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4 Be n n y H H o e d

da rip e n p a n s e s u a tu d e n g a n in d r a k ita y a n g k e m u d ia n d io la h
c e ra

o le h k o g n is i k it a N a m u n , p a d a a n a k k e c il y a n g d ig a m b a r k a n
dl
f
a ta s p r o s e s k o g n it i n y a m a s ih t d h
sa n ga s e e r a n a B e rb e da de n
,
ga n
P e ir c e , is t ila h s e m io s is m e n u r u t D a n e s i d a n P e r r o n (1 9 9 9 6 9
)
m a s ìh m e r u p a k a n p r o s e s p e m a k n a a n t a n d a p a d a a n a k k e c il a n
y g
d ig a m b a r k a n d i a t a s S e p e r t i t e la h d ik e m u k a k a n s e b e lu m n y a s a a
y ,

m e n y e b u tn y a s e b a g a i p r o s e s p r a g m a fis ik a l P r o s e s s e la n ju tn y a
" '

ia la h k e t ik a s a n g a n a k m u la i d a p a t berpiki y a k n i m e n g o la h d a ta m
p ik ir a n s e ś u a r d e n g a n p e n g a la m a n n y a s e c a r a le b ih k o m p le k s a p a
y a n g d iin d r a n y a P r o s e s in i d is e b u t n y a r e p r e s e n ta tto n y a k n i k e tika ,

p e n c e r a p a n ta n d a te r ja d i b e r u la n g u la n g d a n k e m u d ia n m e m p e r o le h
m a kn a ya n g le b ih s ta b il d a ta m k o g n is in y a Sa y a m e n y e b u tn y a
se b a g a i p r o s e s Pragakognitif s e m e n t a r a it u a n a k m u
" '

,
la i m e n ja d i
m a k h lu k s o s ia l (h o m o c u ltu r a lis ) d a ta m m e m b e r i m a k n a p a d a y a n
g
a d a d i s e k it a r n y a s e t e la h b e la ja r d a r i p e r g a u la n n y a d e n g a n o r a n g

fu a da n o ra n g dew a sa la in n ya sa m p a i ia d e w a sa Pro ses y a n g k e tig a

in i m e ru p a k a n g e ja la s o s ia l d a ta m p e m b e r ia n m a kn a y a n g d is e b u t
o le h D a n e s id a n Pe r ro n signying o r de c p e m a y a n g d id a s a r i
kn a a n

īo le h p e m b e la ja r a n m e la lu i k o n v e n s i s o s ia l Ja d i p a d a D a n e s i d a n
,

;
P e r ro n p e rk e m b a n ga n k e m a m p u a n p e m b e r ia n m a k n a p a d a g e ja la d i
şiļ u a r d i i y r n a t e r ja d i m e la lu i tig a ta h a p , y a k n i s e m io s is , r e p r e s e n 加 加 玛
da n gn
sı ilw n g o rde r
2
S a y a m e n y e b u t y a n g t e r a k h ir s e b a g a i p r o s e s

lp ra gm a k o g n it if s o s iap r o s e s in i s u d a h m e n ja d i s e s u a tu
l K "
a la u
i
y ?n g s p o n t a n (t a n p a d ip ik ir k a n la g i), s a y a m e n y e b u t n y a s e b a g a
s e s p r a g m a k o g n it if k u lt u r a l
" '
pro
A p a y a n g d im a k n a i o le h m a n u s ia y a n g a d a d i lu a r d ir in y a
d is e b u t s ig n (d a ta m b u k u in i d it e r je m g a n ta n d a )
D a ta m a hka n de n

s e m io t ik t a n d a b e r s a n d in g d e n g a n m a k n a , s e d a n gk a n s e m
3 io s is

(d a ta m p e n g e r tia n P e ir c e ) m e r u p a k a n p r o s e s p e m b e r ia n m a k ita
M a s ih d e n g a n P e ir c e , t a n d a y a n g d ic e r a p m a n u s ia m e r u p a k a n
t a h a p a w a l d a r i s e m io s is p a d a t a h a p a w a l in i h a l y a n g d iin d r a
: b is e b u t g r o u n d a ta u r e p r e s e n ta m e n T a h a p in i d iik u ti d e n g a n ta h a p
st an
la n ju t a n y a , y a k n i p e n g o la h a n n y a d a ta m k o g n is i s e c a r a in
n
tid a k
ya n g h a s iln y a d is e b u t o b ìe c t (in i m e r u p a k a n is t ila h y a n g
ah
a a r tin y a d e n a da l
g a n b e n d a ) p r o s e s s e m io s is s e la n ju tn y a
'
sa m '

9 9 5),
T a h a p t a h a p in i k e lih a ta (N õ th ig g o, 1
n n ya m e n g ik u t i m o d e l t r ik o to m is p e ir c e

ls tlla h s g n lin g ) a ta u
ł s ig n e (P r ) k e lih a ta n n y a d ig u n a ka n d a ta m b e rD a ı
i-
sa m a
n s en
s )
te n t a n g se m io t ik s ig n b ia sa n ya b e rs a n d in g d e n g a n m ea n n i g (s ig n e d e n ga

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 n
r iD e i n
Be nn y H L

a ? : Ia m e n ja w a b
'

gn ya ke n a p A da
'

g M em an
"

