;

(d) As a correctional administrator, executive, supervisor, or

officer in any rehabilitation, correctional, and penal
institution or facility, and in any community-based corrections,
and rehabilitation agencies and/or programs;

(e) As a counsellor, consultant, adviser or researcher in any

government or private agency on any aspect of criminological
research or project involving the causes of crime, children in
conflict with the law, treatment of offenders, police
operations, law enforcement administration, scientific criminal
investigation or public safety and national security
administration; and

(f) As a private investigator, administrator, consultant or

agent, or detective in any private security and investigation
agency organized under the laws of the Philippines.
The Board, in consultation with the APO and the academe, subject
to the approval of the Commission, may revise, exclude from or
add to the above enumerated acts or activities as the need
arises to conform with the latest trends in the practice of
criminology in the country.
 ARTICLE II
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS

SECTION 6. Creation, and Composition of the Professional

Regulatory Board for Criminologists.— There is hereby created a
Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists, a collegial
body under the administrative supervision and control of the
Commission, to be composed of a Chairperson and four (4) members
appointed by the President of the Philippines from a list of
three (3) recommendees for each position, chosen and ranked by
the Commission from a list of three (3) nominees for every
position endorsed by the APO. The new Board shall be organized
not later than six (6) months from the effectivity of this Act.
SECTION 7. Qualifications of the Chairperson and Members of the
Board.— The Chairperson and each member shall, at the time of
their appointment, possess all these qualifications:

(a) Must be a natural-born Filipino citizen and a resident of

the Philippines;

(b) Must be of good moral character, good reputation and of

sound mind and body;

(c) Not convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction of any

offense involving moral turpitude;

(d) Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Criminology,

and a holder of a Post-Graduate Degree in Criminology or a
lawyer in any reputable school recognized by the CHED;

(e) Must be a registered criminologist with a valid certificate

of registration and a valid professional identification card,
having at least ten (10) years of practice in the profession
prior to the appointment including no less than two (2) years
teaching experience of criminology or law subjects in full-time
or part-time capacity in the college of criminology or college
of law recognized by the government through the CHED;

(f) Must be a member in good standing of the APO but not an

officer or trustee thereof; and

(g) Must not be a member of the faculty of any school, college

or university where a regular class or review course in
criminology is offered, nor a member of the staff of reviewers
in a review school or center, and must not have any direct or
indirect pecuniary interest in any such institution.
SECTION 8. Term of Office.— The Chairperson and members of the
Board shall hold office for a term of three (3) years from the
date of appointment or until their successors shall have been
qualified and appointed. They may be reappointed to the same
office for another term of three (3) years immediately after the
expiry of their term: Provided, That the holding of such
position shall not be more than two (2) terms nor more than six
(6) years, whichever is longer: Provided, further, That the
first Board under this Act shall hold these terms of office: the
Chairperson for three (3) years, the first two (2) members for
two (2) years, and the second two (2) members for one (1)
year: Provided, finally, That any appointee to a vacancy with an
unexpired period shall only serve such period. The Chairperson
and the members shall duly take their oath of office.

SECTION 9. Compensation, Allowances and Other Benefits.— The

Chairperson and members of the Board shall receive compensation,
allowances and other benefits comparable to that being received
by the Chairpersons and members of other Professional Regulatory
Boards under the Commission as provided for under Section 10 of
Republic Act No. 8981 and other existing laws.

SECTION 10. Powers, Functions, Duties and Responsibilities of the

Board.— The Board shall exercise executive, administrative,
rule-making and quasi-judicial powers in carrying out the
provisions of this Act. It shall be vested with the following
specific powers, functions, duties and responsibilities:

(a) To administer, supervise, and monitor the conduct of the

licensure examination, registration, membership in the APO and
the practice of criminology in accordance with the provisions of
this Act;

(b) To receive complaints and decide the matter as to the

malpractices and unethical conduct in the practice of the
criminology profession;

(c) To promulgate and issue rules and regulations implementing

the provisions of this Act;

(d) To promulgate and adopt Code of Ethics and Code of Good

Governance for the practice of criminology;

(e) To adopt an official seal of the Board;

(f) To prescribe and promulgate guidelines on the conduct of a

CPD program for criminologists in consultation with the APO;
(g) To promulgate, adopt or amend the syllabi and tables of
specifications of the subjects for the licensure examination/s
in consultation with the APO, the academe, and the CHED
Technical Panel for Criminology, prepare questions for the
licensure examination which shall strictly be within the scope
of the syllabi of the subjects for examination, as well as
administer and correct, and release the results of the licensure
examinations;

(h) To issue, suspend, revoke or reinstate the certificate of

registration of the registered criminologist or cancel
temporary/special permit granted to foreign criminologist;

(i) To administer oaths in the performance of its functions such

as, but not limited to, the oath of a professional to successful
examinees in licensure examination for criminologist together
with the APO in an appropriate mass oath-taking ceremony to be
held for the purpose;

(j) To monitor the conditions affecting the practice of

criminology and whenever necessary, adopt such measure as may be
deemed proper for the enhancement of the profession and the
maintenance of high professional, ethical an^ technical
standards; for this purpose, the members of the Board, duly
authorized by the Commission, may conduct ocular inspection of
establishments where criminology is practiced, and recommend
sanction as it may deem proper to the appropriate government
agency concerned;

(k) To monitor all colleges and universities offering

criminology program and recommend sanctions to the CHED or to
other authorized government offices, for noncompliance with the
policies, standards, and requirements as to faculty
qualifications, laboratory, library, facilities and equipment,
research outputs, curriculum and administration of the
criminology education;

(l) To hear and investigate cases on violations of this Act, its

implementing rules and regulations (IRR), the Code of Ethics,
the Code of Good Governance and other policies, and for this
purpose, to issue summons, subpoena ad
testificandum and subpoena duces tecum to alleged violators
and/or witnesses to compel their attendance in such hearings or
investigations and the production of documents in connection
therewith:
(m) To delegate to the Commission the hearing or investigation
of cases against the alleged violators: Provided, That the
hearing or investigation of cases wherein the issue or question
involved strictly concerns the technical practice of criminology
shall be presided over by at least one (1) member of the Board
assisted by a Legal or Hearing Officer of the Commission;

(n) To recommend to the Commission the endorsement of cases

involving criminal violations of this Act, its IRR, and other
laws to the Prosecution Office or appropriate government agency,
for investigation and appropriate action;

(o) To disqualify applicants for the licensure examination who

has been previously convicted of a crime with finality involving
moral turpitude. Hear and decide administrative cases against
the examinees or registered criminologists if they have been
convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude: Provided, That
if they are found guilty, the Board shall cancel their
examination papers and/or preclude them from taking another
licensure examination, or to revoke/suspend their certificates
of registration and cause the surrender of their professional
identification card subject to the rules and regulations of the
PRC: Provided, further, That the decision of the Board shall,
unless appealed to the Commission, become final and executory
after fifteen (15) days from receipt of notice of judgment or
decision;

(p) To conduct, through the Legal or Hearing Officers, summary

proceedings against the examinees who commit violations of this
Act, its IRR, any of the Codes aforementioned, including
violation of the General Instructions to Examinees, and to
render summary judgment thereon which shall, unless appealed to
the Commission, become final and executory after fifteen (15)
days from receipt of notice of judgment or decision;

(q) To prepare an annual report of accomplishments on programs,

projects and activities of the Board for submission to the
Commission after the close of each calendar year and make
appropriate recommendations to the Commission on issues or
problems affecting the criminology profession; and

(r) To exercise such other powers as may be provided by law as

well as those which may be implied from, or which are incidental
or necessary to the effective carrying out of the express powers
granted to the Board to achieve the objectives and purposes of
this Act. The resolutions, rules and regulations and other
policies issued and promulgated by the Board shall be subject
for review and approval by the Commission.
However, the Board’s decisions, resolutions or orders rendered
in an administrative case shall be subject to review only if on
appeal.

