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Neurocomputing
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Letters

Dynamic analysis of a class of fractional-order neural networks with delay

Liping Chen a, Yi Chai a,n, Ranchao Wu b, Tiedong Ma a, Houzhen Zhai a
a
School of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
b
School of Mathematics, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China

a r t i c l e i n f o abstract

Article history: A class of fractional-order neural networks with delay is discussed in this paper, a sufficient condition is
Received 27 June 2012 established for the uniform stability of such network. Moreover, the existence, uniqueness and stability
Received in revised form of its equilibrium point are also proved. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the validity
12 September 2012
and feasibility of the proposed results.
Accepted 19 November 2012
Crown Copyright & 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Communicated by H. Zhang

Keywords:
Fractional-order neural networks
Delay
Uniform stability

1. Introduction that enriches the system performance by increasing one degree of

It is well known that the fractional calculus is a classical
mathematical notion and a generalization of ordinary differentia-
tion and integration to arbitrary (non-integer) order. However, the
fractional calculus did not attract much attention for a long time
due to the lack of application background and its complexity. Until
only very recently, the fractional calculus has gained importance in
both theoretical and applied aspects of several branches of science
and engineering. Researchers pointed out that the fractional
calculus plays an important role in modeling and many systems
in interdisciplinary fields can be elegantly described with the help
of fractional derivatives, such as viscoelastic systems, dielectric
polarization, electromagnetic waves, heat conduction, robotics,
biological systems, finance and so on [1–6]. Nowadays, studying
on fractional-order calculus has become an active research field.
As we know, compared with the classical integer-order mod-
els, fractional-order derivatives provide an excellent instrument
for the description of memory and hereditary properties of
various materials and processes. Therefore, it may be more
accurate to model by fractional-order derivatives than integer-
order ones. In recent years, fractional operator is introduced into
artificial neural network, and the fractional-order formulation of
artificial neural network models is also proposed in research
results about biological neurons. The reasons depend on two
main advantages for the fractional-order elements for neuron, one
is its infinite memory, the other is the fractional-order parameter
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ86 23 65106464.
E-mail address: yi_chai@yahoo.com.cn (Y. Chai).
freedom. For example, Lundstrom et al. pointed out that fractional
differentiation provides neurons with a fundamental and general
computation ability that can contribute to efficient information
processing, stimulus anticipation and frequency-independent
phase shifts of oscillatory neuronal firing [7], Anastasio et al.
suggested that the oculomotor integrator, which converts eye
velocity into eye position commands, may be of fractional
order [8]. Anastassiou demonstrated that neural network approx-
imation is taken at the fractional level resulting in higher rates of
approximation [9]. It is important to note that fractional-order
recurrent neural networks might be expected to play an impor-
tant role in applications such as parameter estimations. These all
demonstrate that the incorporation of a memory term (a frac-
tional derivative or integral operator) into a neural network
model is a tremendously important improvement [10]. Therefore,
whatever in the area of theoretical research or in practical
application, to study fractional-order neural networks is very
necessary and positive.
Recently, the analysis of fractional-order artificial neural
networks has received some attention, and some important and
interesting results have been obtained. For instances, stability and
multi-stability (coexistence of several different stable states),
bifurcations and chaos of fractional-order neural networks of
Hopfield type were investigated in paper [10]. Chaotic behavior
in noninteger-order cellular neural networks has been discussed in
paper [11]. Boroomand and Menhaj [12] proposed fractional-order
Hopfield neural networks and investigated its stability through
energy-like function analysis. A fractional-order four-cell cellular
neural network was proposed and its complex dynamical beha-
viors were investigated by means of numerical simulations in

0925-2312/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright & 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2012.11.034

