Equipment

Sizing

Calculation
 Mixer (M-201)
Heuristics:

 Optimum length-to-diameter ratio is 3

 Corrosion allowance is 9 mm.
 Design temperature is 30 degrees Celsius above operating temperature.
 Design pressure is 10% above operating pressure.
 10% freeboard.
 The mixer diameter is three times the turbine impeller diameter and impeller level above
bottom.
 Mild agitation with an impeller at superficial velocities of 0.03 m/s to 0.06 m/s.

Component Mass Flow Rate Density Kg/m3

Dextrose 440.03 1540
Xylose 243.95 1520
Water 1804.07 1000
Biomass 870.82 574.713
TOTAL 3348.87 4634.7

Operating Temperature = 25 oC = 298 K

Design Temperature = 298 K + 30 K

Design Temperature = 328 K

Operating Pressure = 101.325 Kpa

Design Pressure = 101.325 Kpa (1.1)

Design Pressure = 111.45 Kpa

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.1205 (1540) + 0.0735 (1520) + 0.5435 (1000) + 0.2623 ( 574.7)
 𝐾𝑔
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 991.72
𝑚3

𝐾𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 12 ℎ𝑟
𝑚 3348.87 ℎ𝑟 (1 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒)( 𝑑𝑎𝑦 )
𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = =
𝜌 𝐾𝑔
991.72 3
𝑚

𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 40.52 𝑚3

Volume of the reactor

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 (1.1)

𝑉 = 40.52 (1.1)

𝑉 = 44.57 𝑚3

Inside Diameter ,

𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐿
4 𝑖

3𝜋 3
𝑉= 𝐷
4 𝑖

3𝜋 3
44.57 𝑚3 = 𝐷
4 𝑖

𝐷𝐼 = 2.67 𝑚

Length,

𝐿 = 3𝐷𝐼

𝐿 = 3 (2.67)
 𝐿 = 7.98 𝑚

Parameter
Corrosion Allowance Corrosive Streams 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 𝑚
(m)
Maximum Allowance Carbon Steel 𝑆 = 94500 𝐾𝑝𝑎
Stress (Kpa)
Efficiency of Joints Fully Radiographed 𝐸𝑗 = 0.85
double-welded butt
joint

𝑃𝑟𝑖
𝑡= + 𝐶𝑐
𝑆𝐸𝑗 − 0.6𝑃

7.98
111.45 𝐾𝑝𝑎( 2 )
𝑡= + 0.009𝑚
94500 𝐾𝑝𝑎(0.85) − 0.6(111.45 𝐾𝑝𝑎)

𝑡 = 0.0145 𝑚

𝐷𝑜 = 2 (𝑟𝑖 − 𝑡)

7.98
𝐷𝑜 = 2 ( − 0.0145)
2

𝐷𝑜 = 8 𝑚

External Volume

𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐿
4 𝑖

𝜋
𝑉= 2.672 (8)
4

𝑉 = 44.84 𝑚3
Volume Steel

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 44.84 𝑚3 − 44.57 𝑚3

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.27 𝑚3

Mass of Mixer

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 × 𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 0.27 𝑚3 × 7830
𝑚3

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 2114.1 𝐾𝑔

Diameter Impeller
𝐷𝐼
𝐷𝑇𝐼 =
3
2.66
𝐷𝑇𝐼 =
3

𝐷𝑇𝐼 = 0.88 𝑚

Impeller level above bottom

𝐷𝐼
𝐻𝐼 =
3
2.66
𝐻𝐼 =
3

𝐻𝐼 = 0.88 𝑚

Impeller blade width

𝐷𝐼
𝑊𝐼 =
15
 2.66
𝑊𝐼 =
15

𝑊𝐼 = 0.177 𝑚

For Homogenizing mixture

𝑚
𝑁 = 0.038
𝑠

Wall baffles (thickness)

𝐷𝑖
𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
10
2.66
𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
10

𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 0.266 𝑚

Speed of Impeller

For Homogenizing mixture

𝑚
𝑁 = 0.038
𝑠

Reynolds Number

2
𝐷𝑇𝐼 𝑛𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

1
(0.88)2 ((0.308)(
0.88 ))(991.72)
( 2 )
𝑅𝑒 =
8.9 × 10−4

𝑅𝑒 = 604035.48
 5
𝑃 = 𝐾𝑡 𝑛3 𝐷𝑇𝐼 𝜌

1 3
𝑃 = (5.75)((0.038)( ) (0.88)2 (991.72)
0.88
( 2 )

𝑃 = 15.5 𝑘𝑊

Fermentation tank (BR-201)

Heuristics considered:

 Design temperature is set 30 degrees Celsius above the operating temperature.

