1.

0 ASTRACT
Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has been planned explicitly to determine the function
and working system of manufacturing heat exchangers. Heat exchanger is an expedient that
constructed for effective heat transference from one medium to another. The objective of this
experimentation is to determine the function and working system of a concentric tube heat
exchanger working beneath parallel movement circumstances also counter-current movement
circumstances. The final objective is to determine the outcome of flow rate dissimilarities on
the performance appearances of a concentric tube heat exchanger working under counter-
current movement settings for hot and cold water. The experimentations begin with both hot
and cold fluids pass through the heat exchanger at the similar termination and transfer in the
similar course in counter-current flow. The volumetric flowrate for hot water was fixed to be
persistent at 10L/min whereas the flowrates of cold-water were diverse at 2L/min, 4L/min,
6L/min, 8L/min and 10L/min. For the second part, the volumetric flowrate for cold water was
fixed to be persistent whereas the volumetric flowrates of hot water were wide-ranging.
Alternatively, both of hot and cold fluids pass through the heat exchanger at contrary ends and
move in contrary directions in counter flow. TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 were noted for each 10
minutes. As the temperature of the hot water rises, the overall heat transfer coefficient is also
growing. The growing of the overall heat transfer coefficient enhances the increasing for rate
of heat transfer. The increasing value of flow rate of fluids moving inside the heat exchanger
resulting the advanced of heat transfer rate, hence the well performance can be achieved for
the heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer coefficient surges from 438.52 W/m2. ℃ to
568.87 W/m2. ℃ for continual hot flowrate as the flow rate surge from 2 L/min to 10 L/min.
Meanwhile, for continual cold-water flowrate, the overall heat transfer coefficient slightly
declines from 645.95 W/m2. ℃ to 568.87 W/m2. ℃. Correspondingly, power captivated in
calculation part is much greater rather than power released. Finally, the influence of internal
and external aspects cannot be avoided during this experimentation.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Heat exchanger is an expedient where heat been transferred between medium. For
illustration, the removable of heat from hot oil assisting from cold water or air by using a
Hydraulic Oil Cooler. Heat transfer typically contains convection between fluid and conduction
pass through the solid wall dividing the two different fluids in heat exchanger. The heat transfer
rate for both fluids are depending on the scale of the temperature alteration and the fluids flow
rate itself. Heat exchangers are generally can be utilize in widespread variety of applications,
from air-conditioning devices in home, to chemical dispensation and power manufacture in
large scale plants.

During experimentation, concentric tube heat exchanger is utilized or basically named

dual-pipe of heat exchanger in utilized to gain well thoughtful on this device working
principles. It is termed a dual-pipe exchanger since the fluid flows inside a tube also in between
the pipe and alternative tube that environs the first, at which one fluid in a dual pipe heat
exchanger flows inside the smaller size tube and the other fluid flows inside the annular space
that located in between that pipes. Concentric tube heat exchanger is the easiest kind of heat
exchanger where contains of binary coaxial pipes of dissimilar diameters which is the inner
and the outer diameter.

Figure 1: Counter current flow in dual pipe heat exchanger

 Basically, there are dual categories of flow activities are conceivable in this double pipe
heat exchanger, co-current flow and counter-current flow. Counter-current flow procedure is
utilized in the testing, at which both hot and cold fluids pass through the heat exchanger at
contrary ends and flow in contrary course. Refer to Figure 1, heat disperses from the hot fluid
over the pipe wall and been moved into cold fluid via convection, then flows over the wall via
conduction, and then from the wall over cold liquid via convection. The hot water, cold water
routes and hot water containers altogether are fine isolated to lessen heat gains or heat loss
from the tank and the heat exchangers itself. Typically, the counter-current flow is used as the
heat transfer rate is higher as related to co-current flow.

The SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus (Model: HE 158C) has been
planned to permit students to get adapted with diverse types of heat exchangers and to assemble
the essential trial data for the heat losses calculation, coefficient of heat transfer also logs mean
temperature difference. In addition, students also able to determine flow rate effects on the rate
of heat transfer. The unit utilized in the experimentation arises with four dissimilar kinds of
heat exchangers and two stainless steel sump containers where source of hot and cold-water.

The hot container is close-fitting with an amount of 11.5 kW engagement type of heater
that is prevented from any kind of conceivable overheating. A centrifugal pump implanted for
each container where it is capable to deliver for 10 LPM of water. The inner part of the dual
pipe heat exchanger tube is regularly constructed from stainless steel material whereas clear
acrylic used to build the outer part (P.A. Hilton LTD, 2004).