Please cite this article as: L. Chen, et al., Dynamic analysis of a class of fractional-order neural networks with delay, Neurocomputing
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2012.11.034i
2 L. Chen et al. / Neurocomputing ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

paper [13]. Yu et al. investigated a-stability and a-synchronization neuron. On the other hand, it should be noted that the advantage
for fractional-order neural networks [14]. In addition to these, of Caputo approach is that the initial conditions for fractional
several recent results concerning chaotic synchronization in differential equations with Caputo derivatives take on the same
fractional-order neural networks have been reported in [15–17]. form as for integer-order differential, which have well understood
To the best of our knowledge, there are few results on the physical meanings. Comparing these two formulas, one easily
stability of fractional-order neural networks with delay. What arrives at a fact that Caputo derivative of a constant is equal to
should be pointed out is that the existence of pure time delay, zero. Therefore, in the rest of this paper, we deal with fractional-
regardless of its presence in a control and/or state, may cause order neural networks with delay involving Caputo derivative, and
undesirable system transient response, or, generally, even an the notation Da is chosen as the Caputo fractional derivative
instability. As is well known, there are many stability results operator Da0,t .
about integer-order neural networks in the past few decades The following properties of mentioned operators are specially
[18–22], most of which are obtained by constructing Lyapunov provided.
function, but these results and methods could not be extended
and applied to fractional-order case. Therefore, to establish some Lemma 1 (Li and Deng [23]). If xðtÞ A C m ½0,1Þ and
stability sufficient criteria for fractional-order neural networks is m1 o a o mA z þ , then
quite necessary and challenging. Motivated by the above discus- ð1Þ Da Db xðtÞ ¼ Dða þ bÞ xðtÞ, a, b Z 0, ð4Þ
sions, this paper devotes to presenting a sufficient criterion for
stability of a class of fractional-order neural networks with delay. ð2Þ Da Db xðtÞ ¼ xðtÞ, a ¼ b Z 0, ð5Þ
Meanwhile, the existence, uniqueness, and uniform stability of its
equilibrium point are proved. X
m1 k
t ðkÞ
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The fractional- ð3Þ Da Db xðtÞ ¼ xðtÞ x ð0Þ, a ¼ b Z 0: ð6Þ
i¼0
k!
order network model is introduced and some necessary defini-
tions and lemmas are given in Section 2. A sufficient criterion
ensuring the uniform stability of the system and the existence,
uniqueness, and uniform stability of the equilibrium point is The dynamic behavior of a continuous fractional-order delayed
presented in Section 3. A example and simulation are obtained neural network can be described by the following differential
in Section 4. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section 5. equation:
The following notation will be used in this paper. Let X
n X
n

