ABSTRACT

This project aims for the utilization of kinematic synthesis (type, dimensional and
number) to fabricate a working physical model of an eight link transport mechanism. The
mechanism to be developed in its simplest form would perform the function of transporting
Bottlees/articles which are being fed onto two rails and are moved ahead one by one. The eight
bar mechanism allows moving more than one article as compared to its four bar counterpart.
Transport mechanisms generally move material and their application lies in various industries-
manufacturing, assembly, packaging etc.

In this project we apply the path generation synthesis and coupler curve synthesis and
study to fabricate our model which is an eight link transporter mechanism. The synthesis would
Chebyschev theorem for cognate linkages and parallel motion
generation where we want the output link of the mechanism to follow a particular path without
any rotation of the link as it moves along the path. The final model will be constructed by
modelling in CAD software solid edge that will eliminate the errors that might have crept in
graphical synthesis. In actual fabrication process the model will be refined as the final fitments
are done by tools and processes like welding, drilling, fitting, grinding. The model then
undergoes trial run and is examined for the prescribed motion characteristics.
 1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Bottle shifting mechanism

This invention relates to improvements in transfer and conveying devices,

and it relates particularly to devices for transferring set-up cardboard Bottlees
from a Bottle folding or forming machine to the operator of a semi-automatic
Bottle wrapping machine. A great many manufacturers of fancy wrapped or
covered cardboard Bottlees used for packaging candies, cakes, and other
confections, cosmetics and other articles are equipped with the so called quad
staying machines by means of which a Bottle blank is folded or set-up into
Bottlelike form. These set-up Bottlees are transferred by means of a conveyor to
an operator, who picks up the Bottlees and places and centres them on wrappers
with which the Bottlees are to be covered. The Bottlees and wrappers are then
conveyed to a Bottle wrapping machine where the wrapper is folded around and
glued to the Bottle. Usually, the operation of the wrapping machine is controlled
by means of a switch actuated by the Bottle forming machine so that their
operating speeds are related to each other.

Fully automatic machines are available for both setting up the Bottlees,
placing them on the wrappers and feeding the assembly to the wrapping
machine. In many instances, however, the cost of replacement of the semi-
automatic machines with fully automatic machines, is so great that it cannot be
justified by the increased rate of production possible with automatic machines.

The principal difference in the rate of operation of the fully automatic

machines and the semi-automatic machines resides in the human factor, namely,
the operator or feeder of the semiautomatic wrapping machine. Considerable
manual dexterity and skill are required to pick up the Bottlees and centre them
accurately on the wrappers as they move past the operator's station. The
movements of the operator are further dependent upon the position of the setup
Bottlees with respect to the operator. With the usual conveyor arrangement, it is
necessary for the operator to reach across the conveyor which feeds the
wrapping machine and pick up a Bottle from the conveyor leading from the
quad. Inasmuch as. The operator must reach across the conveyor to pick up the
Bottlees, the speed of the operator is decreased. Moreover, the constant
reaching and stretching for the Bottlees is very tiring so that the operator can
Work for only .a relatively short period of time. This requires the service of
another operator or shutting down of the machines.

We have found that when. The set-up Bottlees are. Four points into a
position which is closer to the operator and more conveniently located with
respect to the conveyor for feeding the wrapping machine, the efficiency of the
operator is greatly increased, the work is made less tiresome and the output of
wrapped Bottlees can be increased to such an extent that it is closely,
comparable to that of the fully automatic machines.

The present invention, therefore, has as its principal object the provision
of a device which can be used with Bottle forming and semi-automatic
wrapping machines to transfer the set-up Bottlees from the conveyor of the
Bottle-forming machine into a position which enables the operator to, pick up
and place the Bottlees on the wrappers with a minimum of reaching and
resulting fatigue.

Other objects of the invention, and the advantages thereof, will become
apparent from the following description of a typical device embodying the
present invention.

In accordance with the present invention, I have provided an article-

controlled transfer mechanism, by means of which the Bottlees being advanced
by the conveyor of the Bottle-forming machine, are transferred into a position in
front of the operator of the wrapping machine and closely adjacent to the
wrapper carried by the feed conveyor of the wrapping machine so that the
operator can pick up the Bottles and transfer them directly to the wrapper with a
minimum of reaching and other movements.

More particularly, the transfer mechanism includes a pusher member

controlled by means of an electric eye which pushes the set-up Bottlees from
the conveyor from the Bottle-forming machine on to a table or platform to form
an advancing row of Bottlees, the nearest one being directly in front of the
operator so that it can be picked up by the operator and transferred to the
conveyor of the wrapping machine.

Moreover, the transfer mechanism can be controlled independently by the

operator to render it ineffective when a damaged or improperly formed Bottle is
discharged from the Bottle former or toby-pass and accumulate Bottlees when
the wrapping machine is shut down for reloading, adjustment or the like.

