UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

LAHORE

SUBMITTED BY : MUHAMMAD ASIF

SUBMITTED TO : SIR SHOAIB AHMAD

SUBJECT : ENGINNERING PHYSICS

REGISTRATION NO : 2018-ME-331

SECTION : A
 DIELECTRICS
DEFINATION:

Dielectrics are the materials which do not contain free charges for
conduction.

Thus, dielectrics are basically insulators as insulators do not conduct

electricity through them. But, dielectrics, contain positive and negative
charges which are bounded together and these charges could be effected
by the electric field.

TYPES OF DIELECRICS

There are two types of dielectrics. These are as follows:

An atom contains a positive charge in the nucleus and negative charge

(electrons)orbiting around the nucleus. The positive as well as the
negative charges can be considered to be concentrated at a point. Hence
two types of dielectrics are produced:

Polar Dielectrics or Molecules:

If the center of gravity of the positive charges and negative charges

are separated by a finite distance (10-10m), then the dielectric is called
polar dielectric

Example. Water, CO2 NH 3 etc.

Thus, polar molecular or dielectrics have permanent dipole moment.

EXAMPLES OF DIELECTRICS:

Porcelain, glass, rubber, silica, mica, transformer oil, cable oil, vegetable
oil, silicon liquids, air, hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, propane…etc. are all
examples of dielectrics…

USES OF DIELECTRICS:

For example, transformer oil is a natural or synthetic substance (mineral

oil, silicone oil, or organic esters, for example) that has the ability to
insulate the coils of a transformer both electrically and thermally.

1) This property is useful in capacitor s, especially at radio

frequencies.
2) Dielectric materials are also used in the construction of radio-
frequency transmission lines.
3) An important property of a dielectric is its ability to support an
electrostatic field while dissipating minimal energy in the form
of heat.
4) Dielectrics grease is neither conductive or isolative. It is specifically
formulated to lubricate and protect electrical connections from
corrosion that will ultimately cause higher contact resistance.
 POLARIZATION OF DIELECTRICS:

When an electric field is applied across a dielectric material then

the dielectric material becomes polarized. This mechanism is
called dielectric polarization. Here is a types of polarization:

1.electronic polarization

2.ionic polarization

3.orientational polarization

4.Interface polarization.

HOW DOES POLARIZATION OCCUR?

Dielectric polarization occurs when a dipole moment is formed in

an insulating material because of an externally applied electric
field. When a current interacts with a dielectric (insulating)
material, the dielectric material will respond with a shift in charge
distribution with the positive charges aligning with the electric
field and the negative charges aligning against it.

Dielectric polarization is the term given to describe the behavior of a

material when an external electric field is applied on it. A simple picture
can be made using a capacitor as an example.
dielectric constant
The dielectric constant is the ratio of the permittivity of a substance to the
permittivity of free space. It is an expression of the extent to which a material
concentrates electric flux, and is the electrical equivalent of relative magnetic
permeability.

The SI unit for permittivity is Farad per meter (F/m or F·m−1).

Mathematically,

K= εr = ε/ ε0

ELECTROSTATICS OF DIELECTRICS:

There are two large classes of substances: conductors and insulators (or
dielectrics). In contrast to metals where charges are free to move
throughout the material, in dielectrics all the charges are attached to
specific atoms and molecules.

There are absolutely wide applications of dielectrics.

GUASS’S LAW FOR DIELECRICS:

Electrostatic field in the dielectric material is modified due to

polarization and is not the same as in vacuum. Hence the Gauss law

∇𝐸 =𝜌 𝜀0

Consider a parallel-plate capacitor with pate area A and having vacuum

between its plates. Let + q and - q be the charges on the plates and E0
the uniform electric field between the plates. Let PQRS be a Gaussian
surface.

By Gauss’s law, φ E0. ds = q/ε0

It is the Gauss’s law in the presence of a dielectric. Here we see that the
flux integral contains a factor K. the effect of the induce surface charge
is ignored by taking into accounting K, the dielectric constant.
For dielectric constant, εr is used instead of K.

Hence, gauss’s law has wide applications in dielectrics which can be

applied and overviewed in our daily life.