O ¼ ðCð½0,T,RÞ,J  JÞ, where ðCð½0,T,RÞ denote a class of all contin- Da xi ðtÞ ¼ ci xi ðtÞ þ aij f j ðxj ðtÞÞ þ bij g j ðxj ðttÞÞ þ Ii ,
j¼1 j¼1
uous column vector functions. For x A Cð½0,T,RÞ, the norm is
P i A N ¼ f1,2, . . . ,ng, t A ½0,T, T o 1,
defined by JxðtÞJ ¼ ni¼ 1 supt A ð0,T fet 9xi ðtÞ9g. ð7Þ
or equivalently
2. Model description and preliminaries Da xðtÞ ¼ CxðtÞ þAf ðxðtÞÞ þ BgðxðttÞÞ þ I, ð8Þ
where 0 o a o 1, n corresponds to the number of units in a neural
In this section we present some definitions, lemma and recall
network; xðtÞ ¼ ðx1 ðtÞ, . . . ,xn ðtÞÞT A Rn corresponds to the state
the well-known results about fractional differential equations.
vector at time t; f ðxðtÞÞ ¼ ðf 1 ðx1 ðtÞÞ,f 2 ðx2 ðtÞÞ, . . . ,f n ðxn ðtÞÞÞT and
Definition 1. The fractional integral (Riemann–Liouville integral) gðxðtÞÞ ¼ ðg 1 ðx1 ðtÞÞ,g 2 ðx2 ðtÞÞ, . . . ,g n ðxn ðtÞÞÞT denote the activation
D a þ function of the neurons; C, A, B are constant matrices;
t0 ,t with fractional order a A R of function x(t) is defined as
Z t C ¼ diagðci 4 0Þ represents the rate with which the ith unit will
a 1
D
t0 ,t xðtÞ ¼ ðttÞa1 xðtÞ dt, ð1Þ reset its potential to the resting state in isolation when discon-
GðaÞ t0 nected from the network and external inputs. A ¼ faij g and B ¼ fbij g
R1
where GðÞ is the gamma function, GðtÞ ¼ 0 t t1 et dt. are referred to the connection of the jth neuron to the ith neuron at
time t and tt, respectively, where t is the transmission delay and
Definition 2. The Riemann–Liouville derivative of fractional a nonnegative constant. I ¼ ðI1 ,I2 , . . . ,In ÞT is an external bias vector.
order a of function x(t) is given as Here, the initial conditions associated with system (7) are of
n n Z t the form
a d ðnaÞ d 1
RL Dt 0 ,t xðtÞ ¼ n Dt 0 ,t xðtÞ ¼ n ðttÞðna1Þ xðtÞ dt, ð2Þ
dt dt GðnaÞ t0 xi ðtÞ ¼ fi ðtÞ, fi ð0Þ ¼ 0, t A ½t,0, iA N, ð9Þ
þ
where n1 o a o n A Z . where it is usually assumed that fi ðsÞ A Cð½t,0,RÞ, i A N, and the
norm of Cð½t,0,RÞ is denoted by
Definition 3. The Caputo derivative of fractional order a of P
JfðtÞJ ¼ ni¼ 1 supt A ðt,0 fet 9fi ðtÞ9g.
function x(t) is defined as follows:
n Z t Definition 4. The solution of system (7) is said to be stable if for any
a ðnaÞ d 1
D
C t 0 ,t xðtÞ ¼ D t0 ,t n xðtÞ ¼ ðttÞðna1Þ xðnÞ ðtÞ dt, ð3Þ e 40 there exists dðt0 , eÞ 40 such that t Zt 0 Z 0, JjðtÞfðtÞJ o d
dt GðnaÞ t0
imply Jyðt,t 0 , jÞxðt,t 0 , fÞJ o e for any two solutions xðt,t 0 , fÞ and
yðt,t 0 , jÞ. It is uniformly stable (US) if the above d is independent of t0.
where n1 o a o n A Z þ .
In order to obtain the main results, here, we make the following
Based on the definition of integral derivative and the above assumptions.
expressions (2) and (3), it is recognized that the integral derivative
of a function is only related to its nearby points, while the fractional Assumption 1. The neuron activation functions fj, gj are Lipschitz
derivative has relationship with all of the function history informa- continuous. That is, there exist positive constants F j ,Gj
tion. That is, the next state of a system not only depends upon its ðj ¼ 1,2, . . . ,nÞ such that
current state but also upon its historical states starting from the
initial time. As a result, a model described by fractional-order
equations possess memory. It precisely described the state of 9f j ðuÞf j ðvÞ9 oF j 9uv9, 9g j ðuÞg j ðvÞ9 oGj 9uv9 8u,v A R: ð10Þ

Please cite this article as: L. Chen, et al., Dynamic analysis of a class of fractional-order neural networks with delay, Neurocomputing
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2012.11.034i
 L. Chen et al. / Neurocomputing ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 3

X
n Z t
Assumption 2. ci ,aij ,bij ,F j and Gj satisfy the following condition: 1
þ 9bij 9Gj ðtsÞa1 eðts þ tÞ eðstÞ 9jj ðstÞfj ðstÞ9 ds
JAn J þ JBn J o c, ð11Þ j¼1
GðaÞ 0

where X
n Z t
1
þ 9bij 9Gj ðtsÞa1 eðts þ tÞ eðstÞ 9yj ðstÞxj ðstÞ9 ds
X
n X
n
j¼1
GðaÞ t
JAn J ¼ 9ani 9 ¼ maxf9aij 9Lj g, c ¼ minf1cmax ,cmin g,
i¼1 i¼1
8j Z t
1
cmax ¼ maxfci g, cmin ¼ minfci g, r ci supfet 9yi ðtÞxi ðtÞ9g ua1 eu du
8i 8i t GðaÞ 0
X
n X
n X
n Z t
1
9bi 9 ¼ maxf9bij 9Gj g: supfet 9yj ðtÞxj ðtÞ9g ua1 eu du
n
JBn J ¼ þ ani
i¼1 i¼1
8j
j¼1 t GðaÞ 0