My transfer mechanism has been found to increase greatly the rate of

production of the wrapped Bottlees so that the production rate is comparable to
that of a fully automatic machine, while, at the same time, it is considerably less
tiring to the operator

1.2 Conveyor System

A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment

that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially
useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials.
Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of
materials, which make them very popular in the material handling and
packaging industries. Many kinds of conveying systems are available, and are
used according to the various needs of different industries.
 Similarly the same kind of operation done by this Bottle shifting
mechanism. This Bottle shifting machine helps in transfer of Bottlees smoothly
by use of four bars with a simple arrangement. But it operated by four bar
mechanism which converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion.

1.3 Industries that use conveyor systems

Conveyor systems are used widespread across a range of industries due to

the numerous benefits they provide. Conveyors are able to safely transport
materials from one level to another, which when done by human labor would be
strenuous and expensive. They can be installed almost anywhere, and are much
safer than using a forklift or other machine to move materials.

They can move loads of all shapes, sizes and weights. Also, many have
advanced safety features that help prevent accidents. There are a variety of
options available for running conveying systems, including the hydraulic,
mechanical and fully automated systems, which are equipped to fit individual
needs.

Conveyor systems are commonly used in many industries, including the

automotive, agricultural, computer, electronic, food processing, aerospace,
pharmaceutical, chemical, bottling and canning, print finishing and packaging.
Although a wide variety of materials can be conveyed, some of the most
common include food items such as beans and nuts, bottles and cans,
automotive components, scrap metal, pills and powders, wood and furniture and
grain and animal feed.
 Many factors are important in the accurate selection of a conveyor system. It
is important to know how the conveyor system will be used beforehand. Some
individual areas that are helpful to consider are the required conveyor operations,
such as transportation, accumulation and sorting, the material sizes, weights and
shapes and where the loading and pickup points need to be.

1.4 Care and maintenance

A conveyor system is often the lifeline to a company’s ability to effectively

move its product in a timely fashion. The steps that a company can take to ensure
that it performs at peak capacity, include regular inspections, close monitoring of
motors and reducers, keeping key parts in stock, and proper training of personnel.

Increasing the service life of your conveyor system involves: choosing

the right conveyor type, the right system design and paying attention to regular
maintenance practices.

A conveyor system that is designed properly will last a long time with
proper maintenance. Here are six of the biggest problems to watch for in overhead
type conveyor systems including I-beam monorails, enclosed track conveyors
and power and free conveyors.

1.5 Poor take-up adjustment:

This is a simple adjustment on most systems yet it is often overlooked. The

chain take-up device ensures that the chain is pulled tight as it leaves the drive unit.
As wear occurs and the chain lengthens, the take-up extends under the force of its
springs. As they extend, the spring force becomes less and the take- up has less
effect. Simply compress the take-up springs and your problem goes away.

Failure to do this can result in chain surging, jamming, and extreme wear
on the track and chain. Take-up adjustment is also important for any conveyor
using belts as a means to power rollers, or belts themselves being the mover.
With poor-take up on belt-driven rollers, the belt may twist into the drive unit
and cause damage, or at the least a noticeable decrease or complete loss of
performance may occur. In the case of belt conveyors, a poor take-up may cause
drive unit damage or may let the belt slip off of the side of the chassis.

1.6 Lack of lubrication:

Chain bearings require lubrication in order to reduce friction. The chain

pull that the drive experiences can double if the bearings are not lubricated. This
can cause the system to overload by either its mechanical or electrical overload
protection. On conveyors that go through hot ovens, lubricators can be left on
constantly or set to turn on every few cycles.

1.7 Contamination:

Paint, powder, acid or alkaline fluids, abrasives, glass bead, steel shot, etc.
can all lead to rapid deterioration of track and chain. Ask any bearing company
about the leading cause of bearing failure and they will point to contamination.
Once a foreign substance lands on the raceway of a bearing or on the track, pitting
of the surface will occur, and once the surface is compromised, wear will
accelerate. Building shrouds around your conveyors can help prevent the ingress of
contaminants. Or, pressurize the contained area using a simple fan and duct
arrangement. Contamination can also apply to belts and of the motors themselves.

Since the motors can generate a considerable amount of heat, keeping the
surface clean is an almost-free maintenance procedure that can keep heat from
getting trapped by dust and grime, which may lead to motor burnout.

1.8 Product Handling:

In conveyor systems that may be suited for a wide variety of products,

such as those in distribution centers, it is important that each new product be
deemed acceptable for conveying before being run through the materials
handling equipment. Bottlees that are too small, too large, too heavy, too light,
or too awkwardly shaped may not convey, or may cause many problems
including jams, excess wear on conveying equipment, motor overloads, belt
breakage, or other damage, and may also consume extra man-hours in terms of
picking up cases that slipped between rollers, or damaged product that was not
meant for materials handling.

If a product such as this manages to make it through most of the system,

the sortation system will most likely be the affected, causing jams and failing to
properly place items where they are assigned. It should also be noted that any
and all cartons handled on any conveyor should be in good shape or spills, jams,
downtime, and possible accidents and injuries may result.