L l s a y a b ila n
Ya h u d i a u
l i
h w a A d a r e a s a s o s ia tif a n ta r
e n g e r ti b a
k : D i s in i s a y a m a
'
p a
p r o te s ,
h d i: d e n g a n Z io n is m e : d a n d e n
b u t d e n ga n Y a
'
u ga n
b in ta n g t e r s e i t if s o s ia l a t a
e m akn a a n a s
o s a u s e m io ti
A r a b Is r a e l In i p k ,

p e ra n g
'

d i d im a k n a i o lė h s e k e l o m p o k w a r g a y a rig
a b in t a n g t a
s o s ia l, k a r e n
b in ta n g D a v id : d a n b e r b a g a i m a k n a
m e lih a t r e a s
l i a s o s ia t if a n ta r a
a t if (t id a k n e t r a s p
l e e r ti p a d a d ir i s a a
y )
'

s ifa t n y a te n tu n y a n e g
y g
a n
te r ia r
o s ia l It u t e r ja d i k a r e n a ( e s k ip u n
m
L e b ih le b ih p e m a k n a a n s
4
a m ėla lu i m e
d ia T y
s e c a r a t a k d is e n g a j )
ı

ik a d e n g a n s e m io t ik s tr u k tu r a l
A p a y a n g d iu r a ik a n d i a ta s D e n ļ
d a d a n p e m a k n a a n n y a s e c a ra
p e r ta m a k a r e n a m e n y a n g k u t t a n
,

d iid e n t ifik a s i m e la lu i r e la s i
d w ip ih a k D U à K a r e lia n a k n a ,

ļ . A n ta r ta n d a K e k a r e n a p e m a k n a a n t a n d a tid a k h a n y a in d iv id u a l ,

īe :' t a p i ju g a s o s a ( e
i l b r d a s a r k a n k o n v e n s i s o s ia lt S e m u a it u b e r h u lu
da p e m ik ir a n d e s a u s s u r e y a n g s u
d a h d ip a p a r k a n d i a ta s T e o r i
t a n d a d e S a u s s u r e d is e b u t ju g a d ik o t o m is (d w ip ih a k ) k a r e n a
: Įm e ng g u n a k a n m o d e l d u a p ih a k signı fiant-signifé, s in ta g m a tik
a s o s ia tlf d a n la n g u e p a r o le M e s k ip u n b e r k a ita n d e n g a n y a n g s o s ia ,
l
t e o r i s e m io t ik d e S a u s s u r e b e r s ifa t k o g n it if, b e r to la k d a r i a p a y a n g
;Ĵ i rde a d
p a t d a ta m p ik ir a n m a n u s ia B u n y i b a h a s a , lu k is a n , a ta u n a a
ï M u s ik d ic e r a p d a n d it a n g k a p c it r a n y a o le h m a n u s ia k e m u d ia n
d ib e r i m a k n a

įa ! b S e m io tik P r a gm a tis

T o ko h io t ik y a n g la in a d a la h C h a r le s S a n d e r s P e ir c e
se m

18 3 9 - 9 1 4 ) . a g i Pe i rc e tan d a da n pe m a k n a a n n y a bu k a n st ru k t ur
m e la in k a n s u a t u di
p r o s e s k o g n it if y a n g d is e b u t n y a s e m io s is Ja ,
s e m io s is a d a la h s
p r o s e s p e m a k n a a n d a n p e n a fs ir a n t a n d a P r o s e
s e m io s is in i m e la lu i ti an
g a ta h a p T a h a p p e r ta m a a d a la h p e n c e r a p
a sp e k re rese n t
a m e n t a n d a ( e r t a m a m e la lu i d r a ),
p p p a n c a in
￥ ta h a p k e d u a m n
e n g a itk a n s e c a r a s o n t a n r e r e s e n t a m e n d e n g a
p p
P e n g a la m a n d a ta m k o n is i le lı
g m a n u s ia y a n g m e m a k n a i r e p r e s e n fu n
itu (d is e b u t o b
ie c tf), d a n k e t ig a m e n a fs ir k a n o b ìe c t s e s u a i d e n g a n
k e in g in a n n a T
;
y a h a p k e t i a in i d i b
g s e u t in te rp r e ta n t c a r a p e m a
la ıa a n
ta n d a m e la ı u i k a ita n a n t le h
a r a r e p r e s e n L a m e n d a n o b e c t d id a s a r i o

gT mkira n b a hw a o b
ì
ìe c t t id a k s e la lu s a m a d e n g a n r e a lita s w i g
ı

M en g e n a i k e s a d a ra
'

n k o le k d r sa ya m en ga cu pa da D u r k h e im (1 9 3 7 )

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J L

Te o ri S e m ı k
o tı 11

1 3 T. .
an da se b a g a i S is t e m S im b o lik d a n Se m lo s is B e r la n ju t
Is t ila h b o l s a n g a t b e r g u n a u n t u k m e m a h a m i p e n g e r tia n
m

ta n d a s e b a g a i s is te m s im b o lik S e b e n a r n y a a d a te r je m a h a n d a r i
d a r i is tila h s y m b o l y a k n i ta m b a n g N a m u n s a y a a k a n m e n g g u n a k a n
, ,

is t ila h s im b o l k a r e n a k a t a in i le b ih d e k a t d e n g a n k a t a s im b o lik
s e h in g g a le b ih m u d a h u n t u k m e n je la s k a n p e n g e r t ia n t a n d a s e b a g a i

s is te m b o lik Y a n g p e r ta m a h a r u s d ip a h a m i a d a la h b a h w a s is t e m
s im