The main benefit of dual pipe heat exchanger so-called concentric heat exchanger
related other kind of heat exchangers is the simplicity of the design construction. Therefore, it
is very to build and do the operation. Since it is simple and basic design, the maintenance and
cleaning process for the operating system should be easier in order to maintain the performance
while decreasing the fouling rate.
3.0 AIMS / OBJECTIVE

1) To evaluate and study the performance of the concentric tube heat exchanger in counter-
current flow condition.

4.0 THEORY
Heat exchangers frequently function for long period of time with no alteration in
their working circumstances. Therefore, they are categorized as stable-flow devices. The
design of heat exchanger is to narrate between the oulet and inlet temperatures, the overall heat
transfer coefficient, and the heat exchanger geometry, to the heat transfer rate for both of the
fluids.

Beforehand calculating for the overall heat transfer coefficient U, power released and
power captivated must be considered first to identify the amount of power lost via using
formula:

The amount of efficiency compulosory to be calculated,

In heat exchanger, the log mean temperature difference is the appropriate average
temperature difference to use in the heat transfer calculations. The equation for log mean
temperature difference is:
 The overall heat transfer coefficient must be determined since it is compulsory to
identify the heat transported between the pipes. The constant so-called as coefficient for heat
transfer takes into accounts altogether of the thermal conductivity and convection coefficient
(k and h, correspondingly) between the fluids divided via the inner pipe.

The overall heat transfer rate is articulated in terms of an overall heat transfer coefficient and
a mean temperature. This is based on the analogous way to Newton’s law of cooling as:

𝐐 = 𝐔 𝐀𝐬 ∆ 𝐓𝐦

Meanwhile the total heat transfer coefficient, h for the entire system is nearly equivalent to U,
h is expressed in terms of overall heat transfer coefficient:

𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝 , 𝐐𝐞
𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 , 𝐔 =
𝐀𝐬 ∆ 𝐓𝐦

The overall heat transfer coefficient, U amount for heat exhcanger can be determine over the
total surface area, A along where the fluids transfer heat. A is determined from the formula:

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚, 𝐀 𝐬 = 𝛑 × 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 × 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞

Inner diameter of the tube is selected for calculation part, since the variance between
those two diameters not significant, the thickness tube wall relatively thin to enable heat
transfer occurs between both of hot and cold fluids.

The heat exchanger temperature outline can be reviewed via observing at the features
of the heat exchangers where the flow prearrangement for both fluids flow in the equal or
contrary directions and the construction form. Based on the chart of temperature difference, the
temperature outline can be attained at inlet and outlet for both fluids. It might differ laterally
the dimension of the heat exchanger. In fact that the temperature of the hot fluid declines sicne
heat transfers from hot fluid the cold fluid, then the temperature of the cold fluid will rises.

For counter-current flow prearrangement, the variance between the hot and cold fluid
temperature virtually unchanging, which means the rate of heat transfer frequently maximum at any
position thru the tube. The temperature difference release fewer intensely related to analogous flow
prearrangement since it flow near hot fluid leaving. From the flow prearrangement can be detected that
the ∆Tm is not continual and fluctuations lengthways the dimension of a heat exchanger.
9.0 DISCUSSION
The experimentation purposes are to estimate the counter-current flow of heat
exchanger performance and to investigate the working principles of the heat exchanger under
various movement rates via concentric tube heat exchanger or basically dual-pipe heat
exchanger. The experimentation was separated into a few parts. First part of the experiment is
the volumetric flowrate of hot water was fixed at 10 L/min whereas the flow rate of cold-water
were wide-ranging at 2L/min, 4L/min, 6L/min, 8L/min and 10L/min. Next, the second part of
the experiment, the volumetric flowrate of cold-water was static whereas volumetric flowrate
of hot water was wide-ranging. TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 were noted for each 10 minutes pass.

Based on the data collected, the leaving temperature from the cold fluid is lower than
the leaving temperature of the hot fluid. This illustration that the heat transference necessity
happens from hot to the cold build. It is unbearable for heat transfer occurs from a cold build
to hot build. As specified by Yunus A. Cengel, Afshin J. Ghajar (2015), the exit temperature
of the cold fluid never surpass the entry temperature for the hot fluid, subsequently this would
be a desecration of the second law of thermodynamics. Hence, the results attained were correct.