1.9 Drive Train:

Notwithstanding the above, involving take-up adjustment, other parts of

the drive train should be kept in proper shape. Broken O-rings on a Line shaft,
pneumatic parts in disrepair, and motor reducers should also be inspected. Loss
of power to even one or a few rollers on a conveyor can mean the difference
between effective and timely delivery, and repetitive nuances that can
continually cost downtime. Bad Belt

1.10 Tracking or Timing:

In a system that uses precisely controlled belts, such as a sorter system,

regular inspections should be made that all belts are traveling at the proper
speeds at all times. While usually a computer controls this with Pulse Position
Indicators, any belt not controlled must be monitored to ensure accuracy and
reduce the likelihood of problems. Timing is also important for any equipment
that is instructed to precisely meter out items, such as a merge where one Bottle
pulls from all lines at one time.

If one were to be mistimed, product would collide and disrupt operation.

Timing is also important wherever a conveyor must "keep track" of where a
Bottle is, or improper operation will result. Since a conveyor system is a critical
link in a company's ability to move its products in a timely fashion, any
disruption of its operation can be costly.

Most downtime can be avoided by taking steps to ensure a system operates

at peak performance, including regular inspections, close monitoring of motors and
reducers, keeping key parts in stock, and proper training of personnel.

1.11 Growth of conveyor systems

As far as growth is concerned the material handling and conveyor system

makers are getting utmost exposure in the industries like automotive,
pharmaceutical, packaging and different production plants. The portable conveyors
are likewise growing fast in the construction sector and by the year 2014 the
purchase rate for conveyor systems in North America, Europe and Asia is likely to
grow even further. Mostly purchased conveyor equipments are Line shaft roller
conveyor, chain conveyors and conveyor belts at packaging factories and industrial
plants where usually product finishing and monitoring are carried.
Commercial and civil sectors are increasingly implementing conveyors at airports,
shopping malls, etc. The increasing construction of malls and airports around
world shows positive scope and growth for manufacturers of conveyor belts.

There has been a serious demand for intermittent movement of packages in the industries
right from the start. Though the continuous movement is more or less important in the same field
the sporadic motion has become essential .The objective of our project is to produce a
mechanism that delivers this stop and move motion using mechanical linkages. The advantage of
our system over the conveyor system is that the system has a time delay between moving
packages and this delay can be used to introduce any alterations in the package or move the
package for any other purpose and likewise. While in conveyor system such actions cannot be
performed unless programmed module is used to produce intermittent stopping of the belt which
basically is costly. The prototype design requires electric motor, shafts and the frame of which
the frame and platform on which the packages are moved is fabricated. All the links are being
made of Wood which reduces the weight of the whole system including the head which has a
direct contact with the Bottlees being moved. The system is expected to move as heavy packages
as 2 -
 Figure 1 Bottle transport mechanism

The walking beam (in blue) pushes articles (in red) forward, and the material is left
stationary in the return stroke of the walking beam until the next cycle. The mechanism is for
moving articles with intermittent advancement. The eight-bar mechanism allows moving more
than one article, as compared to a four bar walking beam.
 1.2 AIM

The aim of this project is to fabricate the Bottle moving mechanism, which can make easier to
move Bottlees from one section to the other while processing in the factories.

In a workstation, an assembly line in order to obtain the required production rate and to
achieve a minimum amount of idle time.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

Fabricate a Bottle transport mechanism which can move things from one place to
another Understand project planning and execution.

Understand the fabrication techniques in a mechanical workshop.

Understand the usage of various mechanical machine tools and also measuring tools.
 2.1 LINKAGE MECHANISM

A linkage is a mechanism formed by connecting two or more levers together. Linkages can be
designed to change the direction of a force or make two or more objects move at the same time. Many
different fasteners are used to connect linkages together yet allow them to move freely such as pins, end-
threaded bolts with nuts, and loosely fitted rivets. There are two general classes of linkages: simple planar
linkages and more complex specialized linkages; both are capable of performing tasks such as describing
straight lines or curves and executing motions at differing speeds. The names of the linkage mechanisms
given here are widely but not universally accepted in all textbooks and references.

Linkages can be classified according to their primary functions: ed to the frame

2.2 SIMPLE PLANAR LINKAGES

Four different simple planar linkages shown in Fig. 8 are identified by function:
Reverse-motion linkage:

Fig. 2, can make objects or force move in opposite directions; this can be done by
using the input link as a lever. If the fixed pivot is equidistant from the moving pivots, output
link movement will equal input link movement, but it will act in the opposite direction.
However, if the fixed pivot is not centered, output link movement will not equal input link
movement. By selecting the position of the fixed pivot, the linkage can be designed to produce
specific mechanical advantages. This linkage can also be rotated through 360°. Push-pull
linkage:

Fig. 8b, can make the objects or force move in the same direction; the output link
moves in the same direction as the input link. Technically classed as a four-bar linkage, it can
be rotated through 360° without changing its function.
 Figure 2 Functions of four basic planar linkage mechanisms

.
 METHODS AND MATERIALS

2.1 Four-bar linkage

A four-bar linkage, also called a four-bar, is the simplest movable closed

chain linkage. It consists of four bodies, called bars or links, connected in a loop
by four joints. Generally, the joints are configured so the links move in parallel
planes, and the assembly is called a planar four-bar linkage.