s im b o lik d id a s a r i o le h k o n v e n s i s o s ia l Ja d i d a ta m s is te m s im b o lik , ,

m a kn a sem u a t a n d a d id a s a r i o le h k o n v e n s i s o s ia ly a n g be ra r ti h a r u s

d ilih a t d a ta m k o n te k s k e b u d a y a a n s u a tu m a s y a r a k a t a t a u s u b k u lt u r
s u a tu ko m u n ita s In i b e r a r t i b a h w a s is te m s im b o lik a d a la h s u a tu
ko n se p s o s ia lda n bu daya K edu a , ga c u p a d a
s is t e m s im b o lik m e n

b e r b a g a ije n is r e p r e s e n ta m e n , b a ik it u r e a lit a s fis ik , k o g n it iĹ m a u p u n

v ir tu a l K a la u k it a s e p a k a t b a h w a a p a y a n g a d a d i d a ta m p ik ir a n
m a n u s ia it u s e b a g a i r e a lit a s , p e n a fs ir a n m a n u s ia a t a s o b je c t d a p a t

k ita an g g a p r e a lit a s ju g a
O le h k a r e n a it u , d a ta m te o r i ta n d a d a r i P e ir c e k it a
d ip e r k e n a lk a n de n ga n p r o s e s s e m io s is se ca ra b e r la n ju t b a h k a n
sa m p a i ta k t e r h in g g a In i b e r a r t i, m e n u
ru ,
t P e ir c e k e t ik a p r o s e s

s e m io s is m e n c a p a i t a h a p in t e r p r e ta n c m a k a t a h a p t e r a k h ir in i

d a p a t m e n je lm a m e n ja d i r e p r e s e n ta m e n b a r u y a n g k e m u d ia n d iik u t i
d e n g a n o b íe c t b a r u y a n g ju g a k e m u d ia n d iik u t i d e n g a n in te rp r e ta n t
b a r u d a n s e t e r u s n y a D a ta m k e h id u p a n s o s ia ı s is t e m s im b o lik
, ,

d a p a t m e n g h a s ilk a n p r o s e s s e m io s is b e r la n ju t s a m p a i ta k te r b a t a s
ĺ u n ï im ite d ) 6

1 4 S e m io s is G e to k T u la r

D a n e s id a n p e rro n g e m b a n g k a n te o r i P e ir c e
(1 9 9 9 : 6 8 7 0 )m en

te n ta n g s e m io s is m e la lu i r o s e s p e m a k n a a n ta n d a p a d a m a n u s ia
p
M e n u r u t m e r e k a s e m io s is a d a la h t a h a p a w a l d a ta m p e r k e m b a n g a n
,

m a n u s ia m e m a k n a i t a n d a T a h a p a w a l in i t e r ja d i p a d a a n a k y a n g

i tila h m e r e k a T h e W o r n
g g j a d i lu a r d ir in y a ( s
m e m a k n a ib e r b a a i e a ı

t a n d a ) ju g a m e la lu i
p e n y a m p a ia n p e s a n (
m e la lu i fis ik n a d a n
y

io s is y a n g b e r la n ju t it u d a p a t Ju g a b e r h e n t i k e tik a s e s e o r a n g (
b a hw a ta u s u a tu
a sem
tid a k
ka u m ) d ib a ta s i o le h a t u r a n b u d a y a (p r in s ip p r in s ip s u p r a in d iv id u a l) y a n g
m em b e r ik a n k e m u n g k in a n la g i u n t u k te r ja d in y a s e m io s is la n ju ta n

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 M e m a n da n g Fe no m e n a B u d a ya d e n ga n Ka c a m a ta S e m io tı
k 17

io t ik p a d a p e r k e m b a n g a n n y a m e n ja d i p e r a n g k a t te o r i
Se m

y a n g d ig u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g k a ji k e b u d a y a a n m a n u s ia B a r t h e s ,
d a ta m k a r y a n y a (1 9 5 7 ) riıe n g g u n a k a n p e n g e m b a n g a n t e o r i t a n d a
de Sa u ssu re (p e n a n da da n p e ta n d a ) s e b a ga i p a y a m e n je la s k a n
u

b a g a im a n a k ita d a ta k e h id u p a n b e r m a
m s y a r a k a t d id o m in a s i o le h

ko n o ta s i K o n o ta s i a d a la h p e n g e m b a n g a n s e g i p e t a n d a (m a k n a a t a u

is i s u a tu ta n d a ) o le h p e m a k a i ta n d a s e su a id e n ga n d u t p a n d a n gn ya
su

K o n o ta s i y a n g s u d a h m gu a s a i m e n a s y a r a k a t a k a n m e n ja d i m it o s

B a r th e s m e n c o b a m e n g u r a ik a n b e t a p a k e ja d ia n k e s e h a r ia n d a ta m
k e b u d a y a a n k it a m e n ja d i s e p e r ti w a ja r : p a d a h a l it u m ito s b e la k a
" '

a k ib a t k o n o p d i m a s y a r a k a t S a la h s a tu
t a s i y a n g m e n ja di m a n ta

c o n t o h y a n g d ib e r ik a n n y a a d a la h o la h r a g a g u la t d i P r a n c is
" "

"
T e r n y a t a m e n u r u t n y a g u la t b u k a n o la h r a g a , m e la in k a n t o n to n a n
"