SECTION 11. Grounds for Removal or Suspension of Board

Chairperson/Member.— The President of the Philippines, upon the
recommendation of the Commission, after due process and
administrative investigation conducted by the Commission, may
remove or suspend the Chairperson or member of the Board on any
of the following grounds:

(a) Gross neglect, incompetence or dishonesty in the discharge

of one’s duty;

(b) Commission of any of the causes/grounds and the prohibited

acts provided in this Act and the offenses in the Revised Penal
Code, the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, and other laws;

(c) Manipulation or rigging of the results in the licensure

examination for criminologists, disclosure of secret and
confidential information on the examination questions prior to
the conduct thereof, or tampering of grades; and

(d) Conviction with final judgment of any crime involving moral

turpitude. The Commission, in the conduct of the investigation,
shall be guided by Section 7(s) of Republic Act No. 8981, the
rules on administrative investigation, and the applicable
provisions of the New Rules of Court.

SECTION 12. Administrative Supervision of the Board; Provision of

Support Services.— The Board shall be under the administrative
supervision of the Commission. The Commission shall keep all
records of the Board including applications for examination,
examination papers and results, minutes of deliberation and
administrative cases. The Commission shall designate the
Secretary of the Board and shall provide the other support
services to the Board in order to implement the provisions of
this Act.
 ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION, REGISTRATION, CERTIFICATION AND LICENSURE

SECTION 13. Passing of Licensure Examination Requirements.— Except

as otherwise specifically allowed under this Act, applicants for
registration for the practice of criminology shall be required
to pass a licensure examination as provided for in this Act, in
such places and dates as the Commission may designate in the
resolution thereof on the Master Schedules for all licensure
examinations in accordance with Section 7(d) of Republic Act No.
8981.

SECTION 14. Qualifications of an Applicant for the Licensure

Examination.— An applicant for the licensure examination for
criminologist shall satisfactorily prove that one possesses the
following qualifications:

(a) Must be a citizen of the Philippines or a foreign citizen

whose country/state has reciprocity with the Philippines in the
practice of criminology;

(b) Must be of good moral character, good reputation and of

sound mind and body certified by the school wrhere he/she
graduated and the barangay where he/she lives, unless the
examinee is a foreign national a certification from any
professional of good standing will do;

(c) Must hold a bachelor’s degree in criminology duly accredited

by the CHET) and conferred by a school/college/university duly
authorized by the government or its equivalent degree obtained
by either a Filipino or foreign citizen from an institution of
learning in a foreign country/state: Provided, That it is duly
recognized and/or accredited by the CHED;

(d) Must not have been convicted of an offense involving moral

turpitude by a court of competent jurisdiction; and

(e) Those who failed five (5) times whether consecutive or

cumulative in the criminologist licensure examination, must
present a certification issued by a reputable institution duly
recognized by the CHED that such applicant has satisfactorily
completed a refresher course in criminology.

SECTION 15. Subjects for Licensure Examination.— The licensure

examination for criminologists shall include, but shall not be
limited to, the following:
Subjects Relative Weights

(a) Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure:

Criminal Law (Book I); Criminal Law (Book II); Related Special Penal Law

Criminal Procedure;

Evidence;

Court Testimony

(b) Law Enforcement Administration:

Police Organization and Administration, Police Planning;

Police Patrol Operations, Police Communication System;

Police Intelligence;

Police Personnel and Records Management; Comparative Police Systems;

Industrial Security Management

(c) Crime Detection and Investigation:

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation;

Special Crime, Organized Crime Investigation; Fire Technology and Arson

Traffic Management and Accident Investigation;

Drug Education and Investigation;

Vice Control

(d) Criminalistics:

Forensic Photography; Personal Identification; Forensic Medicine; Polygr

Examination; Forensic Ballistics;

Questioned Documents
 (e) Correctional Administration:

Institutional Corrections; Non-Institutional Corrections

(f) Criminal Sociology:

Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes;

Philippine Criminal Justice System;

Ethics and Values;

Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Prevention;

Human Behavior and Crisis Management; Criminological Research and Statis

The Board, in consultation with the APO and the academe and
subject to the approval of the Commission, may revise or exclude
any of the subjects with their corresponding ratings and their
syllabi, and add new ones as the need arises to conform with
technological changes brought about by developing trends in the
profession.
However, the Board may change or revise any of the above
subjects in the event the CHED shall correspondingly change the
curriculum prescribed for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Criminology. In the conduct of the examination, the Board, in
its discretion, may give practical and field examinations in
each subject, as it may deem fit.

SECTION 16. Persons to Teach Subjects for Licensure Examination.—

All subjects for the licensure examination shall be taught by a
registered criminologist who is a holder of a valid certificate
of registration and updated professional identification card for
criminologist, APO membership, and CPD required units earned,
and meet other CHED requirements. Allied fields in criminology
may also be allowed to teach as it may deem proper.

SECTION 17. Rating in the Licensure Examination.— To pass the

licensure examination for criminologist, a candidate must obtain
a weighted average rating of seventy-five percent (75%) with no
grade less than sixty percent (60%) in any given subject. In
case the examinee obtains a weighted average rating of seventy-
five percent (75%) but, has a grade below sixty percent (60%) in
any of the subjects, the result of the examinee shall be
deferred, and be required to retake that particular subject/s.
The deferred examinee shall only be allowed to retake once
within two (2) years from the date of the examination, and shall
be required to obtain a grade not lower than eighty percent
(80%) on the subject, to be considered to have passed the
licensure examination. If the examinee failed to retake after
the lapse of two (2) years or failed to get the passing mark of
eighty percent (80%), the examinee shall retake all the board
subjects.
Any examinee who failed three (3) or more board subjects shall
be deemed to have failed the board examination.

SECTION 18. Report of Rating.— The Board shall submit to the

Commission the ratings obtained by the candidates not later than
ten (10) days after the last day of the examination, unless the
period is extended for a valid cause.

SECTION 19. Oath.— All successful candidates of the licensure

examination shall take their oath of profession in person before
the Board or any of its members, and with the APO in an oath-
taking ceremony held for such purpose. Any person authorized by
law may administer oath to any successful examinees only upon
membership of the APO prior to entering the practice of the
profession.

SECTION 20. Issuance of Certificate of Registration and

Professional Identification Card.— A certificate of registration
shall be issued to those who shall register, subject to payment
of fees prescribed by the Commission. It shall bear the
signatures of the Chairperson and the Commissioners of the
Commission and the Chairperson and members of the Board, stamped
with the official seal of the Commission and of the Board,
certifying that the person named therein is entitled to practice
the criminology profession with all the privileges appurtenant
thereto. It shall remain in full force and effect until
withdrawn, suspended or revoked in accordance with this Act.
A professional identification card bearing the registration
number and date, its validity, and expiry duly signed by the
Chairperson of the Commission shall likewise be ^issued to every
registrant who has paid the prescribed fee. It shall be reissued
after every three (3) years upon payment of the prescribed fees,
prescribed units earned in the CPD, and certified by the APO as
active member.

SECTION 21. Refusal to Issue Certificate of Registration and

Professional Identification Card or Temporary/Special Permit.—
The Board shall not register any successful applicant for
registration who has been:
(a) Convicted with finality of a crime involving moral turpitude
by a court of competent jurisdiction;

(b) Found guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct by the

Board;

(c) Summarily adjudged guilty for violation of the General

Instruction to Examinees by the Board; and

(d) Declared of unsound mind by a court of competent

jurisdiction. In refusing such registration, the Board’ shall
give the applicant a written statement setting forth the reasons
thereof and shall file a copy in its records.