If the linkage has four hinged joints with axes angled to intersect in a
single point, then the links move on concentric spheres and the assembly is
called a spherical four-bar linkage. Bennett's linkage is a spatial four-bar linkage
with hinged joints that have their axes angled in a particular way that makes the
system movable.

2.2 Inversion of Four Bar Mechanism

A mechanism is one in which one of the links of a kinematic chain is

fixed. Different mechanisms can be obtained by fixing different links of the
same kinematic chain. These are called as inversions of the mechanism. By
changing the fixed link, the number of mechanisms which can be obtained is
equal to the number of links. Excepting the original mechanism, all other
mechanisms will be known as inversions of original mechanism. The inversion
of a mechanism does not change the motion of its links relative to each other.

One of the most useful and most common mechanisms is the four-bar
linkage. In this mechanism, the link which can make complete rotation is known
as crank (link 2). The link which oscillates is known as rocker or lever (link 4).
And the link connecting these two is known as coupler (link 3). Link 1 is the
frame.

Inversions of class 1 four bar mechanism:

1. When link 'b' is fixed : Crank Rocker or Crank Lever mechanism, in the
shortest link rotates 360 degree whereas the other link oscillates
2. When link 'a' is fixed : Crank Rocker or Crank Lever mechanism, in the
shortest link rotates 360 degree whereas the other link oscillates
1. When link 'd' is fixed : Drag link or Double crank mechanism in which the
links 'a' and 'b' undergoes complete 360 deg motion
2. When link 'c' is fixed: Double rocker or Double lever mechanism in which no
link makes a complete rotation about its joints. In such case it is similar to
class 2 four bar mechanisms

A mechanism has been defined above as a kinematic chain in which one

of the links is fixed. From the four bar mechanism, different versions of each of
them can be obtained by fixing any one of the links p, q l or s. Such different
versions, which can be obtained by fixing any of the different links, are called
its “Inversions”.

Many a time, a particular inversion of a mechanism may give rise to

different mechanisms of practical utility, when the proportions of the link
lengths are changed. By this principle of inversion of a four bar chain, several
useful mechanisms can be obtained.
 There are three inversions of four bar mechanisms, which are obtained by
fixing different links of the kinematic chain.

They are:

1. Double Crank Mechanism

2. Crank Rocker Mechanism

3. Double Rocker Mechanism

4. Parallel Crank Mechanism

2.2.1 Double Crank Mechanism

A double crank converts rotary motion from a crank to a second crank or

link in a different plane or axis. It is also known as crank-crank, drag-crank or
rotary-rotary converter. The links p, q and l shown above rotate through one
complete revolution. This is one of the first inversions of four-bar mechanisms.
In this discussion, let’s call the link‘s’ the frame as the fixed link. We will call
the link ‘q’ the crank, ‘p’ the coupler and ‘l’ the lever for now. Crank is not
defined as the link, which is attached to the driver shaft; rather it’s the link,
which does a complete revolution. And in this configuration, as there are two
links, both q and l, which revolves completely about the hinged point on the
frame, both of them, is cranks. The term is commonly used in automotive
technology for the link in a four bar steering linkage that converts rotation of a
steering arm to a centre link and eventually to tie-rod links which pivot the
wheels to be steered. A double crank is used when the steering arm operates in a
plane above the other links. The double crank converts the sweeping arc of the
steering arm to linear motion in the plane of the other steering links.

2.2.2 Crank-Rocker Mechanism

In a four bar linkage, if the shorter side link revolves and the other rocks
(i.e., oscillates), it is called a crank-rocker mechanism. In this case, there is only a
slight change, leave the smallest side and connect any of its adjacent side as the
frame. Then (in figure) the smallest side ‘s’ will have full 360 degree revolution
while the other link adjacent to the frame has only oscillating motion (link p).
This kind of mechanism is hence called a crank-lever mechanism or a crank-
rocker mechanism or a rotary-oscillating converter.

2.2.3 Double-Rocker Mechanism

A linkage in which no link undergoes entire 360-degree revolution but

only oscillations is known as a double-lever mechanism. This linkage results
when the shortest side in the mechanism is made the coupler. The other two
links only get to oscillate in their place. A linkage in which the sum of the
longest and shortest link is less than the sum of the other two sides, is known as
a Class I mechanism, otherwise it’s Class II. This mechanism is achieved when
it is Class II. It’s also called rocker-rocker mechanism, double-rocker
mechanism or oscillating oscillating-converter.
2.2.4 Parallel Crank Mechanism

If in a 4 bar linkage, two opposite links are parallel and equal in length, then any of
the links can be made fixed, regardless, the two adjacent links will always act as a
pair of cranks, i.e. , both will have complete revolution about their joints on the
frame. The use of such mechanism is made in coupled wheels of locomotives in
which the rotary motion of one wheel is transmitted to the other wheel.

2.3 Position analysis of Grashof four bar mechanism

For a planar four bar linkage, the sum of the shortest and longest links
cannot be greater than the sum of the remaining links if there is to be continuous
relative rotation between two members.
The position of the points on the links A (Ax, Ay) and B (Bx, By) The coordinates
of the point A are found using trigonometry as follows:
Where,

The link angles are given by

2.4 Planar four-bar linkage
Planar four-bar linkages are constructed from four links connected in a loop
by four one degree of freedom joints. A joint may be either a revolute, which is a
hinged joint, denoted by R, or a prismatic, as sliding joint, denoted by P.