(B a r th e s 1 9 5 7 : 1 3 ) G u la t a d a la h o la h r a g a y a n g d ir e k a y a s a N a m u n ,
pen o n to n t id a k m e m p e r s o a lk a y a Y a n g p e n tin g a d a la h b a g a im a n a
n n

p e r ila k u d a n ta m p ila n p e g u la t ĺ p e n a n d a ) d a ta m k o g n is i p e n o n to n
d ib e r i m a k n a (p e t a n d a ) s e s u a i d e n g a n k e in g in a n p e n o n t o n : y a n g

m en ja d i fa v o r it ha ru s m e n a n g In ila h k o n o t a s i y a k n i p ,
e r lu a s a n

p e ta n d a o le h p e m a k a i t a n d a ,
d a ta m k e b u d a y a a n
Dan e s i d a n p e r r o n (1 9 9 9 : 39 4 0) ya n g m e n ge m b a n gka n
sem io tik P e ir c e , m en a m a ka n m a n u s ia s e b a g a i h o m o c u ltu r a lis , y a k n i

se ba ga im a k h lu k y a n g s e la lu in g in m em a ha m im a kn a da ria pa ya n g
d it e m u ka n n ya (m ea n in g se e k in g crea tu r e ) M a k n a d a ta m s e ja r a h
m e ru p a k a n h a s il k u m u la s i d a r i w a k t u k e w a k tu D e n g a n d e m ik ia n ,

m a n u s ia ju g a m e n c a r i m a k n a d e n g a n m e lih a t s e ja r a h D i s in i k it a

d ih a d a p k a n p a d a m a k n a y a n g m u n c u ls e c a r a b e r u r u ta n d a n k u m u la tif
d a ta m p o r o s w a k tu D a ta m h a l in i, D a n e s id a n Pe rro b e r b ic a r a te n ta n g
n

th e s iq n ijbìin g s e b a g a i in te r c o n n e c t io n
"
r d e r s y a n g d id e fin is ik a n n y a
o

o fs ig n s c o d e s a n d t e x ts th a t m a k e s u p a c u ltu r e (D a n e s \ d a n P e r r o n
"

, ,

1 9 9 9 : 3 6 6 ) Ja d i m e n u r u t m e r e k a k e b u d a y a a n d it in ja u d a r i s e g i
, , ,

s e m io t ik a d a \a h in te r c o n n e c te d sy s te m o f d a ily liv in g th a t is h e ld
"

to g e th e r by t h e signying o rd e r (s ig n s ,
co d e s te x t s ) (ib id 3 5 0 1
,

Ja d i le p a s d a r i a p a k a h p a h a m se m io t ik s tr u k t u ra ıa t a u
,

p r a g m a tis y a n g k ita a n u t ,
sem io t ik d a p a t d ig u n a ka n u n tu k m en g k a ji
ke b u d a y a a n K e b u d a y a a n (b a c a G e a läj B u d a y a ) d ilih a t o le h sem io t ik

seba t a n d a y a n g b e r k a it a n s a t u s a m a ı a in d e n g a n
ga i s u a tu s is te m
c a r a m e m a h a m i m a k n a y a n g a d a d i d a la m n y a K e t e r k a it a n it u
b e r s ifa t k o n v e n s io n a l

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 져
咱朝阳

B e nn y H H o e d
18

2 1 2 Se m ı
lo tlk ım u a ta u 8 u ka n ?
. .

D a r iy a n g te la h d ik e m u ka ka n se b e lu m n ya s e c a ra
g a r is b e s ,

ap
k it a d a p a t m e m be da k a n se m lo t ik
li s tr u k tu r a
s ya n
g d ik o to rn l
s
d e n g a n s e m io t ik p r a g m a t is y a n g t r ik o t o m is Y a n
g p e r ta ın ,

a
m e lih a t t a n d a s e b a g a i h u b u n g a n a n t a r a d u a k o m
p o n e n s e ca r
a
terstruktu s e d a n g k a n y a n g k e d u a m e lih a t ta n d a s e b a a i
g s u a tu
p r o s e s s e m io s is t ig a ta h a p y a n g b e r to la k d a r i s e s u a tu y a n d
g a pat
d ita n g k a p o le h p a n c a in d r a K e m u d ia n , k a la u k ita k a i l b
j e ih la n ju t
. d a ta m p e r k e m b a n g a n s e m io tik b a ik y a n g s tr u k t u r a lis m ,

a u pu n
匱
y a n g p r a g m a t is m e n g a r a h k a n p e r h a t ia n n a d
y p a a k a jia n te n ta n
k e b u d a y a a n 2 H a l it u t a k d a a t d ih in d a r i k a r e g
p n a a k h ir n a
y ya n g
m e m b e ri m a kn a
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g g o t a m a s y a r a k a t n y a d ib e r i
m a kn a se su a ide n a n ko n v e n si
g y a n g b e r la k u
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P e rro n 19 9 9 : 6 4)
(
队
L e p a s d a r ia p a k a h s e m i
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o s e b a g a i t e o r i s a ja
d u lu
S e p e r t i t e la h d ik e m k ba n g
u a k a n d i a t a s te o r i s
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,
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M e s k lp u n s u
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b e b e r a p a is t ila h y a n g b e r k a lta n d e
,

n g a n p e n e llt l
a n Ilm ia h k ita
b ic a r a k a n la g i d i s in i A d a tig a ls tlı a h p o ko k a n
y g p e r lu k ita p a h a m l
y a k n i m e to d o lo g i m e to d e d a n te k n ik S u d a h k it
,