SECTION 22. Revocation or Suspension of the Certificate of

Registration and Cancellation of Temporary/Special Permit.— The
Board shall have the power, upon notice and hearing, to revoke
or suspend the certificate of registration of a registered
criminologist or to cancel a temporary/special permit granted to
foreign criminologist for the commission of any of the following
acts:

(a) Violation of any provision of this Act, its IRR, the Code of
Ethics, the Code of Good Governance, or policy of the Board
and/or the Commission;

(b) Conviction of a crime with finality involving moral

turpitude;

(c) Perpetration or use of fraud in obtaining one’s certificate

of registration, professional identification card or
temporary/special permit;

(d) Gross incompetence, negligence or ignorance resulting to

death or injury of a person, or damage to property;

(e) Nonrenewal of the professional identification card for a

period of six (6) years with the PRC without justifiable cause;

(f) Aiding or abetting the illegal practice of a non-registered

criminologist by allowing the use of one’s certificate of
registration and/or professional identification card or
temporary/special permit;
(g) Illegally practicing the profession during the suspension
from the practice thereof;
(h) Addiction to drugs or alcohol impairing one’s ability to
practice the profession or a declaration by a court of competent
jurisdiction that the registrant is of unsound mind; and

(i) Noncompliance with the CPD and APO requirements, unless one
is exempted therefrom, for the renewal of the professional
identification card. The Board shall periodically evaluate the
aforementioned grounds and revise or exclude or add new ones as
the need arises subject to approval by the Commission.
Any person, firm or association may file charge/s in accordance
with the provision of this section against any registrant, and
the Board may investigate the commission of any of the
abovementioned causes. Affidavit-complaint shall be filed
together with the affidavits of witnesses and other documentary
evidence with the Board through the Legal and Investigation
Office. The conduct of an investigation motu proprio shall be
embodied in a formal charge to be signed by at least majority of
the members of the Board. The rules on administrative
investigation issued by the Commission shall govern the hearing
or investigation, subject to applicable provisions of this Act,
Republic Act No. 8981 and the Rules of Court.

SECTION 23. Reissuance of Revoked Certificate of Registration,

Replacement of Lost or Damaged Certificate of Registration,
Professional Identification Card or Temporary/Special Permit.—
The Board may, upon a verified petition, reinstate or reissue a
revoked certificate of registration after two (2) years from the
effectivity of the period for revocation, which is the date of
surrender of the certificate and/or the professional
identification card if still valid to the Board and/or the
Commission. The petitioner shall prove to the Board that one has
valid reason/s to practice anew the profession. In the granting
of the petition, the Board shall issue a Board resolution,
subject to approval by the Commissioiy
A certificate of registration, professional identification card
or temporary/special permit that has been declared lost may be
reissued in accordance with the rules thereon and upon payment
of the prescribed fees.

SECTION 24. Nonpayment of the Annual Registration Fees.— The Board

shall suspend a registered criminologist from the practice of
the profession whether in government service, or have used the
license as eligibility equivalent for promotion in government
service, or in the private sector, for nonpayment of the
registration fees for two (2) consecutive registration periods
from the last or previous year of payment. Other surcharges
shall be determined and charged by the Commission.
SECTION 25. Renewal of Professional Identification Card.— The
professional identification card shall be renewed only upon the
completion of the prescribed minimum units of the CPD program by
the registrant from the APO or any accredited provider
authorized by the Commission.

SECTION 26. Vested Rights; Automatic Registration.— All

criminologists registered at the effectivity of this Act shall
automatically be registered hereunder, subject to the provisions
herein set forth as to future requirements. Certificates of
registration and professional identification cards or temporary/
special permits held by such persons in good standing at such
effectivity date shall have the same force and effect as though
they were issued on or after the said effectivity.

ARTICLE IV
PRACTICE OF CRIMINOLOGY

SECTION 27. Lawful Practitioners of Criminology.— The following

persons shall be authorized to practice the criminology
profession:

(a) Natural persons:

(1) Duly registered criminologists and holders of valid

certificates of registration and valid professional
identification cards issued by the Board and the Commission
pursuant to this Act; and

(2) Holders of valid temporary/special permits issued by the

Board and the Commission to foreign licensed criminologists
pursuant to this Act.

(b) Juridical persons:

(1) Single proprietorship whose owner and technical staff are

registered criminologists;

(2) Partnership duly registered with the Securities and Exchange

Commission (SEC) as professional partnership pursuant to the
Civil Code and composed of partners majority of whom are
registered criminologists;
(3) Corporation duly registered with the SEC as engaged in the
practice of criminology and with officers and Board of Directors
who are all registered criminologists; and
(4) Association and cooperative duly registered with the
appropriate government agency as a non-stock corporation where
majority of the officers, Board of Trustees and members are
registered criminologists.
These juridical persons shall also be registered with the Board
and the Commission in accordance with the rules and regulations
thereon.

SECTION 28. Seal, Issuance and Use of Seal.— There shall be a seal
to be exclusively and legitimately used by the practitioners of
the criminology profession which shall be distributed by the
Board through the APO.

SECTION 29. Foreign Reciprocity.— No foreigner shall be allowed to

take the licensure examination for criminologists, register,
receive ones certificate of registration and professional
identification card, and practice criminology in the Philippines
unless the requirements for the licensure examination and/or
registration and practice of criminology imposed under the laws
and regulations in the foreign country/state are substantially
the same as those required and contemplated by the Philippine
laws and regulations, and unless the foreign laws and
regulations allow Philippine citizens to practice criminology
within the territory of the foreign country/state on the same
basis and grant the same privileges as those enjoyed by the
citizens, subjects or nationals thereof.

SECTION 30. Practice Through Temporary/Special Permit.—

Temporary/Special permit may be issued by the Board subject to
the approval by the Commission and payment of fees the latter
has prescribed and charged thereof to the following:

(a) Registered criminologists from foreign countries/states

whose services are rendered either for free or for a fee:

(1) If they are internationally known criminologists or experts

in any branch, specialty or allied field of criminology; and

(2) If their services are urgently and importantly required for

lack or inadequacy of available local specialists or experts; or
for the promotion or advancement of the practice of criminology
through transfer of technology;
(b) Registered criminologists from foreign countries/states
whose services shall be free and limited to indigent patients in
a particular hospital, center or clinic; and

(c) Registered criminologists from foreign countries/states

employed as exchange professors in a branch, specialty or allied
field of criminology, in schools, colleges or universities
offering the course of criminology.
The permit shall, among other things, contain these limitations
and conditions for a period of not more than one (1) year
subject to renewal: the branch or specialty of criminology and
the specific place of practice such as clinic, hospital, center,
school, college or university offering the course of
criminology. The Board, subject to the approval of the
Commission, shall promulgate rules and regulations on the
implementation of this particular section.

SECTION 31. Indication of Numbers: Certificate of Registration,

Professional Tax Receipt and. APO Membership.— The practitioner
of the criminology profession shall be required to indicate the
certificate of registration number and date of issuance, the
expiry of the current professional identification card, the
professional tax receipt number and date, and the APO membership
number and date with official receipt number and date of
membership payment (annual/lifetime) on the documents one signs,
uses or issues in connection with the practice of the
profession.

SECTION 32. Roster of Registered Criminologists.— The Board shall

prepare and maintain a roster showing the names, residence
and/or office address of all registered criminologists, which
shall be updated annually in cooperation with the APO,
indicating therein the status of the certificate of
registration, professional identification card and APO
membership. The roster shall be made available to any party as
may be deemed necessary.