A link connected to ground by a hinged joint is usually called a crank. A

link connected to ground by a prismatic joint is called a slider. Sliders are
sometimes considered to be cranks that have a hinged pivot at an extremely
long distance away perpendicular to the travel of the slider.

The link that connects two cranks is called a floating link or coupler. A
coupler that connects a crank and a slider, it is often called a connecting rod.

There are three basic types of planar four-bar linkage depending on the
use of revolute or prismatic joints:

1. Four revolute joints: The planar quadrilateral linkage is formed by four links
and four revolute joints, denoted RRRR. It consists of two cranks connected by
a coupler.

2. Three revolute joints and a prismatic joint: The slider-crank linkage is

constructed from four links connected by three revolute and one prismatic joint,
or RRRP. It can be constructed with crank and a slider connected by the
connecting rod. Or it can be constructed as a two cranks with the slider acting as
the coupler, known as an inverted slider-crank.

3. Two revolute joints and two prismatic joints: The double slider is a PRRP
linkage. This linkage is constructed by connecting two sliders with a coupler
link. If the directions of movement of the two sliders are perpendicular then the
trajectories of the points in the coupler are ellipses and the linkage is known as
an elliptical trammel, or the Trammel of Archimedes.
 Planar four-bar linkages are important mechanisms found in machines.
The kinematics and dynamics of planar four-bar linkages are important topics in
mechanical engineering. Planar four-bar linkages can be designed to guide a
wide variety of movements.

2.5 Planar quadrilateral linkage

Planar quadrilateral linkage, RRRR or 4R linkages have four rotating joints.

One link of the chain is usually fixed, and is called the ground link, fixed link, or
the frame. The two links connected to the frame are called the grounded links and
are generally the input and output links of the system, sometimes called the input
link and output link. The last link is the floating link, which is also called a coupler
or connecting rod because it connects an input to the output. Assuming the frame is
horizontal there are four possibilities for the input and output links

A crank: can rotate a full 360 degrees

A rocker: can rotate through a limited range of angles which does not include 0°
or 180°

A 0-rocker: can rotate through a limited range of angles which includes 0° but
not 180°

A π-rocker: can rotate through a limited range of angles which includes 180°
but not 0°. Some authors do not distinguish between the types of rocker

2.6 Design of four bar mechanisms

The synthesis, or design, of four bar mechanisms is important when

aiming to produce a desired output motion for a specific input motion. In order
to minimize cost and maximize efficiency, a designer will choose the simplest
mechanism possible to accomplish the desired motion. When selecting a
mechanism type to be designed, link lengths must be determined by a process
called dimensional synthesis. Dimensional synthesis involves an iterate- and-
analyze methodology which in certain circumstances can be an inefficient
process; however, in unique scenarios, exact and detailed procedures to design
an accurate mechanism may not exist.

2.7 Systematic Diagram

2
2.8 Design and Fabrication Methodology:

Methodology to Design and Fabrication the Bottle Sifting Mechanism

1. Analyze the problems in Bottle Sifting Mechanism

←Designing the required components.

←Selection of required materials.

← Purchasing the materials.

←Fabrication of the Bottle Sifting Mechanism

Q Preparation of report and submit.

 Selection of Materials
Linkages

Air Motor

Air Compressor

Steel Frame

The design and fabrication of Bottle shifting mechanism constructed by

various components such as hylem board, dc wiper motor, dc battery, steel stand
and wooden pieces. In this steel frame build by using rectangular hollow pipes
and steel rods these are connected by welding operation. The hylem boards are
cut by using cutting operation. The dc wiper motor fitted on the frame by using
bolt and nut joint. Power supply given from the dc battery (12volts and 7amps)
through copper wires.

2.9.1 Linkages

A mechanical linkage is an assembly of bodies connected to manage

forces and movement. The movement of a body, or link, is studied using
geometry so the link is considered to be rigid. The connections between links
are modeled as providing ideal movement, pure rotation or sliding for example,
and are called joints.

A linkage modeled as a network of rigid links and ideal joints is called a

kinematic chain. Linkages may be constructed from open chains, closed chains,
or a combination of open and closed chains. Each link in a chain is connected
by a joint to one or more other links. Thus, a kinematic chain can be modeled as
a graph in which the links are paths and the joints are vertices, which is called a
linkage graph.
 The movement of an ideal joint is generally associated with a subgroup
of the group of Euclidean displacements. The number of parameters in the
subgroup is called the degrees of freedom (DOF) of the joint. Mechanical
linkages are usually designed to transform a given input force and movement
into a desired output force and movement.

The ratio of the output force to the input force is known as the
mechanical of the linkage, while the ratio of the input speed to the output speed
is known as the speed ratio. The speed ratio and mechanical advantage are
defined so they yield the same number in an ideal linkage.