The overall heat transfer coefficient is increasing due to the temperature of hot water
increases. This phenomenon also causes the increase in the heat transfer rate. Based on the
following equation, both temperature of hot and cold fluid affected the heat transfer rate as well
as overall heat transfer coefficient. The performance of heat exchanger also increases gradually
as the rate of heat transfer is surging. The relation overall heat transfer coefficient and the
temperature are commonly inadequately reliant on each other. The mark where the overall heat
transfer coefficient will exaggerated be contingent on the sensitivity of the fluid’s viscosity to
temperature itself since the temperature of the fluids fluctuate.

The advanced the fluids flow rate moving in the heat exchanger, followed by the higher
the heat transfer rate will be resulting the well performance of the heat exchanger as illustrated
in Figure 5 and 6. The overall heat transfer coefficient surges from 438.52 W/m2. ℃ to 568.87
W/m2. ℃ for continual hot flowrate as the flow rate surge from 2 L/min to 10 L/min.
Meanwhile, for continual cold-water flowrate, the overall heat transfer coefficient slightly
declines from 645.95 W/m2. ℃ to 568.87 W/m2. ℃. The alteration in the overall heat transfer
coefficient resulting the variance in heat transfer rate where reflects the heat exchanger
performance.
 Nevertheless, the huger pressure loss due to the flow rate that need to be concerned
since the bigger size of pump desired to overcome the problems in the circulation of water.
Moreover, low in velocity is supportive in preventing corrosion, vibration of the tube and
pressure drop because the low flow rate of fluid. Hence, an average velocity utilized in heat
exchanger is recognized

The experimentation achieved the main objectives by referring to results calculated;

but, the errors during directing this experiment may occurred and cannot be avoided. The flow
rate for both fluids might not persistent throughout the experimentation and this circumstance
will affects results collected where inaccuracy in data collection. Finally, the inexactness of
calculations for heat loss of heat exchanger might be fouling happen inside the pipe.

The most communal problem for various chemical engineers for heat exchanger is
fouling will happen inside a tube wall resulting the declines performance even can mutilation
the heat exchanger during a long operation. The term fouling is used to define material at which
builds up within tube wall interior of heat exchanger that affects the performance itself.
Material inside the fluids may amass on the side will accumulate over time and when this
situation happens and not taken care of, the reduction of heat transfer for the heat exchanger.
The pressure drop problems may occurred and cause much more problems within the heat
exchanger.

The heat exchanger performance can be improved in various ways. For illustration, by
surging the overall heat transfer coefficient, U. When the turbulence increases in the flow of
the fluids in the tube, U will be increase proportionally. At the same time, the performance of
the heat exchanger will increase also by reducing rate of fouling through fluids pre-treatment
or make more cleaning plans and judicious the designs that will removing stagnant areas within
the exchanger.
10.0 CONCLUSION
Dual pipe heat exchanger has two categories of flow at which counter-current flow and
parallel flow known as co-counter flow. In this experimentation, the counter-current flow of
fluids being used. The hot and cold fluids flow at the contrary ends in the heat exchanger and
move in contrary directions in counter flow. The features of the heat exchanger power
captivated, power released, power vanished, log mean temperature different ∆𝑇𝑚 , and overall
coefficient of heat transfer can be premeditated. The increasing value of flow rate of fluids
moving inside the heat exchanger resulting the advanced of heat transfer rate, hence the well
performance can be achieved for the heat exchanger as illustrated in Figure 5 and 6. The overall
heat transfer coefficient surges from 438.52 W/m2. ℃ to 568.87 W/m2. ℃ for continual hot
flowrate as the flow rate surge from 2 L/min to 10 L/min. Meanwhile, for continual cold-water
flowrate, the overall heat transfer coefficient slightly declines from 645.95 W/m2. ℃ to 568.87
W/m2. ℃. The alteration in the overall heat transfer coefficient resulting the variance in heat
transfer rate where reflects the heat exchanger performance.

11.0 RECOMMENDATION
A few propositions can be made in order to recuperate the errors and accomplish a improved
experimentation development:

1. It may wisely to make a consistent cleaning and preservation of the pipes to prevent
fouling and mistake to the heat exchangers performance.
2. It is much better to predominantly check the double between the pipes to lessen heat
loss to the environments.
3. It more sensibly to mount a new thermometer that high sensitivity as to surge the
precision of the temperature’s analyses.
4. It is more effortlessly to have an electrical flowmeter device as to decrease the
inexactness of varying the heat exchangers flow to operate.