SECTION 33. Integration of Registered Criminologists.— The

registered criminologists shall be integrated into one (1)
national organization of criminologists that is duly registered
with the SEC. The Board, subject to the approval by the
Commission, shall accredit the organization as the one and only
integrated and accredited national organization of
criminologists: Provided, That its continued accreditation is
subject to compliance with the periodic requirements and
standards set forth by the Commission.
All criminologists whose names appear in the Registry Book of
Criminologists shall ipso facto or automatically become members
thereof and shall receive therefrom, all the benefits and
privileges upon payment of APO membership fees and dues.
Membership in an affiliate organization of criminologists shall
not be barred.
 ARTICLE V
PRIVILEGES OF REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGISTS

SECTION 34. Privileges of Registered Criminologists.— All

registered criminologists shall be exempt from taking any other
entrance or qualifying government or civil service examinations
and shall be considered civil service eligible to the following
government positions, among others: (1) Dactylographer; (2)
Ballistician; (3) Questioned Document Examiner; (4) Forensic
Photographer; (5) Polygraph Examiner; (6) Probation Officer; (7)
Parole Officer; (8) Special Investigator; (9) Special Agent;
(10) Investigative Agent; (11) Intelligence Agent; (12) Law
Enforcement Evaluation Officer; (13) National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM) Inspector; (14) Traffic Operation Officer; (15)
Associate Graft Investigation Officer; (16) Special Police
Officer; (17) Safekeeping Officer; (18) Sheriff; (19) Security
Officer; (20) Criminal Investigator; (21) Warden; (22)
Reformation Officer; (23) Firefighter; (24) Fire Marshall; (25)
Jail Officer up to the rank of Jail Superintendent; (26) Police
Officer up to the rank of Police Superintendent and other law
enforcement agencies, and agencies under the Criminal Justice
System.

SECTION 35. Preference of Appointment in Government Criminal

Justice and Other Government Institutions.— Registered
criminologists shall enjoy priority of appointment and shall not
be required to take any qualifying or entrance examinations in
the PNP, the NBI, the BJMP, the BFP, the Land Transportation
Office (LTO) and other government positions related to
criminology, police and law enforcement work, investigations and
security, corrections and public safety of the following
bureaus, departments, institutions or agencies of the
government: the Department of Justice (DOJ); the Commission on
Human Rights (CHR); the Office of the Ombudsman; the Philippine
Ports Authority (PPA); the Commission on Elections (COMELEC);
the Bureau of Treasury (BoT); the Philippine Amusement and
Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR); the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR); the Department of Tourism (DOT); the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI); the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP); the Bureau of Immigration (BI); the BoC; the
Department of Transportation (DOTr); the Air Transportation
Office (ATO); the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines
(CAAP); the BSP; the BIR; the CHED; the City/Municipal Security
Office; the Provincial Jail; the Provincial Security Office; the
Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA); the Supreme Court and
lower courts; the Security Consultation; the Social Security
System; the NAPOLCOM; the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM); the Optical Media Board; the Intellectual Property
Rights Office; the PDEA; the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO); the
PPC; government-owned and -controlled corporations and other
government agencies with positions involving the practice of
criminology.

SECTION 36. Lateral Entry of Registered Criminologists.—

Registered criminologists who are not in the government service
shall be eligible and given preference for
appointment via lateral entry as Police, Fire, and Jail
Inspectors or its equivalent in the PDEA, NBI, and other law
enforcement agencies: Provided, That they possess the general
qualifications for appointment as provided in the existing laws
on appointment of Police Officers in the PNP, BJMP, BFP, PDEA,
or NBI: Provided, further, That those who are already in the
police, fire, and jail service as non-commissioned officers and
who are already registered and licensed criminologists shall be
given preference for lateral entry.

SECTION 37. Penal Clause.— A fine of not less than One hundred
thousand pesos (₱100,000.00) nor more than Five hundred thousand
pesos (₱500,000.00), or imprisonment for not less than two (2)
years and one (1) day nor more than six (6) years, or both, at
the discretion of the court shall be imposed upon any person who
shall commit any of the following acts:

(a) Practicing criminology without valid certificate of

registration and a valid professional identification card or a
valid temporary/special permit;

(b) Attempting to use the seal, certificate of registration and

professional identification card of a registered criminologist
or temporary/special permit issued to a foreign criminologist;

(c) Abetting the illegal practice of criminology by an

unregistered or unauthorized person;

(d) Securing through false information or fraudulent means

certificate of registration and professional identification card
or temporary/special permit;
(e) Impersonating a registered criminologist or a holder of a
temporary/special permit; and

(f) Violating any provision of this Act or the IRR thereof.

Where the violator is a juridical person, the Board of Directors
and other responsible officers of the corporation shall be held
liable.
SECTION 38. Enforcement.— In carrying out the provisions of this
Act, the Board shall be assisted by the Commission, the APO,
duly constituted government agencies and authorities and private
organizations in the industry.

SECTION 39. Appropriations.— The Chairperson of the PRC shall

immediately include in the Commission’s programs the
implementation of this Act, the funding of which shall be
included in the annual General Appropriations Act.

SECTION 40. Transitory Provision.— The incumbent Board shall, in

an interim capacity, continue to operate or function by carrying
out the provisions of this Act without need of new appointments
of the Chairperson and members thereof until the first Board
created under this Act shall have been constituted or organized
pursuant thereto.

SECTION 41. Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR).— Within

ninety (90) days from the effectivity of this Act, the Board,
subject to approval by the Commission, and in coordination with
the APO, shall prescribe, promulgate and issue a Board
Resolution on the IRR cf this Act and which shall be effective
fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official
Gazette or in any newspaper of general circulation.

SECTION 42. Separability Clause.— If any provision, section or

part of this Act shall be declared unconstitutional or invalid,
such judgment shall not affect, invalidate or impair any other
provisions, sections or parts hereof.

SECTION 43. Repealing Clause.— Republic Act No. 6506, otherwise

known as “An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for
Criminologists in the Philippines and for Other Purposes”, is
hereby repealed. All other laws. Republic Acts, decrees, orders,
letters of instruction, rules and regulations or other
issuances, and parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions of
this Act are likewise repealed or modified accordingly.
SECTION 44. Effectivity Clause.— This Act shall take effect
fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official
Gazette or in any newspaper of general circulation.
 CHAPTER 1
Review Questions

Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the statement or questions very carefully.
Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. It is the scientific study of crime, criminals and criminal

behavior.
ⓐ. criminology c. criminal psychology
b. criminal etiology d. criminal epidemiology

2. It is an attempt at scientific analysis of the causes of

crimes.
a. penology c. criminal epidiomology
b. sociology of law ⓓ. criminal etiology

3. Which is not a goal of studying criminology?

a. To undestrand criminal behavior
b. To predict criminal behavior
c. To control criminal behavior
ⓓ. None of these

4. The following are studies related to criminology, except

one:
a. theology c. public administration
ⓑ. geology d. education

5. The following are natural sciences that may be applied in

criminology, except one:
a. psychology c. medicine
b. sociology ⓓ. anthropology

6. The knowledge obtained in the study of crimes and criminal

behaviors is used to resolve the crime problem and
treatment of criminals. This statement applies criminology
as:
a. a social science ⓒ. an applied science
b. being dynamics d. being relative

7. The study of criminology changes as social condition

changes. This means that criminology is:
 a. an applied science ⓓ. dynamic
b. a social science d. interdisciplinary

8. It means that the study of crime varies from place to

place.
ⓐ. Criminology is relative.
b. Criminology is a social science.
c. Criminology is interdisciplinary.
d. Criminology is an applied science.