X
n Z 0
1
þ 9bij 9Gj ðtgtÞa1 eðtgÞ eg 9jj ðgÞfj ðgÞ9 dg
3. Main results j¼1
GðaÞ t

X
n Z tt
1
In this section, a sufficient condition for uniform stability of a þ 9bij 9Gj ðtgtÞa1 eðtgÞ eg 9yj ðgÞxj ðgÞ9 dg
j¼1
GðaÞ 0
class of fractional-order delayed neural networks, and the exis-
Z t
tence and uniqueness, uniform stability of equilibrium point are 1
r ci supfet 9yi ðtÞxi ðtÞ9g ua1 eu du
proposed, respectively. t GðaÞ 0
X
n Z t
1
3.1. Uniform stability þ ani supfet 9yj ðtÞxj ðtÞ9g ua1 eu du
j¼1 t GðaÞ 0

X
n Z t
1
Theorem 1. If assumptions (A1) and (A2) hold, then the system (7) þ bi
n
supfet 9jj ðtÞfj ðtÞ9get ya1 ey dy
j¼1 t Gð aÞ t t
is uniformly stable. Z tt
Xn
1
Proof. Assume that xðtÞ ¼ ðx1 ðtÞ, . . . ,xn ðtÞÞT and
n
þ bi supfet 9yj ðtÞxj ðtÞ9get ya1 ey dy
j¼1 t
GðaÞ 0
yðtÞ ¼ ðy1 ðtÞ, . . . ,yn ðtÞÞT are any two solutions of (7) with the
different initial condition xi ðsÞ ¼ fi ðsÞ A Cð½t,0,RÞ, fi ð0Þ ¼ 0, X
n
r ci supfet 9yi ðtÞxi ðtÞ9g þani supfet 9yj ðtÞxj ðtÞ9g
yi ðsÞ ¼ ji ðsÞ A Cð½t,0,RÞ, ji ð0Þ ¼ 0,iA N, one has t j¼1 t

X
n X
n
Da ðyi ðtÞxi ðtÞÞ ¼ ci ðyi ðtÞxi ðtÞÞ þ supfet 9jj ðtÞfj ðtÞ9get
n
aij ðf j ðyj ðtÞÞf j ðxj ðtÞÞÞ þ bi
j¼1 j¼1 t

X
n X
n
bij ðg j ðyj ðttÞÞg j ðxj ðttÞÞÞ, supfet 9yj ðtÞxj ðtÞ9get
n
þ iA N: ð12Þ þ bi
j¼1 j¼1 t

Based on Lemma 1, the solution of the system (12) can be r ci supfet 9yi ðtÞxi ðtÞ9g þani JyðtÞxðtÞJ
t
expressed in the following form: n n
2 þ bi JyðtÞxðtÞJ þ bi JjðtÞfðtÞJ: ð14Þ
X
n
yi ðtÞxi ðtÞ ¼ Da 4ci ðyi ðtÞxi ðtÞÞ þ aij ðf j ðyj ðtÞÞf j ðxj ðtÞÞÞ From (14), one obtains
j¼1 X
n
3 JyðtÞxðtÞJ ¼ supfet 9yi ðtÞxi ðtÞ9g
X
n
t
þ bij ðg j ðyj ðttÞÞg j ðxj ðttÞÞÞ5 i¼1