a k e ta h u i b a h w a
, ,

m e t o d o lo g i p e n e lit ia n ilm ia h b
e r tu m
p u p a d a te o r i s e d a n g k a n
te o r i b e r t u m p u p a d a
,

p a n d a n g a n d u n ia (w o r ld v ie w
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d d
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p n a g a n u n ia y a n g m e n d o m in a s i k e h id u a n il
a n
p m u p e n g e ta h u a n
y a k n i p e m a h a m a n b a h w a (1 ) o b je k
,
,
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s a tu n y a k e n y a t a a n d a n
(2 ) b a h w a d i b a tik a p a y a n g te r ta n k a
g p
o le h p a n c a in d r a a d a s e s u a t
u y a n g la in d
y a n g a p a t d is e r a p o le h
k o g n is i d a n p e r a s a a n k it a d a n d a d
p a t ik e m b a n g k a n d a ta m s u a t u
p e n g k a jia n T e o r i t e o r i s e m io tik b e r tu m
p u p a d a p a n d a n g a n d u n ia
y a n g k e d u a

M e to d o lo g i a d a la h d a ta m
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pe n g e ta hu a n
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g p a t d ilih a t p a d a tig a t a ta r a n ,

y a k n i ( ) p a r a d ig m a y a n g d ig u n a k a n , (2 ) m e t o d e y a n g d ip ilih
1
,

d a n (3 ) t e k n ik a n
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p e n e lit ia n k it a P a r a d ig m a m e to d o lo g is m e n c a k u p a a k a h k it a
p
a ka n g g u n a k a n p e n e litia n kuantitat fŁ
m en
ualitat a ta u g a b u n g a n
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p , a r t e a ta u
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s pa ￡ o r is P a r a d i m a m e t o d o lo is
p e n e litia n y a n g m e n ja d i
r
g g
tu m p u a n s e m io t ik b u d a a a d a la h a r a d i m a k u a lit a tif e n e ı itia n
y p g p ,

a r t e fa k a t a u t e k s y a n g d a p a t d id u k u n g d e n g a n p a r a d ig m a
,

P a r tis ip a t o r is d a n /a t a u b a h k a n k u a n t it a t if N a m u n , ya n g m en ja d i
P a r a d ig m a p o k o k a d a la h k u a lit a t if M e t o d e b d a p a d a s a tu e ra
ta ta r a n d i b a w a h a r a d i m a m e t o d o lo is e r ih a l b a a im a n a o b je k
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l
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e n
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g a a a n a lis is K a r e n a o b je k p e n e lit ia n b e g it u
lu a s b ia s a
, n y a y a n g d ip ila h s e b a g a i d a t a h a n y a la h p e r w a k ila n
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,
itu d i a k i
, p a s e ju m la h t e k n ik a g a r d a ta y a n g d ip e r o le h m e r u p a k a n
P e r w a k ila n t l h
y a n g a n d a l d a n d a p a t d ip e r c a y a s e h in g g a s e e a
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k a t a u d iin g in k a n o e
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3 5 4 5 ) M t d p e n e l it ia n s e m io t ik b e r t u
M o u to n 1 9 9 :6 e o e m p p a da
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ta
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d is e s u a a n e n g a n p a r a d ig m a k u a lit a t if D a ta m h a l p e m il a h a n , k ita

d a p a t m e n g g o lo n g k a n d a ta p e n e l it ia n k u a lit a t if m e n ja i (1 ) d a t
d
a
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,

y a k n i (a ) t e k s y a n g m e w a k ili p e n g a la m a n y a rig d a p a t d ia n a lis is

d e n g a n te k n ik e lis it a s i s is t e m a t is (m e n g id e n tifik a s i u n s u r u n s u r
te k s y a n g m e r u p a k a n b a g ia n d a r i s u tu k e b u dayA a n da
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g
b e r to la k d a r i a n a lis ìs k a t a a ta u te k s s e b a g a i s is t e m ta n d a ,
d a n (b)
te k s s e b a g a Į o b je k a n a lis is d e n g a n m e la k u k a n a n a lis is p e r c a k a a n
p ,
i, k t u r G r a m a t ik a l
n a ra s a ta u s tr u (c f R ya n da n B e rn a rd 2 000
76 9 8 0 2)
P e n e lit ia n io t ik p a d a p o k o k n a c e n d e r u n
se m
y g m e n g g u n a ka n
d im e n s i m e to d o lo i d e n a n a r a d i
g g p m k
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m e n g g o lo n k a n d a t a
g a t a s d a t a a u d it if t e k s t u l d
, a , a n a u d io v is u a l
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:
y j n s e m io t ik , d a t a y a n g d ija d ik a n o b je k
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p a a u m u m n a te k s b y ik
s e b a g a i e r w a k ila n
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m a u pu b a g a i o b je k k a ia n N
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m e n g k a ji d a t a a u d it if
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g a ta ìt u d ia n
e te r b a g m e n a d i g g a p s e b a g a i T E K S ya n g
Į j te k s a u d it if v e r b
( a l d a n n o n v e r b a l a u d io v is u a l
:
!