9. Many disciplines are involved in the study of crimes and

criminal behavior such as sociology, psychology,
psychiatry, economics, political science, among others.
This is true of criminology being:
ⓐ. an interdisciplinary field c. dynamic
b. a social science d. an applied science

10. This means the study of criminology includes not only

the study of crimes and criminal behavior but also the
reaction of society towards crime and criminal behavior.
a. an applied science c. dynamic
ⓑ. a social science d. nationalistic

11. It is the study of criminality in relation to spatial

distribution in a community.
ⓐ. criminal epidemiology
b. criminal ecology
c. criminal demography
d. criminal physical anthropology

12. It refers to the study of the relationship between

criminality and population.
a. criminal psychology c.criminal ecology
ⓑ. criminal demography d. criminal epidemiology

13. Which aspect of criminology studies human behavior in

relation to criminality?
a. criminal epidemiology ⓒ. criminal psychology
b. criminal psychiatry d. criminal demography

14. What criminological sub-discipline examines the role

played by the victim in a crime incident
a. criminal etiology ⓒ. victimology
 b. penology d. victimless crime

15. When mental and behavioral disorders are related to

criminality, this is what component of criminology?
a. criminal psychology ⓒ. criminal psychiatry
b. criminal demography d. criminal physical anthropology

16. It studies the relationship between environment and

criminality.
a. victimology c. criminal demography
b. criminal epidemiology ⓓ. criminal ecology

17. It is the science of lie detection examination.

a. dactyloscopy c. ballistics
ⓑ. polygraphy d. forensic examination

18. The study of criminality in relation to physical

constitution of men is called ___________________.
a. criminal epidemiology
b. dactyloscopy
ⓒ. criminal physical anthropology
d. demography

19. It is the study of firearms and bullets.

a. forensic medicine c. polygraphy
ⓑ. ballistics d. dactyloscopy

20. This area of criminological study embraces police

organization, operational planning, patrol, industrial
security management, and similar other matters.
ⓐ. law enforcement administrations
b. criminal sociology
c. criminalistics
d. crime detection investigation and prevention

21. It consists of criminal, special and arson

investigation; vice control; traffic management and
accident investigation; and police report writing.
a. corrections
b. law enforcement administration
ⓒ. crime detection investigation and prevention
d. criminalistics
22. This area of criminology covers such disciplines as
dactyloscopy, polygraphy, forensic medicine, among others.
a. Law enforcement administration
b. criminal law and jurisprudence
ⓒ. criminalistics
d.criminal sociology

23. It includes the fundamentals of criminology; juvenile

delinquency; human behavior and crisis management; ethics
and community relations; and criminal justice system.
ⓐ. criminal sociology
b. criminalistics
c. corrections
d. law enforcement administrations

24. It refers to any person who has passed the licensure

examination for criminologists and is registered as such by
the Board of Criminology.
a. criminalist c. criminology graduate
b. law enforcer ⓓ. criminologist

25. When a person deemed to be engaged in the practice of

criminology?
a. if he/she passes the Board Examination for
Criminologists and registered as such by the Board.
b. If he/she becomes one of the topnotchers in the board
examination.
ⓒ. if he/she is working as an instructor, a law enforcer or
a technician in a crime laboratory.
d.If he/she is involved mainly in police operations.
 Chapter 2
Review Questions

Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read the statement or questions very carefuly.
Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. A modification of classical theory, this theory assumes

that certain factors such as insanity would inhibit the
exercise of free will. Answer: A
a. Classical Theory
b. Positivist Theory
c. Neoclassical Theory
d. Differential Association Theory
2. This theory holds that human behavior is determined and not
a matter of free will, and that crime is caused by multiple
factors. Answer: B
a. Classical Theory
b. Positivist Theory
c. Neoclassical Theory
d. Differential Association Theory
3. It is based on the assumption that people exercise free
will and are thus completely responsible for their actions.
Answer: C
a. Classical Theory
b. Positivist Theory
c. Neoclassical Theory
d. Differential Association Theory
4. What principle states that human beings choose those
actions that give pleasure and avoid those that bring pain?
Answer: C
a. Determinism
b. Atavism
 c. Hedonism
d. Realism
5. Persons who kill in self-dense fall under this category of
criminals. Answer: A
a. Passionate criminals
b. Criminaloids
c. Pseudo criminals
d. Habitual criminals
6. The following are the basic elements of the Classical
Theory, except: Answer: B
a. In every society, people have free will to choose
criminal or lawful solutions to meet their needs or
settle their problems.
b. Criminal solutions may be more attractive than lawful
ones because the former usually require less work for
a greater payoff.
c. A person’s choice of criminal solutions may be
controlled by his or fear of punishment.
d. Criminals are fundamentally different from
noncriminals.
7. His work was governed by the Utilitarian Theory, which
assumes that all human actions are calculated in accordance
with their likelihood of bringing happiness (pleasure) or
unhappiness (pain). Answer: C
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. CesareBecarria
c. Jeremy Bentham
d. Enrico Ferri
8. He is considered today as the “Father of Modern
Criminology”. Answer: C
a. CesareBecarria
b. Auguste Comte
c. Cesare Lombroso
d. Enrico Ferri
9. He is regarded as the founder of positivist school and
sociology. Answer: A
a. Auguste Comte
b. Cesare Lombroso
c. Enrico Ferri
d. CesareBeccaria
10. This criminologist believed that criminals could not
 be held morally responsible for their crimes because they
did not choose to commit crimes but, rather were driven to
commit them by conditions in their lives. Answer: B
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Enrico Ferri
c. RafaelleGarofalo
d. Auguste Comte
11. He suggested that death penalty could rid the society
of its maladapted members, just as the natural selection
process eliminated maladapted organism. Answer: B
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Enrico Ferri
c. RafaelleGarofalo
d. Augustecomte
12. This school of criminology work on the relationship of
crime statistics to demographic factors such as age, sex
and race. Answer: B
a. Neoclassical School
b. Classical School
c. Cartographic School
d. Positivist School
13. He said that the crime problem could be traced, not to
bad people, but to bad laws. Answer: B
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Cesar Beccaria
c. William Sheldon
d. Charles Goring
14. They are individuals who are born with a genetic
predilection toward criminality. Answer:B
a. Atavistic individuals
b. Born criminals
c. Criminaloids
d. Insane criminals
15. Tis theory asserts that criminals are a lower form of
life, nearer to their apelike ancestors than noncriminals
in traits and dispositions. Answer: D
a. Classical Theory
b. Anomie theory
c. Born Criminal Theory
d. Moral Anomalies Theory
16. This theory was based on the opinion that criminals
 were developed from primitive or subhuman individuals
characterized by some inferior and mental characteristics.
Answer: A
a. Anomie Theory
b. Classical Theory
c. Moral Anomalies Theory
d. Atavism Theory
17. The following are Lombroso’s major contributions to
positivist criminology, except: Answer: A
a. Theory of Atavism
b. Application of the scientific method to the study of
criminal
c. Death penalty
d. Development of a criminal typology
18. The following are the key assumptions of the
positivist school of thought, except: Answer: D
a. Human behavior is determined and not a matter of free
will.
b. Criminals are fundamentally different from
noncriminals.
c. Crime is caused by a single factor.
d. Society is based on consensus, and not on social
contract.
19. They are called the “holy three” of criminology.
Answer: A
a. Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, RafaelleGarofalo
b. CesareBeccaria, Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Lombroso
c. AdolpheQuetelet, Andre Michelle Guerry, Enrico Fern
d. Robert Park, Ernest Burgess, RafaelleGarofalo
20. They founded the so called Cartographic School of
Criminology. Answer: B
a. Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, RafaelleGarofalo
b. CesareBeccaria and Jeremy Bentham
c. AdolpheQuetelet and Andre Michelle Guerry
d. Robert Park and Ernest Burgess
21. He believed that most criminals went through a process
of training before finally becoming criminal.Answer: C
a. Emile Durkheim
b. Gabriel Tarde
c. CesareLambroso
d. AdolpheQuetelet
22. According to him, crime results from a breakdown of
social order as a result of loss of standards and values, a
concept he called anomie. Answer: A
a. Emile Durkheim
b. GabrielTurde
c. Clifford Shaw
d. Adolph Quetelet
23. This school of thought adopted a social ecology
approach to studying cities, and postulated that urban
neighborhoods with high levels of poverty often experience
breakdown in the social structure and institutions such as
family and schools. The result is social disorganization.
Answer: C
a. Classical School
b. Positivist School
c. Chicago School
d. Lacassagne School
24. Which is a characteristic of the positivist
criminology? Answer: B
a. Death penalty for some offenses
b. Doctrine of free will
c. Indeterminate sentence
d. Anecdotal method
25. This school of thought in criminology rejected
Lombroso’s theory of “criminal type” and of “born
criminals” by stressing the importance of social factors,
but not rejecting biological factors. Answer: C
a. Chicago School
b. Lacassagne School
c. Neoclassical School
d. Cartographic School
 CHAPTER 3
Review Questions
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the statement or questions very carefully.
Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. These law were based on an “eye for an eye, a tooth