 Volume of industrial scale bioreactor ranges from 0.5m3 to 2.5m3

 70% fill capacity; 30% free space.

 The equipment is cylindrical.

 Height-to-diameter ratio is 1

 Based on literature residence time is about 12 hours.

 Design pressure is 10% above the operating pressure.

 Mild agitation with an impeller at superficial velocities of 0.03 m/s to 0.06 m/s

Operating conditions:
 Operating Temperature = 37 oC = 310 K

Design Temperature = 310 K + 30 K

Design Temperature = 340 K

Operating Pressure = 101.325 Kpa

Design Pressure = 101.325 Kpa (1.1)

Design Pressure = 111.45 Kpa

Component Mass Flow Rate Density Kg/m3

Dextrose 440.03 1540
Xylose 243.95 1520
Water 1804.07 1000
Biomass 870.82 574.713
TOTAL 3348.87 4634.7

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.1205 (1540) + 0.0735 (1520) + 0.5435 (1000) + 0.2623 ( 574.7)

𝐾𝑔
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 991.72
𝑚3

Volume of the feed

𝐾𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 12 ℎ𝑟
𝑚 3348.87 ℎ𝑟 (1 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒)( 𝑑𝑎𝑦 )
𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = =
𝜌 𝐾𝑔
991.72 3
𝑚
 𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 40.52 𝑚3

Volume of the reactor

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 (1.3)

𝑉 = 40.52 (1.3)

𝑉 = 52.67

Number of Fermenter per cycle

- Usual Volume of Industrial Scale bioreactor: 11 m3

Number of fermenter per cycle = V/VUSUAL

Number of fermenter per cycle = 52.67 / 11

Number of fermenter per cycle= 4.78 = 5 Fermenters per cycle

Inside Diameter

𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐿
4 𝑖

𝜋 3
𝑉= 𝐷
4 𝑖

𝜋 3
11 𝑚3 = 𝐷
4 𝑖

𝐷𝐼 = 2.41 𝑚

Internal Volume

- Assume 70% fill capacity

 𝑉
𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 =
0.7

11
𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 =
0.7

𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 15. 71 𝑚3

Length

𝜋 2
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐷 𝐿
4 𝑖

𝜋
15.71 = (2.41)2 𝐿
4

𝐿 = 3.44 𝑚

Thickness

Parameter
Corrosion Allowance Corrosive Streams 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 𝑚
(m)
Maximum Allowance Carbon Steel 𝑆 = 94500 𝐾𝑝𝑎
Stress (Kpa)
Efficiency of Joints Fully Radiographed 𝐸𝑗 = 1
double-welded butt
joint

Design equation for cylindrical shells:

𝑃𝑟𝑖
𝑡= + 𝐶𝑐
𝑆𝐸𝑗 − 0.6𝑃
 2.41
111.45 𝐾𝑝𝑎( 2 )
𝑡= + 0.009𝑚
94500 𝐾𝑝𝑎(1) − 0.6(111.45 𝐾𝑝𝑎)

𝑡 = 0.01 𝑚

𝐷𝑜 = 2 (𝑟𝑖 − 𝑡)

2.41
𝐷𝑜 = 2 ( − 0.01)
2

𝐷𝑜 = 2.43 𝑚

External Volume

𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐿
4 𝑖

𝜋
𝑉= 2.432 (3.44)
4

𝑉 = 15.95 𝑚3

Volume Steel

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 15.95 𝑚3 − 15. 71 𝑚3

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.24 𝑚3

Mass of Fermentation tank

 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 × 𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 0.24 𝑚3 × 7830
𝑚3

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 1879.2 𝐾𝑔

Diameter of Impeller

𝐷𝑖
𝐷𝑇𝐼 =
3

2.41
𝐷𝑇𝐼 =
3

𝐷𝑇𝐼 = 0.8033 𝑚

Impeller level above bottom

𝐷𝑖
𝐻𝐼 =
3

2.41
𝐻𝐼 =
3

𝐻𝐼 = 0.8033 𝑚

Impeller blade width

𝐷𝑖
𝑊𝐼 =
15

2.41
𝑊𝐼 =
3
 𝑊𝐼 = 0.8033 𝑚

Speed of Impeller

For Homogenizing mixture

𝑚
𝑁 = 0.038
𝑠

Wall baffles (thickness)

𝐷𝑖
𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
10
2.41
𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
10

𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 0.241 𝑚

Reynolds Number

2
𝐷𝑇𝐼 𝑛𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

1
(0.8024)2 ((0.308)(
0.8024 ))(991.72)
( 2 )
𝑅𝑒 =
8.9 × 10−4

𝑅𝑒 = 552006.75

5
𝑃 = 𝐾𝑡 𝑛3 𝐷𝑇𝐼 𝜌

1
𝑃 = (5.75)((0.038)( )3 (0.8033)2 (991.72)
0.8024
( 2 )

𝑃 = 1.62 𝑘𝑊
 Pump (P-201)
Heuristics:
 Centrifugal pump with 50% efficiency
Component Mass flow rate (kg/hr) Density (kg/m3)
Xylose 243.95 1520
 Water 205.61 997
Biomass 1016.91 574.713
Ammonium Lactate 231.40 1054
Total 1697.87

Volumetric Flow Rate

𝑚̇
𝑉̇ =
𝜌
̇ 𝑘𝑔
1697.87
𝑉̇ = ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
(0.14) (1520 3 ) + (0.12) (997 3 ) + (0.60) (574.713 3 ) + (0.14) (1054 3 )
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑚3
= 2.06
ℎ𝑟
Head
𝑃
𝐻=
𝑚𝑔
𝐽
𝑃 = 179702.56
ℎ𝑟
𝐽
179702.56
𝐻= ℎ𝑟
̇ 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
(1697.87 ) (9.8 2 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑠
𝐻 = 10.8 𝑚
For Centrifugal Pump
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 =
𝜀
49.92 𝑊
𝑃𝑖𝑛 =
0.5
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 99.83 𝑊

Centrifuge (CF-201)
Heuristics considered:

 Design temperature is set 30 degrees Celsius above the operating temperature.

 Design Pressure is 10% higher than operating pressure

 Optical length -to-diameter ratio is 1

 10% freeboard

Component Mass Flow Rate Density Kg/m3

Dextrose 243.95 1540
Xylose 205.61 1520
Water 1016.91 1000
Biomass 239.31 574.713
TOTAL 1705.78 4634.7

Operating conditions:

Operating Temperature = 37 oC = 310 K

Design Temperature = 310 K + 30 K

Design Temperature = 340 K

Operating Pressure = 100 Kpa

Design Pressure = 100 Kpa (1.1)

Design Pressure = 110 Kpa

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑉=
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
 1705.78 𝐾𝑔
𝑉=
𝐾𝑔
4634.7 3
𝑚

𝑉 = 0.36 𝑚3

Volume internal (10% Freeboard)

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1.1 𝑉

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1.1 (0.36)

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 0.4 𝑚3

Inside Diameter and Length

𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐿
4 𝑖
𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐷
4 𝑖 𝑖
𝜋 2
0.4 = 𝐷 𝐷
4 𝑖 𝑖

𝐷𝑖 = 0.8 𝑚

𝐿 = 0.8 𝑚

Thickness

Parameter
Corrosion Allowance Corrosive Streams 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 𝑚
(m)
Maximum Allowance Stainless 316 steel 𝑆 = 119086.09 𝐾𝑝𝑎
Stress (Kpa) (SA-240)
Efficiency of Joints Fully Radiographed 𝐸𝑗 = 1
double-welded butt
joint

𝑃𝑟𝑖
𝑡= + 𝐶𝑐
𝑆𝐸𝑗 − 0.6𝑃
 0.8
110 𝐾𝑝𝑎( 2 )
𝑡= + 0.009𝑚
119086.09 𝐾𝑝𝑎(1) − 0.6(110 𝐾𝑝𝑎)

𝑡 = 0.00937 𝑚

Outside Diameter

𝐷𝑜 = 2 (𝑟𝑖 + 𝑡)

0.8
𝐷𝑜 = 2 (( ) + 0.00937)
2

𝐷𝑜 = 0.8187 𝑚

External Volume

𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐿
4 𝑖
𝜋
𝑉= (0.8187)2 (0.8)
4

𝑉 = 0.42 𝑚3

Volume of steel

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.42 𝑚3 − 0.4𝑚3

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.02 𝑚3

Mass of steel

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 × 𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 0.02 𝑚3 × 7883
𝑚3
 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 157.66 𝑘𝑔

Pump (P-202)
Heuristics:
 Centrifugal pump with 50% efficiency
Component Mass flow rate (kg/hr) Density (kg/m3)
Water 195.33 997
Ammonium Lactate 219.83 1054
Xylose 231.76 1520
Total 646.91

Volumetric Flow Rate

𝑚̇
𝑉̇ =
𝜌
̇ 𝑘𝑔
646.91 𝑚3
𝑉̇ = ℎ𝑟 = 0.53
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑟
(0.36) (1520 3 ) + (0.30) (997 3 ) + (0.34) (1054 3 )
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚

Head
𝑃
𝐻=
𝑚𝑔
𝐽
𝑃 = 68468.95
ℎ𝑟
𝐽
68468.95
𝐻= ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
(646.91 ) (9.8 2 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑠
𝐻 = 10.8 𝑚
For Centrifugal Pump
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 =
𝜀
19.02𝑊
𝑃𝑖𝑛 =
0.5
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 38.04 𝑊
 Heat Exchanger (HE-201)
Heuristics:
 The flow is counter current with feed at the tube side and water at the shell side
𝑊
 Heat transfer coefficient water to liquid: 285 𝑚2 ∙𝐾
 Outer diameter is 0.019m and the length is 4.9m
Temperature Conditions
Inlet Temperature (℃) Outlet Temperature (℃)
Cold Side 15 23
Hot Side 80 37

Heat Transfer Area

𝑄
𝐴=
𝑈𝐹∆𝑇
(80 − 15) − (37 − 23)
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
80 − 15
ln (37 − 23)
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 33.22 𝐾
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝Δ𝑇
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = (708.58𝑘𝑔) (2.43 ) (80 − 37)𝐾
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑄 = 74039. 52 𝑘𝐽 = 20.56653 𝑘𝑊
20566.53 𝑊
𝐴=
𝑊
(285 2 )(33.22 𝐾)
𝑚 ∙𝐾
𝐴 = 2.17 𝑚2
Number of tubes
𝐴
𝑛=
𝜋𝐷𝐿
 2.17 𝑚2
𝑛=
𝜋(0.019)(4.9)
𝑛 = 7.42 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 ~ 7 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠

By interpolation from table 14-9 (Timmerhaus),

𝐷𝑖,𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.203 𝑚
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
0.0254 𝑚, 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ

Esterification Reactor (ER-201)

Heuristics considered:

 Design temperature is set 30 degrees Celsius above the operating temperature.

 Volume of industrial scale bioreactor ranges from 0.5m3 to 2.5m3

 70% fill capacity; 30% free space.

 The equipment is cylindrical.

 Height-to-diameter ratio is 1

 Based on literature residence time is about 12 hours.

 Design pressure is 10% above the operating pressure.

Operating conditions:
 Operating Temperature = 80 oC = 353 K

Design Temperature = 353 K + 30 K

Design Temperature = 383 K

Operating Pressure = 26.66 Kpa

Design Pressure = 26.66 Kpa (1.1)

Design Pressure = 29.33 Kpa

Component Mass Flow Rate Density Kg/m3

Xylose 231.75 1520
Water 195.32 1000
Ammonium Lactate 219.82 1054
Butanol 249.15 810
TOTAL 896.04 4384

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.2586 (1520) + 0.2179 (1000) + 0.2453 (1054) + 0.2780 ( 810)

𝐾𝑔
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 1094.9
𝑚3
3 /𝑅𝑇
𝐾 = 2.2602 (𝑇 0.3498 )(𝑒 −9.91 𝑥10 )
𝐽
𝑅 = 8.314 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑇 = 80𝑜 𝐶 +273 = 353 K

3 /(8.314)353
𝑘 = 2.2602 (3530.3498 )(𝑒 −9.91 𝑥10 )
 𝑘 = 0.601 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1

𝑘 = 865.44 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1

𝐹𝐴
𝑣𝑜 =
𝐶𝐴

25.55
𝐶𝐴 =
𝑣𝑜
𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐾𝑔 1
𝑣𝑜 = (25.55 ) (90.73 )( )
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1094. 𝐾𝑔
𝑚3

𝑚3
𝑣𝑜 = 2.11
ℎ𝑟

𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
25.55
𝐶𝐴 = ℎ𝑟
𝑚3
2.11
ℎ𝑟

𝐶𝐴 = 12.1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚3

30.87
𝑉𝐶𝑆𝑇𝑅 =
(0.601)(12.1)

𝑉𝐶𝑆𝑇𝑅 = 4.24 𝑚3

4.24 𝑚3
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝜏 =
𝑚3
2.11
ℎ𝑟

𝜏 = 2ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 120 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠

Diameter and Length

 𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐿
4 𝑖
𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐷
4 𝑖 𝑖
𝜋 2
4.24 = 𝐷 𝐷
4 𝑖 𝑖

𝐷𝑖 = 1.75 𝑚

𝐿 = 1.75 𝑚

Thickness of tank

- Using the equation for vessels at atmosphere pressure:

𝑃𝑟𝑖
𝑡= + 𝐶𝑐
𝑆𝐸𝑗 − 0.6𝑃

Parameter
Corrosion Allowance Corrosive Streams 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 𝑚
(m)
Maximum Allowance High-alloy steel 𝑆 = 111666.67 𝐾𝑝𝑎
Stress (Kpa) Stainless 304
(SA-240)
Efficiency of Joints Fully Radiographed 𝐸𝑗 = 1
double-welded butt
joint

1.75
23.33 ( 2 )
𝑡= + 0.009
23.33 (1) − 0.6(23.33)

𝑡 = 0.00918 𝑚

Outside Diameter

𝐷𝑜 = 2 (𝑟𝑖 + 𝑡)
 1.75
𝐷𝑜 = 2 (( ) + 0.00918)
2

𝐷𝑜 = 1.76𝑚

External Volume

𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 𝐿
4 𝑖
𝜋
𝑉= (1.76)2 (1.75)
4

𝑉 = 4.25 𝑚3

Volume of steel

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 4.5 𝑚3 − 4.24𝑚3

𝑉𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.26 𝑚3

Mass of steel

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 × 𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 0.26 𝑚3 × 7830
𝑚3

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 2035. 8 𝐾𝑔

Heat Exchanger (HE-201)

Heuristics:
 The flow is counter current with feed at the tube side and water at the shell side
𝑊
 Heat transfer coefficient water to liquid: 285 𝑚2 ∙𝐾
 Outer diameter is 0.019m and the length is 4.9m
Temperature Conditions
Inlet Temperature (℃) Outlet Temperature (℃)
Cold Side 15 23
 Hot Side 80 37

Heat Transfer Area

𝑄
𝐴=
𝑈𝐹∆𝑇
(80 − 15) − (37 − 23)
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
80 − 15
ln (37 − 23)
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 33.22 𝐾
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝Δ𝑇
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = (708.58𝑘𝑔) (2.43 ) (80 − 37)𝐾
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑄 = 74039. 52 𝑘𝐽 = 20.56653 𝑘𝑊
20566.53 𝑊
𝐴=
𝑊
(285 2 )(33.22 𝐾)
𝑚 ∙𝐾
𝐴 = 2.17 𝑚2
Number of tubes
𝐴
𝑛=
𝜋𝐷𝐿
2.17 𝑚2
𝑛=
𝜋(0.019)(4.9)
𝑛 = 7.42 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 ~ 7 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠

By interpolation from table 14-9 (Timmerhaus),

𝐷𝑖,𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.203 𝑚
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
0.0254 𝑚, 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ

Extractor (EX-201)
Heuristics:
 The design temperature is 30℃ higher than the operating temperature
 The design pressure is 10% over than the maximum operating pressure or 70 to 175 kPa
higher whichever is greater
 100% extraction stage efficiency
  Height-to-diameter tank ratio of 3
 80% fill capacity
 9mm corrosion allowance
 Actual velocity is 85% of flooding velocity
Assumptions:
 Single stage extraction column
 Slope of equilibrium line is 1

Design Temperature
𝑇𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 37℃
𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 𝑇𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 30℃
𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 37℃ + 30℃
𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 67℃
Design Pressure
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 175 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 175 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 325 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Component Mass flow rate (kg/hr) Density (kg/m3)

Xylose 231.76 - 1520
Water 176.84 176.84 997
Butyl Lactate 299.99 299.99 980
Total 708.58 476.83

Mixture Density
For inlet streams:
𝑀𝐷 = (0.33)(1520) + (0.25)(997) + (0.42)(980)
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝐷 = 1162.45 3
𝑚
For outlet streams:
𝑀𝐷 = (0.37)(997) + (0.63)(980)
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝐷 = 986.29 3
𝑚
Volume
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑉=
𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
708.58 476.83
𝑉= +
1162.45 986.29
𝑉 = 1.093𝑚3
Dimension
For 80% filling capacity:
 1.093 𝑑
𝑉= = 1.36625 = 𝜋( )2 (3𝑑)
0.8 2
𝑑 = 0.83 𝑚
ℎ = 2.49 𝑚
Wall thickness
𝑃𝑟𝑖
𝑡= + 𝐶𝑐
𝑆𝐸𝑗 − 0.6𝑃
𝑆 = 137,900 (𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 316)
𝐸𝑗 = 1.0 (𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑡 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠)
0.83
(325 − 150)𝑘𝑃𝑎( 2 )𝑚
𝑡= + 0.009 𝑚
(137900)(1) − 0.6(325 − 150)𝑘𝑃𝑎
1000𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 9.53𝑥10−3 𝑚 ( )
1𝑚
𝑡 = 9.53 𝑚𝑚