(v e r b a l d a n n o n v e r b a l) v is u l ),
,
,

M e n g in g a t te o r i
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,
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s e m io tik d id
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T
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(1 ) Tä n da a da l
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M e m a n da n g Fe n o m e n a B u da ya d e n g a n K a c a m a ta S e m io tik 23

a k a r k a ta s e d a n g k a n u n s u r la in n y a d is e b u t im b u h a n p e r b e d a a n
,

m a kn a a
k ib a t a d a n y a im b u h a n d is e b a b k a n o le h k e n a t a a n b a h
y w a
hu b u n g a n a n t a r i m b u h a n (y a n g b e r s ifa t t a k la n g s u n g y a k n i d a ta m ,

t
in g a a n a t a u s e c a r a a s o s ia t i f ) e m e r ik a n p e r b e d a a n m a k n a
m b
Ta n da ya n g b e r a d a d t
a a m h u b u n g a n p a r a d i m a t ik it u d i
g se b u t

ju g a b e r a d a d a ta m s u a tu s is te m A k h ir n y a ,
su a tu g e ja la b a h a s a
d a p a t d ilih a t m e la lu i d u gi Ya
n g p e r ta m a a d a la h s e i s in k r o n i
a se
g ,

v akn i m e l ih a t l
g e ja a t u p a d a t a t a r a n a t a u k u r u n w a k t u t e r t e n t u
i
ta n p a m e lih a t p r o s e s p e r k e m b a n g a n n y a Y a n
g k e d u a a d a la h s e g i
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8

B e r ik u t in i a k a n d iu r a ik a n d u a k o n s e s a a a
p j y n g d ik e m b a n g k a n
o le h B a r t h e s y a n g r e le v a n d a ta m k a it a n d e n g a n s e m io t ik Y a n
g
p e r t a d
m a a a a l h k o n se p hu bu n
g a n s in t t ik d a n p a r a d ig m a E k
a g a
m
d a n y a n g k e d u a a d a la h k o n s e d e n o ta s i d a n ,

p k o n o ta s i S e s u a i d e n
ga n
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g
,
ggu n a ka n m o d e l
d ik o to m is
Ta n d a d ia n a lis is ide
s e su a n g a n p a n d a n g a n s in t a g m a t ik da n
p a r a d ig m a tik D a ta m h a l in i B a r t h e s (1 9 6 4 ) m e n
ge m b a n gka n n ya
d e n g a n b e r b ic a ra te n ta n g in t a g m e d
s s is te b
a n m s e a ga i da sa r
u n tu k m e n g a n a lis is g e ja la ke b u daya a n s e b a g a i t a n d a S in t a m e
d a la h g
a su a tu su st n a n i ya n g d id a s a r i h u b u n g a n s in t a g m a t ik D a ta m
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, n a n ta ra s in ta g m e da n
s is te m Ja d i k ita d a p a t m
, e lih a t b u sa n a se b a g a im e n ca ku p p e ra n gka t
u n su " u n su r bu sa n a y a n a s in
g g m g m a s in m e m p u n y a i te m
te r t e n t u pat
p a d a t u b u h m a n u s ia M a r ila h k it
: a m e lih a t c o n t o h d a r i
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s a n a k it a
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( ) m e r u p a k a n u r u t a n s in t a
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g m a t is s e t ia p b a g ia n
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y m e r u p a k a n s in t a m
g e K e s e lu r u h a n u r u t a n it u

E lé m e
n ts d e
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s (p e , n e r b it s e u il) B u k u it u
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 M e m a n da n g Fe n o m e n a B u d a ya d e n ga n Ka c a m a ta Se m io tik 27

"
D e r r id a

M k a y a n g b e la ja r fils a fa t p a d a u m u m n y a m e n g e n a l
e re

n am a
D e r r id a Ia d ik e n a l d e n g a n t e o r in y a te n t a n g d e k o n s t r u k s i

(1 9 6 7 ) S a y a s e n g a ja m e n g a m b il t o k o h D e r r id a u n t u k m e n c o b a
m en em p a tk a n n y a d a ta m ko n t e k s s e m io t ik d a n m e n c o b a m e lih a t

j h
se a u m a n a p a k a n t e o r i s e m io t ik D e r r id a
t e o r in y a it u m e ru

m e m ba n gu n
t e o r in y a t e n t a n g fils a fa t b a h a s a d e n g a n b e r t o la k

d a r i k r it ik t e r h a d a p p e m ik ir a n fils a fa t b a h a s a H u s s e r l H u s s e r l
m e n c a r ib a h a s a y a n g s e e n a r n y a ( r u e ) e n g a n m e n g e e n g a
b t d "
t h ka n "

p e m ik ir a n ba hw a s e t ia p p e n gu n gka p a n (e x p r e s s io n ) a d a la h
s e s u a tu g d iin g in k a n (w
n ille d ) d a n d im a k s u d k a n (in t e n d e d )
ya
o le h p e n g u n g k a p n y a S e p e r t i y a n g
d iu la s o le h H a r la n d (1 9 8 7 : 1 2 6 )
"
M e a n in g th u s u n d e r s to o d is n o t ju s t m e a n in g in t h e s e n s e th a t w o r d s

\a d i
"

m e a n b u t in t h e s e n s e t h a t s o m e o n e m e a n s
th e m to m ea n ,
,

m a kn a a d a la h se su a tu y a n g d im a ks u d ka le h p e m b e r i m a k n a
n o