For a tooth “concept for retribution.

a. Twele Tables c. Code ofHammurabi

b. Divine laws d. early greek law

2. When people commit crimes the punishment is in the from

of plagues, earthquakes, or other forms of desolation.
What concept of criminality is this?

a. Crime is caused by demon.

b. Crime is caused by divine will
c. Crime is a matter of personal offense and retribution.
d. Crime is equal to sin.

3. This family was studied by Henry Goddard to prove that

defects such as criminality and freeblemindedness are
heriditary.

a. Juke family c. Edward’s Family

b. Kallikak family d. Hommy family

4. Richard Doggle’s study of this family attempted to prove

that criminality runs in the blood.

a.Juke family c. Edward’s Family

b.Kallikak family d. Hommy family

5. He became popular for his somatotyping theory.

 a.William Sheldon c. Albert Cohen
b.Eanest Krestchmer d. George Folk

6. This body type is described as athletic and muscular.

Person of this type are routinely active. Dominant
aggressive, and are the most likely to commit crimes.

a. Ectomorph c.mesomorph
b. Endomorph d.sumomorph

7. Persons of this body type are tall, thin and bony. They
are full of complaints, self-concious and introverted.

a.Endomorph c.sumomorph
b Ectomorph d.mesomorph

8. This body types is described as round and soft persons

with this body build are typically relaxed,lazy and
comportable.

a. Endomorph c.ectomorph
b. sumomorph d.mesomorph

9. it is the moral aspect of an individual personality that

allows a person to feel, pride shame and guilt. Thus it
is largely responsible for making a person follow the
moral codes of society.

a. Id c. ego ideal and conscience

b. Ego d. superego

10. It represents the unconscious biological drives for

sex food and other. Life-sustaining necessities

a.ego c.superego
b.id d. ego and ideal conscience

11. The shape of the human skull is indicative of one

personality and could be used to predict criminality
What field of study is this?

a. Phrenology c.somatotype
b. Physiognomy d.heredity

12. It is a psychotic delusion characterized by incorrect

 or unreasonable ideans which can be seen as truth by
people suffering from this disorder.

a. Depression c.paranoia
b. schizopheria d.neurosis

13. it is the unconrtrollable or irresistible impluse to do

something.
a. Bysteria c.paranoia
b. Phobia d.obsessive complusive neurosi
14. it is an assumption that crimes against person
predominate in the south pole during warm season while
crimes against property. Predominate in the north pole
and cold countries.
a. Temperature
b. Wind volocity
c. Humandity and atmospheric pressure
d. Thermic law of delinquency
15. He believed that some individuals performed criminals
acts because they possessed an overdeveloped superego
which led to constant feelings of guilty and anxiety
a. David abrahamsen c.sigmund freud
b. August aichorn d.ernest hooton
16. According to this sociological theory, criminal
behavior is learned and learing is a by product of
interaction.
a. Phychodynamic theory
b. Differential association theory
c. Differential opportunity theory
d. Neutralization theory
17. He believed that criminal characteristics were
inherited and recommended that people with such
characteristics should not be allowed to reproduce.
a. Charles goring c.Robert merton
b. David matza d.travis hirschi
18. This psychological theory of behavior is based on the
belief that people organize their thoughts into rules
and laws and that the way in which those thoughts are
organized results in either criminal or noncriminal
behavior.
 a. Cognitative theory
b. Behavioral theory
c. Social learing theory
d. Differential association theory
19. He and his associates conducted studies in which
criminals were found to be significantly lower in their
moral judgment development than non criminals of the same
social/background.
a. Albert cohen c.gresham sykes

b. Robert merton d.lawrence kohlberg

20. It is based on the belief that all behavior is learned
and can be unlearned. Its major premise is that people
alter their behavior according to the reactions it
receives from other.
a. Social learning theory
b. Behavioral theory
c. Cognitive theory
d. Differential Association theory
21. According to this theory people learn to be neither
“all deviant” nor “all conforming” but rather strike a
balance between the two opposing poles of behavior.
a. Differential association theory
b. Differntial reinforcement theory
c. Neutrallization theory
d. Social disorganization theory
22. This theory views the process of becoming a criminal
as a learning experience in which potetial delinquents
and criminal master techniques that enable them to
counterbalance conventional values and drift back and
fort between illegitimate and conventional behavior.
a. Social disintegration theory
b. Differential association theory
c. Neutralization theory
d. Strain theory
23. According to him, a person why love self control in
more likely to become criminal
a. David Matza c.Robert agnew
 b. travis hirschi d. Lawrence kohlberg

24. this teory purports that crime is a destructive

effects of captalism and is caused by income or property
inequality or by poverty
a. radical theory
b. social reaction theory
c. social structure theory
d. social disorganization theory

25. based on this theory the reaction of other people and

the immediate effects of the reactions create deviance a
person who has engaged in a delinquent behavior is
segregated from society and is called as “ drug addict”
or criminal.”
a. conflict
b. delinquent subcultures theory
c. diffential opportunity theory
d. labeling theory

26.these theories saggest that social and economic forces

operating in deterioted lower-class areas push many of
their resident into criminal behavior patterns.

a. social structure theories

b. social learing theories
c. conflict theories
d. social reaction theories

27. based on the work of henry mckay and clifford shaw of

the chicago school this theory links crime rates to
neighborhood ecological characteristics

a. social disorganization theory

b. cultural deviance theory
c. strain theory
d. radical theory

28. this theory holds that crime is a function of the

conflict between the goals people have and the means they
can use to legally obtain these goals.
 a. social disorganization theory
b. cultural deviace theory
c. strain theory
d. conflict theory

29. he suggested that criminality is the dicrect result of

negative affective states the anger frustration and adverse
emotions and emerge in the wake of negative and destructive
social relation.

a. robert merton c. clifford shaw

b. robert agnew d. albert cohen

30. he postulated the theory of dilinquent subcultures he

position was that delinquent behavior of lower-class youths
is values of middle class culture.

a.robert agnew c.albert cohen

b.robert merton d.clifford shaw
 CHAPTER 4

Review Questions
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the statement or question very carefully.
Encircle the letter of your answer.