2.9.4 Steel Frame

Steel frame is a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical

steel columns and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to
support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the
frame. The development of this technique made the construction of the
skyscraper possible.
2.10 WORK PLAN

STAGE1: Collecting the Materials

The links are drawn by using the auto cad 2010 software then this
diagram printed in a A2 sheet. Then hylem sheet brought from a hylem shop
dimension 610*420. Then paste the A2 sheet on the hylem then it will be cutted
by using cutting machine and it drilled by the drilling machine

STAGE 2: Fabrication of Components

The following components are fabricated for the Bottle shifting machine
Air Compressor

It is used to run the Air motor. When power required then that time it give
the Air to the Air motor.

Air motor

It is used run the whole linkages.

Bolt and Nut

It is used to connect the linkages and used to fix linkages on the frame.

Steel Frame

It is used hold whole parts of this machine. It is made by using G.I

rectangular pipes and sheets.

Linkages

These linkages are made by using hylem boards done by cutting operation

STAGE 3: Process for Fabrication

Welding

In welding process, the electric arc is used to melt the two metals
and joint them permanently. Electrode is used to produce electric arc .The gap
between electrode and metal is 3mm. If welding is overlapped, it affects the
quality of metal joint. It is used to inter connect the columns.

26
Metal Cutting
The square circular shaft and hylem board cut for our required
dimension by using metal cutter. The circular shaft acts a column of Bottle shifting
machine. The hylem pieces are act as linkages. Metal cutter cuts all material to
required dimension.

Drilling

Drilling is used to screwing the screw through the drilling. To tight the linkages,
the screw is screwing through the drilling and helps to fix the linkages.

STAGE 4: Assembling the Components

All the components are assembled in a correct manner. Then is will be re

checked again and undergoes to the painting process
 CHAPTER- 6
DESIGN

Design consists of application of scientific, principles, technical information and

imagination for development of new or improvised machine or mechanism to perform a specific
with maximum economy & efficiency.
Hence a careful design approach has to be adopted. The total design work has been split
up into two parts;
 System design
 Mechanical Design
System design mainly concerns the various physical constraints and ergonomics, space
requirements, arrangement of various components on main frame at system, man + machine
interaction, No. of controls, position of controls, working environment of machine, chances of
failure, safety, measures to be provided, servicing aids, ease of maintenance, scope of
Improvement, weight of machine from ground level, total weight of machine and a lot more.
In mechanical design the components are listed down and stored on the basis of their
procurement, design in two categories namely,
 Designed Parts
 Parts to be purchased
For designed parts detached design is done & distinctions thus obtained are compared to
next highest dimensions which are readily available in market. This amplifies the assembly as
well as postproduction servicing work. The various tolerances on the works are specified. The
process charts are prepared and passed on to the manufacturing stage.
The parts which are to be purchased directly are selected from various catalogues &
specified so that anybody can purchase the same from the retails shop with given specifications.
 6.1. SYSTEM DESIGN:
In system design we mainly concentrated on the following parameters:-

6.1.1. System Selection Based on Physical Constraints:

While selecting any machine it must be checked whether it is going to be used in a large
– scale industry or a small scale industry. In our case it is to be used by a small scale industry
.So space is a major constrain. The system is to be very compact so that it can be adjusted to
corner of a room.
The mechanical design has direct norms with the system design. Hence the foremost job is to
control the physical parameters, so that the distinctions obtained after mechanical design can be
well fitted into that.

6.1.2. Arrangements of Various Components:

Keeping into view the space restrictions the components should be laid such that their
easy Removal or servicing is possible. More over every component should be easily seen none
should be hidden. Every possible space is utilized in components arrangements.

6.1.3. Components of System:

As already stated the system should be compact enough so that it can be accommodated
at a corner of a room. All the moving parts should be well closed & compact. A compact system
design gives a high weighted structure which is desired.
Man Machine Interaction
The friendliness of a machine with the operator that is an important criteria of design. It
is the application of anatomical & psychological principles to solve problems arising from Man
– Machine relationship. Following are some of the topics included in this section. Design of foot
lever Energy expenditure in foot & hand operation Lighting condition of machine.

6.1.4. Chances of Failure:

The losses incurred by owner in case of any failure are important criteria of design.
Factor safety while doing mechanical design is kept high so that there are less chances of failure.
Moreover periodic maintenance is required to keep unit healthy.
 6.1.5. Servicing Facility:
The layout of components should be such that easy servicing is possible. Especially
those components which require frequents servicing can be easily disassembled. Scope of Future
Improvement Arrangement should be provided to expand the scope of work in future.
Such as to convert the machine motor operated; the system can be easily configured to
required one. The die & punch can be changed if required for other shapes of notches etc.

6.1.6. Height of Machine from Ground:

For ease and comfort of operator the height of machine should be properly decided so
that he may not get tried during operation. The machine should be slightly higher than the waist
level, also enough clearance should be provided from the ground for cleaning purpose.

6.1.7. Weight of Machine:

The total weight depends upon the selection of material components as well as the
dimension of components. A higher weighted machine is difficult in Transportation & in case of
major breakdown; it is difficult to take it to workshop because of more weight.