j¼1 r ðcmax , þ JAn J þJBn JÞJyðtÞxðtÞJ

Z t þ JBn JJjðtÞfðtÞJ, ð15Þ
1 
¼ ðtsÞa1 ci ðyi ðsÞxi ðsÞÞ
GðaÞ 0 which implies that
Xn
þ aij ðf j ðyj ðsÞÞf j ðxj ðsÞÞÞ JBn J
JyðtÞxðtÞJ r JjðtÞfðtÞJ
j¼1
3 ð1ðcmax þJAn J þ JBn JÞÞ
X
n JBn J
þ bij ðg j ðyj ðstÞÞg j ðxj ðstÞÞÞ5ds: ð13Þ r JjðtÞfðtÞJ: ð16Þ
cJAn JJBn J
j¼1
Therefore, for 8e 4 0, there exist d ¼ ðcJAn JJBn JÞ=JBn Je 40 such
Then that JyðtÞxðtÞJ o e when JjðtÞfðtÞJ o d, which means that the
et 9yi ðtÞxi ðtÞ9 solution x(t) is uniformly stable. &
Z
1 t t 
r e ðtsÞa1 ci 9yi ðsÞxi ðsÞ9 3.2. Existence, uniqueness and uniform stability of equilibrium point
GðaÞ 0
X n
þ 9aij 99f j ðyj ðsÞÞf j ðxj ðsÞÞ9
j¼1 Theorem 2. If assumptions (A.1) and (A.2) hold, then there exist a
3 unique equilibrium point in system (7), which is uniformly stable.
X
n
þ 9bij 99g j ðyj ðstÞÞg j ðxj ðstÞÞ95ds
j¼1
Proof. Let ci xni ¼ uni and constructing a mapping Y : Rn -Rn ,
tZ defined by
1
¼ ci ðtsÞa1 eðtsÞ es 9yi ðsÞxi ðsÞ9 ds Xn   X n  
GðaÞ 0 u u
Z t Yi ui ¼ aij f j i þ bij g j i þIi , i ¼ 1,2, . . . ,n, ð17Þ
Xn
1 j¼1
c i j¼1
ci
þ 9aij 9Lj ðtsÞa1 eðtsÞ es 9yj ðsÞxj ðsÞ9 ds
GðaÞ 0
j¼1 where YðuÞ ¼ ðY1 ðuÞ, Y2 ðuÞ, . . . , Yn ðuÞÞT .

Please cite this article as: L. Chen, et al., Dynamic analysis of a class of fractional-order neural networks with delay, Neurocomputing
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2012.11.034i
4 L. Chen et al. / Neurocomputing ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

Now, we will show that Y is a contraction mapping on Rn 2

endowed with the Euclidean norm. In fact, for any two different
points u ¼ ðu1 ,u2 , . . . ,un ÞT , v ¼ ðv1 ,v2 , . . . ,vn ÞT , we have
1.5
X
n
x1(t)
JYðuÞYðvÞJ ¼ 9Yi ðuÞYi ðvÞ9
i¼1 x2(t)
Xn X
n      1
uj vj

x1(t),x2(t)
¼ 9 aij f j f j
i¼1 j¼1
c j cj
    
X
n
uj vj 0.5
þ bij g j g j 9
j¼1
c j cj
0 1
X
n Xn
ðaij F j þ bij Gj Þ 0
r @ 9uj vj 9A
i¼1 j¼1
cj
0 1
X
n n
ðan þ bi Þ X
n −0.5
r i @ 9uj vj 9A 0 20 40 60 80 100
i¼1
cmin j¼1 time(s)

ðJAn J þ JBn JÞ Fig. 1. The state trajectory of system (22).