1.It is an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law

forbidding or
Commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon
conviction.
a. offense c.
misdemeanor
ⓑ. crime d. felony
2. It is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws.
a. felony c.
delinquency
ⓑ. offense d.
misdemeanor
3. It refers to any standard or rule regarding what human beings
should or should not think, say or do under given circumstances.
a. deviance ⓒ. norm
b. crime d.
misdemeanor
4. Also known as misdemeanor , is is an act in violation of a
simple rule or regulation such as a violation of an ordinance.
ⓐ. infraction c. offense
b. felony d. crime
5. For a crime to occur, an offender should have a criminal
intent or a guilty state of mind. This crime element is called.
a. causation c.
concurrence
b. actus reus ⓓ. mens rea
6. This Latin term means ‘criminal conduct’
a. mens rea c. dolo
 b. culpa ⓓ.
actus reus
7. According to the Phillipine National Police the three
ingredients of crime are _______
a. Opportunity, Instrument/s, and Criminal Act
b. Motivate, Criminal Act, and Insturment/s
ⓒ. Motivate, Opportunity, and Instrument/s
d. Motivate, Opportunity, and Criminal Act

8. Crime affects almost all members of our society regardless

of age, sex, race, nationality, religion, financial condition.
education, and other personal circumstances. In other words,
crime affect all walks of life. Hence. All of us must be
involved crime prevention and control because;
ⓐ. Crime is pervasive c. Crime is
expensive.
b. Crime is reflective d. Crime is
destructive.
9. So many lives and properties have been lost because of
crimes.Hence, it is everybody’s business to prevent and control
crimes because;
a. Crime is perasie c. Crime is
expensive
b. Crime is reflective ⓓ. Crime is
destructive.
10. Gambling, prostitution and disorderly conduct fall under
this crime category
a. public order crimes c. violent crimes
b. property crimes ⓓ. organized
crimes
11. These crimes involve thousands of criminals, working within
complex structures and driven by profit motive.
a. complex crimes c. white-collar
crimes
ⓑ. organized crimes d. complex crimes
12. This term means ;evil in itself.
a. mala prohibita ⓒ. malo in se
b. culpa d.mensrea
13. Securities related crimes. Bank frauds, and other cases
involving deceit belong to which type of crime category?
a. organized crimes c. rational crimes
b. complex crimes ⓓ. white-collar crimes
14. They are otherwise known as ‘victimless crimes’ because they
have no direct , complaining victims.
 a. white-collar crimes c. economic crimes
ⓑ. public order crimes d. organized
crimes
15. The offender performs all the acts of execution as a
consequence but which nevertheless these acts do not produce the
felony by reason of causes independent of the will of the
perpetrator.
a. attempted crime c. consummated crime
ⓑ. frustrated crime d. intentional felony
16. Robbery with homicide is a crime of this type.
a. situational crime ⓒ. complex crime
b. static crime d. simple crime
17. When the wrongful act results from imprudence negligence,
lack of foresight or lack skill this is a crime committed by
mens of _____
a. actus rea c. dolo
ⓑ. culpa d. mala in se
18. When the offender commences the commission of a felony
directly by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of
execution this is what type of crime.
ⓐ. attempted crime c. dolo
b. consummated crime d. culpa
19. These are felonies that are correctional in nature.
a. light felonies c. serious felonies
b. grave felonies ⓓ. less grave felonies
20. Which of the following is not a correctional penalty?
ⓐ. reclusion temporal c. destierro
b. arresto mayor d. prision correccional
21. Coup d`etat would fall under which crime typology?
a. economic crimes c. violent crimes
b. public order crimes ⓓ. white-collar crimes
22. When the result of a criminal act is destructive, it is
called _____
a. acquisitive crime c. rational crime
ⓑ. exintctive crime d. irrational crime

23. When a crime is committed only in one location, it is

called;
ⓐ. static crime c. instant crime
b. episodic crime d. situational crime
24. When a crime is committed with intention and the offender is
in full possession of his sanity it is called;
a. mental crime ⓒ. rational crime
b. mental deficient crime d. irrational crime
25. this refers to a person who commits another crime after
having been convicted by final judgment of a crime falling under
either the revised penal code or special law, before beginning
to serve such sentence or white serving the same
a. recidivist c. habitual delinquent
ⓑ. quasi recidivist d. socialized criminal
26. They are committed by ordinary criminals as a means of
livelihood.
a. situational crimes c. ordinary crimes
b. services crimes ⓓ. blue-collar crimes
27. This refers to a person who at the time of his trial for one
crime, shall have been previously.
ⓐ. recidivist c. socialized criminal
b. quasi recidivist d. habitual delinquent
28. When a crime is committed by a person who does not know the
nature and quality of his act due to a mental disease it is
called ______
a. mentally derange crime c. rational crime
b. mentally deficient crime ⓓ. irrational crime
29. They are committed due to fit of great emotions.
a. crimes against chastity
b. crime against honor
ⓒ. crime of passion
d. quasi offenses
30. To this group belong the educated respectable members of
society who become criminials on the account of some situation
they are involved.
a. accidential criminals
ⓑ. socialized criminals
c. professional criminals
d. organized criminals
31. These are crimes committed through a series of acts in a
lengthy space of time
a. static crimes
b. instant crimes
c. acquisitive crimes
ⓓ. episodic crimes
32. Based on the crime reporting system adopted by the
Phillippine National Police the term is defined as the number of
crime incidents in a given period of time for every 100,000
inhabitants in an area
ⓐ. crime rate c. non-index crimes
b. index crimes d. crime volume
33. The following are considered as index crimes by the police
in the Phillippines, Except
Homicide c. carnapping
 Physical injury ⓓ. trespass to dwelling
34. This is the number of crime incidents committed in a given
area over a period of time which include the index and non index
crime
a. crime clearance efficiency
ⓑ. crime volume
c. crime rate
d. crime solution efficiency

35. It is the percentage of solved cases out of the total number

of crime incidents handled by law enforcement agencies for a
given period of time
a. cleared cases
b. crime clearance efficiency
ⓒ. crime solution efficiency
d. solved cases
 CHAPTER 5
Review Questions

Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the statement or questions very carefully.
Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. He coined the term victimology,through which he earn the

title,”father” of this sub-discipline of criminology.

c. Hans von hentig ⓒ. Benjamin Mendelsohn

d. Cesarelombroso d. Andre Michel Guerry

2. The scientist wrote the book The Criminal and his Victim,
which paved the way to understanding the victim’s role in
crime occurrence.

c. Andre Michel guerry c. Cesare Lombroso

ⓑ.Hans von hentig d. Benjamin Mendelsohn

3. These victims are unsure of rules of conduct in the

surrounding society.

ⓐ. The immigrants
b. The mentally defective
c. The dull normals
d. The young

4. Promiscuous persons would fall under this victim typology.

a. the dull normals c. the depressd

b. the tormentor d. the young

5. They are often victims of racial prejudice or unequal

treatment by the agencies of justice.
 ⓐ.the minorities c. the immigrants
b.the dull normals d. acquisitive

6. These victims are always wanting for more and looking for
quick gains.

a. the lonesome ⓒ. the acquisitive

b. the wanton d. the tormentor

7. Widows or widowers would belong to this victim category.

a. the tormentor c. the wanton

b. the acquisitive ⓓ. the lonesome

8. They are incapable of physical defense and the object of

confidence schemes.

a. The female
b. The young
c. The mentally defective
ⓓ. The old

9. Suicide victims are of this type.

a. most guilty victim c. victim with minor guilt

b. completely innocent victim ⓓ. victim as guilty as offender

10. There is no provocation or facilitating behaveior on

the part of this victim.

a. imaginary victim ⓒ.completely innocent victim

b. victim with minor guilt d.victim as guilty as offender

11. This type of vivtim places himselfin a compromising

situation.