6.1.8. Mechanical Design:

Mechanical design phase is very important from the view of designer as whole success
of the project depends on the correct design analysis of the problem.
Many preliminary alternatives are eliminated during this phase Designer should have
adequate knowledge above physical properties of material, loads stresses, deformation, and
failure. Theories and wear analysis. He should identify the external and internal force acting on
the machine parts.
This force may be classified as:-
1] Dead weigh forces
2] Friction forces
3] Inertia forces
4] Centrifugal forces
5] Forces generated during power transmission etc.
Designer should estimate these forces very accurately by using design equations. If he
does not have sufficient information to estimate them he should make certain practical
assumptions based on similar conditions. This will almost satisfy the functional needs.
Assumptions must always be on the safer side.
Selection of factors of safety to find working or design stress is another important step in
design of working dimensions of machine elements. The corrections in the theoretical stress
value are to be made according in the kinds of loads, shape of parts & service requirements.
Selection of material should be made according to the condition of loading shapes of
products environments conditions & desirable properties of material.
Provision should be made to minimize nearly adopting proper lubrications methods.
In, mechanical design the components are listed down & stored on the basis of their
procurement in two categories.
 Design parts
 Parts to be purchased
For design parts a detailed design is done & designation thus obtain are compared to the
next highest dimension which is ready available in market.
This simplification the assembly as well as post production service work. The various
tolerances on the work are specified. The processes charts are prepared & passed on to the work
are specified.
The parts to be purchased directly are selected from various catalogues & specification
so that anybody can purchase the same from retail shop with the given specifications.

Design of frame –

A Frame made up of rectangular Pipe of 25*25*3 mm

BEAM A& B having same forces.

Lets,

25

25

To determine position of neutral axis -

 25

12.5

25

At section 1 & 2 –

12.5 mm

Moment of inertia of beam –

Ixx = Ixx1 +Ixx2

Ixx = 2 +2

= 7898mm4

A frame made up of structure steel -

Material Structure steel BSI BSV EN10056

E = 210 GPa, , Syt =335N/mm2

Design of weld Joint –

A frame having rectangular Pipe of 25*25*3 mm is welded another steel angle by edge
of 25.4 mm load of vertically downward therefore shear stress induced in it. Angle subjected to
static load

Total Force =9810/4 = 2452.5N

From PSG design data book ..

Allowable shear stress for weld joint = 75 MPa

Shear stress induce in weld is,

 = 32.18 Mpa

Allowable stress is greater than induced stress, therefore design is safe.

FOR A GIVEN DISPLACEMENT DETERMINE THE RADIUS OF CRANK

Fig 8 mechanism

In the given fig value of d is the predetermined value and we have to determine the
crank radius r for a given radius value of rocker R

Let the oscillation of rocker is Q degree at point B

From the triangle ABC

d = 2 AC

d = 2 R Sin (Q/2) 1

-1 -1
Q/2 = Sin (d/2R) = 2 Sin (d/2R)

From Crank and Rocker motion

2r = R*Q*3.14321/180

On putting the value of Q from equation 1, we get

-1
r = (R*3.14321/180)* Sin (d/2R)

Example: Calculate the dimension (radius) of crank for displacement of 215 mm at the rocker
radius of 250 mm.

Solution:

Given that:

R = 250 & d = 215

Put the value of R & d in equation 3

-1
r = (250*3.14321/180)* Sin (215/2*250)

r = 111.18 Ans.
DETERMINING DEGREE OF FREEDOM:

The minimum number of independent variables required to define the position and
motion of the system is known as degree of freedom of the system.

OR

Degree of freedom is the number of input required to get constrained output in a chain.

F = 3(L - 1) - 2J - H

Where

F = degree of freedom

L = no of links

J = no of binary joint H
= no of higher pair
Hence,

F = 3(8 - 1) - 2*10 - 0

F = 1
 3.1 MATERIAL AND DIMENSIONS

All the links are made up of MS patti sheet and structure made up of 1 inch square pipe.
The dimension of the different links are as bellow:
 3.2 TOOLS

MDF Wooden plate Wooden plate cutter

Drill machine Electric motor
Steel file tool measuring tape

Vices Cutting shearing pliers

 3.3 PROCEDURE

1. First of all we have prepared the drawing for the machine transporter machine.

2. Then we make the measurement for the bed of the Bottle transport machine.

3. We took the wooden block and cut them in the given measurements using the cutting
machine.

4. Then we took that pieces and fitting them in the prepared shaped drawing.

5. After making the fit of wooden block bed for the machine was ready.

6. Then we took the MDF sheet plate and then taking the measurement of Bottle transport
machine we cut the pieces in the given length.

7. After cutting the plate in the given size we put a shaft in the lathe machine for giving it
the shape of shaft.

8. After preparing the shaft, hanger and crank we take it over the drill machine to make the
holes in them as the given dimension in the drawing.

9. After this we had prepared the shaft which is going move the Bottlees to the next level
with using it edges on the top of it. We cut the MDF sheet plate in the given dimensions
and then edges also, after cutting we make the fitting to attach these edges with the plate
on the given distance dimensions.

10. Now all of the things for the machine are prepared.

11. On this step we took the electric motor and fix that on the bed of the machine on the
given place.
12. After fixing the motor we fixed the crank with it from one side and other side was
attached to the shaft 1. Then we took the hanger link and attach it with the shaft 1, while
the other edge of the hanger link is attached to the shaft 2.