N am u n haru s d ic a t a t b a h w a p e m be rim a k n a a d a la h p e n g ir im da n
,

e r im a H u sse r l m e n e m p a tk a n s u m b e r b a h a s a p a d a m a n u s ia
pen
b e r b a h a s a a d a la h Su (V o h / V o ic e )
" "

p e n g h a s iln y a B a g in y a s u m
a ra

D e r r id a m e m b a n g u n t e y a d e n g a n a r g u m e n y a n g b e r to la k
o r in

b e la k a n g d e n g a n p e m ik ir a n H u s s e r l y a n g d is e b u t k a n s e b e lu m n y a
B a g i D e r r id a b a h a s a b e r s ifa t m e m e n u h i d ir in y a s e n d ir i (s e lf
-

c ie t d a n b a h k a n t e r b e b a s d a r i m a n u s ia Jik a
H u s s e r l m e lih a t
su ø n )
y a k n i d a r i d a ta m d ir i a n u s ia
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ba ha sa be be da ri Su
"
rs u m r a ra m ,

m a n u s ia s e b a lik n y a D e r r id a m e lih a t b a h a s a
be rsu m be r p a da
,

T u lis a n (Éc r it u r e / W r it in g ) M e n u r u t D e n id a , t u lis a n a d a la h

" "

b a h a s a y a n g s e c a r a m a k s im a l m e m e n u h i d ir in y a s e n d ir i k a r e n a
tu lis a n m e n g u a s a i r u a n g s e c a r a m a k s im a l p u la S e b a g a i b a h a s a ,
t u lis a n t id a k t e r d a a t d i d a ta m p ik ir a n m a n u s ia a t a u d i d a ta m
p
li n te r le p a s
g o m b a n g u d a r a , te ta p i k o n k r e t d i a t a s h a la m a n T u s a
e l
d a r i p e n u lis n a b e it u b e r a d a d i r u a n g h a la m a n , s e d a n g k a n k e tik a
y g
d ib a c a t u lis a n la n s u n b e r k a it a n d a n t e r b u k a u n t u k d ip a h a m í
, g g
l e/ of
P e m b a c a n y a Ja d i b a h a s a y a n g s e b e n a r n y a (t h e t r u e e v
,

la n g u a e a d l h
g ) a a t u lİ s a n b u k a n s u a r a ,

B a g ia n la in d a r i t e o r in a a d a la h t e n t a n g t a n d a b a h a s a
dan
y
da
P e m a k n a a n n y a Ia m e n o la k e m ik ir a n t e n t a n g p e m a k n a a n t a n
p
i
y a n g s e la m a in i d i a n d a n s e a k a n a k a n b e r la n g s u n g s e c a r a m u r n
p g
ıs
B a g ia n in i S b 15 17 )
e a 8 la n b e s a r d ik u t ip d a r i H o e d (2 0 0 3

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M em a n da n g Fo no m e na B u d a ya d e n g a n K a c a m a ta S e m lo llk 29

(p e ta n d a ) u n tu k m em pe r o le h m a l« n a la in
K ita a ta u m a k n a b a r u
k e ta h u l b a h w a k a ry a s a s t r a tld a
h a n y a m e m lllk l s a t u m a k n a
k
,

Ju s tr u d i s in i te o r i d e k o n s tr u k s i b e r ]a l« u k a r e n a p e m b a c a s a s tr a
m e m p u n y a i k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k m e m a h a m l te k
s y a n g d lb a c a n y a
s e s u a i d e n g a n h a s il d e k o n s t r u k s in a M e to d
y e d e k o n s tr u k s i a n
y g
b e r s ifa t k e ta t d a p a t m e n in g k a t k a n n ila l k r itik
s a s tr a D e n g a n
d e ın ik ia n p e m a k n a a n s e c a r a s ta tis m e la lu i d
,
lw r e n c e (d e S a u s s u r e ) ı

o le h D e r r id a d ik e m b a n g k a n m e n a d i c a r a
j p e m a k n a a n y a n g d in a m is
m e la lu i dijqirance P r o s e s d e k o n s tr u k s i in i
m e n u r u t D e r r id a b e r s ifa t
ta k te r b a ta s

.
D a r i a pa ya n g d ik e m
a ta s u ka ka di
k it a m e lih a t d u a h a l
n
,

p e n t in g g p Ya n
a a d l
a a h p r o s e s d e k o n s tr u k s i b
e r ta m
e r k a it a n
de n ga n u n su r p e n a n da da n
p e t a n d a s e h in g g a s e b e n a r n y a s e c a r a
im p lis it D e r r id a m a s ih m e n a k u i b a h w a ta d
g n a t e r d ir i d a r i p e n a n d a
d a n p e t a n d a In i b e r a r t i b a h w a ia m a ih
s m e n g g u n a k a n k a id a h
s t r u k t u r a lis y a n g m e lih a t t a n d a s e b
a g a i s u a tu y a n
g t e r s t r u k tu r
T e o r in y a t e t a p s t r u k t u r a lis d a n d ik t
o o m is Y a n g k e d u a a d a la h
a n gga p a n n y a b a h w a b a h a s a b a c a : t
( a n d a )d a p a t b e r k e m b a n
g s e n d ir i
ta n p a b e r g a n t u n d
g p a a m a n u s ia a d a la h t id a k b e n a r k a r e n a a n
y g
m e la k u k a n d e k o n s t r u k s i a d a la h
m a n u s ia ju g a N a m u n b is a u a k it
j g a ,
ta fs ir k a r b a h w a d k
p s e s e o n s tr u k s i in i m e r u p a k a n m e t o d e u n t u k
r o
m e m a h a m ĺ s e b u a h te k s s e
c a r a le b ih m a n d ir i t a n
p a d id o m in a s i
p e m ik ir a n y a n g s u d a h t e r ta n a m d a ta m m a s a r a k a t D t
y a a m h a l in i,
m e to d e d e k o n s tr u k s i d a D
p a t i g u n a k a n u n tu k m e n d e k o n s tr u k s i
m it o s (d a r i B a r t h e s
)
M e to d e d e k o n s t r u k s i m e m a
g p e n t in g b a g i p e n e lit i t e k s
n
(k h u ysu sn a k r it ik
s a s t r a ) y a n g t id a k in
'
g in t e r k u n g k u n g o le h
P r in i
s p p r in s i
p s u p R A in d iv id u a l d a n in g in m e n g e m b a n g k a n
"