ⓐ. victim with minor guilt c. victim as guilty as offender

b. completely innocent victim d. imaginary victim

12. When the victim provoke or instigated the casual act,

he is classified as what victim type

a. Most guilty victim

 ⓑ. Victim more guilty than offender
c. Victim with minor guilt
d. Victim as guilty as offender

13. What type of victim is one who started off as the

offender and was hurt in return?

a. Victim more guilty than offender

ⓑ. Most guilty victim
c. Victim as guilty as offender
d. Victim with minor guilt

14. At times the victim is one who asked for the act often
from relatives and friends. What type of victim is this.

ⓐ. the tormentor c. the mentally defective

b. the wanton d. the acquisitive

15. Anger, jealousy, or destructive impulses increase

chances of being victimized. What type of characteristics
does this exemplify.

a. Target Vunerability ⓑ. Target Antagonism

b. Target Gratifiability d. Target Hostility

16. Drinking, taking drugs, and getting involved in crime

increase person’s exposure to offenders. This is based on
what victimization theory?

a. victim precipitation
b. lifestyle theory
c. Deviant place theory
ⓓ. routine activity theory

17. Victim’s physical weakness or phychological distress

renders him incapable of resisting or deterring crime. This
typifies what type of victim characteristics?

ⓐ. Target Vunerability c. Target Antagonism

b. Target Gratifiability d. Target Hostility

18. Some victims have possessions, skills, or attributes

that an offender whants to obtain, use, have access to, or
manipulate. This refers to:

a.Target Antagonism
b. Target Hostility
 ⓒ. Target Gratifiability
d. Target Vunerability

19. According to this theory, victims do not encourage

crime but are prone to victimization because they recide in
socially disorganized high crime areas where they have the
greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal
offenders.

ⓐ. victim precipitation view c. life style theory

c. deviant place theory d. routine activity theory
20. These individuals stay out of trouble, do not have
peers that are criminal, are aware of their surroundings,
and attempt to take precautions so as not to become victim.

a. low risk victims

b. moderate risk victims
ⓒ. high risk victims
d. extremely high risk victims

21. According to this view, some people may actually

initiate comfontation that eventually leads to their
surroundings, and attempt to take precausions so as not to
become victims.

ⓐ. Victim presipations theory c. Routine activity theory

b. Deviant place theory d. Lifestyle theory

22. A person that is stranded on a dark, secluded highway

due to a flat tire, and accepts a ride from stranger would
be a good example of this type of victim level risk.

a. High risk victims

b. Moderate risk victims
ⓒ. Extremely high risk victims
d. low risk victims

23. This theory asserts that there are three variables of

victimization the availability of suitable targets, the
absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated
offenders.

a. deviant place theory

b. victim precipitation theory
ⓒ. routine activity theory
 d. lifestyle theory

24. Which of the following can be considered a high risk

potential victim.

a.A person stranded on a dark, secluded highway due to flat

tire, and accepts the ride from a strangers
b.A person who takes all precaution, such as locking dors
c. A prostitute
ⓓ.All of these

25. The following are finding of the most victimization

studies except.

a. Males are more likely than females to suffer violent

crime
b. Young people face a much greater victimization risk than
do older persons.
c. Nonwhites are more fearful of crime than whites
ⓓ. The higher the level of education of a person, the
higher is the persons fear of crime.
 CHAPTER 6
Review Questions

Multiple Choice
Direction: Read the statement or question very carefully.
Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. They defined what is socially approved or disapproved, but

they do not reflect a sense of moral obligation.
ⓐ. folkways c. mores
b. norms d. laws

2. They indicate societal expectations of what is right or

normal, or what is wrong and abnormal.
a. laws ⓒ. norms
b. mores d. folkways

3. They are defined as formal social control involving the use

of rules or norms that are enacted, interpreted, and enforced by
the political state or community.
a. norms c. folkways
ⓑ. laws d. mores

4. It is a branch or division of law which defines crimes,

treats of their nature and provides for their punishment.
a. Civil Law c. Political Law
ⓑ. Criminal Law d. All of these

5. This book contains the Philippine Criminal Law. Likewise, it

is embodied in different special laws and decrees which are
penal in nature.
a. Criminal Code ⓒ. The Revised Penal Code
b. Penal Code d. Amended Penal Code
6. Criminal law functions to control, restrain, and direct human
behavior through its sanctioning power. This describes what goal
of criminal law?
a. punishing wrongdoing
b. enforcing social control
c. discouraging revenge
ⓓ. deterring criminal behavior

7. The deterrent power of criminal law is to sanction offenders.

What goal of criminal law is this?
a. enforcing social control
b. deterring criminal behavior
ⓒ. punishing wrongdoing
d. discouraging revenge

8. It refers to the scope of criminal law.

ⓐ. specificity
b. regularity
c. penal sanction
d. politicality

9. It refers to the legitimate source of criminal law.

ⓐ. politicality c. specificity
b. penal sanction d. uniformity

10. This was based on tradition that God entered into a covenant
with the tribes of Israel. In return for God’s care and
protection, they agreed to obey His law.
a. The Common Law
ⓑ. The Mosaic Code
c. The Code of Hammurabi
d. The Code of Kalantiaw

11. It is imposed a system of crime and punishment based on

physical retaliation “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”
ⓐ. The Code of Hammurabi
b. The Roman Law
c. The Common Law
d. The Mosaic Code

12. This penal code is believed to be the earliest punishment

system in the Philippines.
 ⓐ. The Common Law
b. The Mosaic Code
c. The Code of Kalantiaw
d. The Twelve Tables

13. The following are sources of Philippine Criminal Law,

except:
a. The Revised Penal Code
b. special laws
c. court decisions
d. presidential decrees

14. It means that a penal law cannot make an act punishable in a

manner in which the act was not punishable at the same time of
its commission.
a. Criminal law is general in application.
b. Criminal law is territorial in character.
ⓒ. Criminal law is prospective.
d. There must be a penal sanction or punishment.

15. What is the highest penalty possible at present under the

Revised Penal Code?
ⓐ. reclusion perpetua c. reclusion temporal
b. death penalty d. destierro

16. This legal maxim means, “There is no crime when there is no

law punishing the same.”
ⓐ. Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege
b. Doctrine of Pro Reo
c. Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea
d. Actus me invito factus non est meus actus

17. “An act done by me against my will is not my act.”

a. Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea
ⓑ. Actus me invito factus non est meus actus
c. Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege
d. Doctrine of Pro Reo

18. “The act cannot be criminal where the mind is not criminal.”
a. Doctrine of Pro Reo
b. Actus me invito factus non est meus actus
ⓒ. Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea
d. Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege
19. According to this theory, crime is essentially a social or
natural phenomenon that cannot be treated and checked by mere
application of abstract principles of law, but through personal
and individual investigation conducted by psychiatrists and
social scientist.
a. Classical Theory c. Ecletic Theory
b. Neoclassical Theory ⓓ. Positivist Theory

20. The basis of criminal liability is human free will and the
purpose of penalty is retribution. This is characteristics of
what theory?
a. Positivist Theory c. Neoclassical Theory
ⓑ. Classical Theory d. Eclectic Theory

21. A crime punished under a special law is called

________________.
a. minor infraction c. misdemeanor
ⓑ. statutory offense d. felony

22. It means failure to perform a positive duty which one is

bound to do.
ⓐ. omission c. overt act
b. act d. external act

23. Who among the following is exempt from criminal liability?

a. a person under nine years of age
b. an insane person
c. a person who acts under the compulsion of irresistible
force
ⓓ. all of the foregoing

24. The following are elements of felony, except:

a. freedom ⓒ. will
b. intelligence d. intent

25. Who are criminally liable for grave and less grave felonies?
a. principals c. accessories
b. accomplices ⓓ. all of the foregoing