13. Then both of the shafts were attached to the transporting shaft.

14. Two other hanger links was also attached to the shafts.

15. Other two hanger link and transporting shaft was attached to the top of the bed in the
bearing gear.

16. Out Bottle transporting machine is ready now.

17. We give the current to the electric motor and put the Bottlees on the top of the machine
for testing it.

18. It was working well and Bottlees are moving to the next level.
 4.1 LOGIC

The Bottle transporting machine is a new skill that we have learned to make a Bottle
transporting machine. At the same time, we learn to use a right tools and materials when doing work
at Bottle transporting machine. Bottle transporting machine is also giving us more skills and
preparation when we work outside later. When we see a result from the work that we have done
together, we are very grateful when we have finish our work in a sharp time that have given by our
lecturer.

The talent that our lecturer have given to us is bring us to a new experience about Bottle transporting
machine. These practical also give us advantage when we work together with our team and we also can learn
many information through share knowledge together.

9. COST ESTIMATION

9.1 Cost of Material: -

Part Weight Rate Qty. Material Total Cost

Shaf 0.1kg 75 1 M.S. 75 /-

Sparcket 1 85 1 85 /-

Bearings 2 160 2 M.S. 320/-

Total 1565/-
Table no. 9.1

9.2 Cost of Machining:-

Part Time Machining Rate Total

Pipe cutting 30 min Hack saw 200 100 /-

Grinding 30 min Grinder 100 50/-

Drilling 15 min Drilling machine 50 25/-

Welding 2 hrs. Welding machine 250 500/-

Shaf 45min. Turning, facing 500 350

Pulley 30min. Boring, key way 300 150

Total 1175/-

Table no. 9.2

9.3Cost of standard part:-

Part Name Rate

Pipe 550/-

freewheel 85/-

Shaft 1 150/-

Nut and bolt 100/-

Pipes 2 250/-

MS SHEET 265/-

PU Pipe 30/-

Connector 90/-

Air motor 2500/-

Total

TABLE NO 9.3
9.4Total cost:-

Total cost of project = Cost of machining + Total cost

9.5Total project cost:-

10. PROCESS SHEET

10.1 Part Name:-Shaf

Part material size = 11cm

Sr. No. Description Machine Tool Time

Cutting the Power drilling Drilling Blade 15 Min.

material in actual M/c

1.
size
Turning at whole Lath m/c Turning Tool 20 Min.

2. shaf

Facing at both end Lathe M/C Facing tool 10Min.

3.
Prepare the key Lathe M/C 7.5mm Drill Bit 10 Min.

4 way

Table no 10.1shaft process sheet.

10.2Part name: - Stand

Sr. No. Description Machine Tool Time

 Cutting the material in Power hacksaw m/c Drilling

actual size Blade 10 min

1
Drill the holes at 2 Drilling machine

2 pipee,10mm of dia. Ø10Bit 20 min

3 Cut thepipe material at hacksaw hacksaw 10 min

5mm end in 45˚ Blade

4 Weld the cutting material. Welding Welding 20min

Machine Rod

Table no. 10.2 stand process sheet

Part Name :-Shaf Supporter

Sr. No. Description Tool Machine Time

1 Cutting the material hacksaw Blade Power Drilling

in actual size 5 min

2 Ø10 at both ends

length of 10mm Ø10Bit Drilling m/c 10 min

Table no.10.3 Shaft Supporter

 4.2 FUTURE WORK

APPLICATION:

Transferring the Bottlees from one place to another for the requirement of worker within
the industry.

Heavy tools easily transport to one work station to another work station.

Creating a balance line in the assembly line.

APPLICATION
• We can usedthis mechanism in medical production fields.

• We can used this mechanism in bottle filling process

• We can used this mechanism in cool drinks production companies.

ADVANTAGES

• Lubricants not required.

• Simple to construct.

• Low speed motor is sufficient

• Easy maintenance.

• Less skilled operator is sufficient.

• Noise of operation is reduced.

MODIFICATIONS

1. Using solar panel we able to run this motor we get more efficiency

2. We are modify it to remove hylem board and use aluminum plate

 CONCLUSION

In this project, we learn about how to prepare the Bottle transporting machine. Other than that we
also have been teach by our lecturer how to use the lathe machine. Besides that, our teacher always remains us
to stay alert in safety while doing a work before and after finish the practice. Conclusion is, we want to thanks
to lecturer and my friend during learning of Bottle transporting machine. However, these practical we will
never ever forget because these talents are bring us to learn new things in our studying at this college.
 REFRENCES

Source: This Working Model file is adapted from Figure P3.7 on p.150 in Design of
Machinery, 3rd ed. by Norton, R.L., McGraw-Hill, 2004.

Credits: This Working Model file was first developed by Jie (Jeff) Yang.
http://www.mekanizmalar.com/transport01.html
http://projectseminars.org/report-Bottle-transport-mechanism-project-report-in-
pdf http://seminarprojects.com/s/Bottle-transport-mechanism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDLof06nBjU