¼ JuvJ
cmin
ðJAn J þ JBn JÞ i.e., in (8)
r JuvJ: ð18Þ
c  
0:05 0:01
C ¼ diagð0:25,0:2Þ, A¼ ,
It follows from (A.2) that 0:02 0:01
JYðuÞYðvÞJ oJuvJ, ð19Þ    
0:01 0:02 0:1
B¼ , I¼ , t ¼ 0:1:
which implies that Y is a contraction mapping on R . Hence, there n 0:02 0:01 0:4
exists a unique fixed point un such that Yðun Þ ¼ un , i.e. Obviously, Lj ¼ Gj ¼ 1. It is very easy to verify that Assumption 2
Xn   X n   holds, according to Theorem 2, system (22) has a unique equili-
u u
uni ¼ aij f j i þ bij g j i þ Ii , i ¼ 1,2, . . . ,n: ð20Þ brium point xn ¼ ðxn1 ,xn2 ÞT , which satisfies
j¼1
ci j¼1
ci
(
0:25xn1 0:06f ðxn1 Þ þ0:03f ðxn2 Þ0:1 ¼ 0,
That is ð23Þ
0:2xn2 þ 0:04f ðxn1 Þ þ0:4 ¼ 0:
X
n X
n
ci xni þ aij f j ðxnj Þ þ bij g j ðxnj Þ þIi ¼ 0, i ¼ 1,2, . . . ,n, ð21Þ By simple calculation, the unique solution xn of (23) is
j¼1 j¼1
ð0:2258,1:9548Þ. It follows from Theorem 2 that xn is uniformly
which implies that xn is an equilibrium point of system (7). stable. Fig. 1 shows that the solution of system (22) converges to
Moreover, it follows from Theorem 1 that xn is uniformly stable. the equilibrium point xn.
This completes the proof. &

Remark 1. Yu et al. introduced a new type of stability 5. Conclusion

(a-exponential stability) and obtained a sufficient criterion for
a-exponential stability of fractional-order neural networks [14], Uniform stability problem of a class of fractional-order neural
but without considering delay. networks with delay is investigated. A sufficient condition ensur-
ing uniform stability of the network and the existence, unique-
Remark 2. Chaos and synchronization of the fractional-order
ness and uniform stability of its equilibrium point is given.
neural networks with delays are investigated in [15–17], but
Finally, a numerical example and corresponding numerical simu-
these are only numerical simulation. As we all know, the theore-
lation are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the derived
tical result on stability of fractional-order delayed neural net-
criteria.
works has not yet seen.

4. Numerical example
Acknowledgments
In this section, a numerical example is presented to illustrate
our results. This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Consider the following two-state fractional-order delayed Foundation of China (Nos. 60974090, 61104080, 61203321),
Hopfield neural networks model described by: the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
8 a (No. CDJXS12170001), the Specialized Research Fund for the
>
> D x1 ðtÞ ¼ 0:25x1 ðtÞ0:05f ðx1 ðtÞÞ þ 0:01f ðx2 ðtÞÞ Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 2009-
>
>
< 0:01f ðx1 ðttÞÞ þ 0:02f ðx2 ðttÞÞ0:1, 3401120001), the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (CSTC,
ð22Þ
>
> Da x2 ðtÞ ¼ 0:2x2 ðtÞ þ 0:02f ðx1 ðtÞÞ0:01f ðx2 ðtÞÞ 2010BB2065), the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province
>
>
: þ0:02f ðx ðttÞÞ þ 0:01f ðx ðttÞÞ þ 0:4, (No. 11040606M12), the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui
1 2
Education Bureau (No. KJ2010A035), Ph.D. Candidate Academic
where a ¼ 0:8, the activation function is described by a PWL Foundation of Ministry of Education of China and the 211 project of
function f ðxj ðtÞÞ ¼ f j ðxj ðtÞÞ ¼ g j ðxj ðtÞÞ ¼ 0:5ð9x þ 199x19Þðj ¼ 1,2Þ, Anhui University (No. KJJQ1102)

Please cite this article as: L. Chen, et al., Dynamic analysis of a class of fractional-order neural networks with delay, Neurocomputing
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2012.11.034i
 L. Chen et al. / Neurocomputing ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 5

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Appl. 64 (2012) 1655–1676. matics from Nanjing University, Wuhu, China, in 2006.
[10] E. Kaslika, S. Sivasundaram, Nonlinear dynamics and chaos in fractional- He is currently a Professor and Doctor Adviser at Anhui
order neural networks, Neural Networks 32 (2012) 245–256. University. His current research interests include non-
[11] P. Arena, L. Fortuna, D. Porto, Chaotic behavior in noninteger-order cellular linear dynamic systems, bifurcation and chaos, neural
neural networks, Phys. Rev. E 61 (2000) 776–781. networks, control theory.
[12] A. Boroomand, M. Menhaj, Fractional-order Hopfield neural networks, in:
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5506, 2009, pp. 883–890.
[13] X. Huang, Z. Zhao, Z. Wang, Y.X. Lia, Chaos and hyperchaos in fractional-order
cellular neural networks, Neurocomputing 94 (2012) 13–21.
[14] J. Yu, C. Hu, H. Jiang, a-Stability and a-synchronization for fractional-order
neural networks, Neural Networks 35 (2012) 82–87.
[15] S. Zhou, P. Hu, H. Li, Chaotic synchronization of a fractional neuron network
system with time-varying delays, in: 2009 International Conference on
Communications, Circuits and Systems, 2009, pp. 863–867. Tiedong Ma received the B.S. degree in Electrical
[16] S. Zhou, H. Li, Z. Zhu, Chaos control and synchronization in a fractional Engineering and Automation from Changchun Univer-
neuron network system, Chaos Solitons Fractals 36 (2008) 973–984. sity of Technology, China, in 2001, and the Ph.D.
[17] H. Zhu, S. Zhou, W. Zhang, Chaos and synchronization of time-delayed degree in Control Theory and Control Engineering from
fractional neuron network system, in: Proceedings of the Ninth International Northeastern University, China in 2009. He is currently
Conference for Young Computer Scientists, 2008, pp. 2937–2941. an Associate Professor at Chongqing University. His
[18] C. Zheng, H. Zhang, Z. Wang, Novel delay-dependent criteria for global robust main research interests are chaos control and chaos
exponential stability of delayed cellular neural networks with norm-bounded synchronization, impulsive control, stochastic theory
uncertainties, Neurocomputing 72 (2009) 1744–1754. and applications, and complex networks.
[19] Y. Huang, H. Zhang, Z. Wang, Dynamical stability analysis of multiple
equilibrium points in time-varying delayed recurrent neural networks with
discontinuous activation functions, Neurocomputing 91 (2012) 21–28.
[20] H. Zhang, M. Dong, Y. Wang, N. Sun, Stochastic stability analysis of neutral-
type impulsive neural networks with mixed time-varying delays and Mar-
kovian jumping, Neurocomputing 73 (2010) 2689–2695.
[21] C. Li, G. Feng, Delay-interval-dependent stability of recurrent neural net-
Houzhen Zhai received the B.S. degree in Control
works with time-varying delay, Neurocomputing 72 (2009) 1179–1183.
Theory and Control Engineering from Chongqing Uni-
[22] S. Wu, C. Li, X. Liao, S. Duan, Exponential stability of impulsive discrete
versity, Chongqing,China, in 2010. He is now pursuing
systems with time delay and applications in stochastic neural networks: a
the M.S. degree in School of Automation, Chongqing
Razumikhin approach, Neurocomputing 82 (2012) 29–36.
University, Chongqing, China. His research interests
[23] C.P. Li, W.H. Deng, Remarks on fractional derivatives, Appl. Math. Comput.
include neural networks and stability theory.
187 (2007) 777–784.

Liping Chen received the B.S. degree in Applied

Mathematics from Anhui Normal University, Wuhu,
China, and the M.S. degree in Basic Mathematics from
Anhui University, Hefei, China, in 2007 and 2010. He is
currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in School of Auto-
mation, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China. His
current research interests include the areas of neural
networks, fractional-order systems and nonlinear
dynamical systems.

Please cite this article as: L. Chen, et al., Dynamic analysis of a class of fractional-order neural networks with delay, Neurocomputing
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2012.11.034i