"
o t o n o m i in v id
u a l s e p e r t i d ik e m u k a k a n o le h E c o
"

1 9 9 0 : 4 0 17 ( )
a ga r m e la h ir k a
pem n b a ru
n ik ir a
D e k o n s tr u k s i m e n d o r o n
g
P e m ik ir a n k r it is d a n jik a d ila k u k a n d e n
g a n m e to d e y a n g c e r m a t
d a p a t m e m b ik
e r a n h a s il a n a lis is y a n g a n d a l s e b e n a r n a m e t o d e
y
d e k o n s tr u k i i
n i a p a b ila d it e r a k a n
s , p p a d a k r it ik te k s , d a p a t d im u ıai
d e n ga n m e
n e r a p k a n m e to d e
p e m a k n a a n s e c a r a k o n o ta tif d u lu A k a n
te ta i d t
p a a m m e to d e d e k
,
o n s tm k s i k it a h a r u s m e la k u k a n p e m a k n a a n

"

Ż
kn o w ers a
n d t h is c o m
su
,

p r a . In d iv id u a l r in c i l "
p
m v m u st be s tr u c t u r e d a n d d is c ip lin e d in a cco rd a n ce w ith
p es

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:

32 翻 画 科 腦 調
― ― = 國 a = s魯 e ai 浏 瑁
ー に * 佷 ダ

l j{il{ltTl k e u o h r (ın
(lrım h u r 2 , ] S e rn l{i» # I
・

tıi y łï n g íiï ï n
f# l+ n ￠l l» P ıı } ÞM t # ll »
'
łk ílï
ıtıe w ￠
S e ï u a tu +

m e m a r le h a m
Ja r i p lłt{a h
a lö r # l k u jlt
ru a m ĺ l u jll m e Fa h )
íal«lt fill
r a d a n g te n g g ￠tr ctk

(!]ll«u tlp /d lle r ïe m h k łn

«ł d u r f U u rte # l & Į tg r r o n 1 9 9 9 )

j)a la m te o r i # e m lo tlk m o d e r n y a n g d lk e r rıu k a k a n P e ir c e dä n

, m o
p e n e r u ￠n y iı d e l d l a & isi m a # jb m e m b e l«a § M o d e l s e m lu # ls ya n g
,

d n e r u p a k a n p e n y e m w n a a n d a rl
m e n ja d l d a ñ a r p e m a k n a a n ta n a ı

m o d e l d l a ta l S e m lo « l# m e n g lk u tl tlfga ta a p (
,
h b u k a n d u a s e p e r ti
m o d e l M a ta l ) a k n \ r ￠p r e ï e n t41 m e n C * e ï u a tu ı + o b je k ľ % u a lu
'

y
,

/}ıle r p ï e tu n ľ p r o §e # p e n a fs tr a n )
P
a n u « ja )+
H
d l d a ta m k øg n lf l m ,

P e ir c e Ju g a m e n g e m u k Ą k ź ın b a h w a p r o # e ï # e rn lo # l# p a d a d a s a r n ya
t ld a k ĺ e r b a ta ï (ï e p e r tl Ju l￠a p r n ï e li d e k o n s tr u k ￡l D e r r ld a ) Ja
dj ・

In te r p r e ta n d a p a t b e r u b a h m e n ja d l r e p r e « e n ta m e n b a r u y a ￠ıg
k e m u d la n b e r p r o ï e lĺ m e n g lk u tlJw m lu « ls Jw m r a ta k te r b a u ￡i D a ta m ,

k a da r
p r o ï e ￠Jtu , r e p r e w n ta m e n b e n iıd a d l d a ta m k {w lï l, a e d a n d ca n
p e n a fiķ lr a n m a ld n la m a m ￠n ja d j m a k in tln g ø ・

k
fle r k źılt a n d e n w n s e m lo tlk p e lr e e In l, a d a c o n to h m e n a ń
ka n
m e n g e n a l e r o tliķm e ? n p o r n \ 《n K e tlk a pomúwiull 出榜c a r a
,

k
d l k a la n g a n te r b a ta iĺ a u u d a ta m p e m b lc a n *a n « e h a r l h a r i, tM a -

ka rı
a d a ï e ï u a tu y a n g p e n tln g te r fa d l N a m u n , s a a t k a ta ltu d lb lc a r a
《lllg
.

d a t a m k a lt a n d e n n s e b u a h r a n c a n \ n u n d a n g u n d a ir g ( -

b ft. j*
l
te fja d lla h p o le f n lk A p a ta g m # la h ï r fca ta b a r u p Q m r) u

y a n g p o m o g ra w ) M e n \ p a ?
M a r la h 切切 加fc a 目 k a n d u lu 妇 ta 胡 曾 め m 穆卢 n g m 救◆四 角g 和 舛
,

d \ \ n d e n l￠ lın plimogr«lìĺ e r û tlï m e b a l a \ ? r l k a ta

Yona
,

du PO '
Dał
ambapriı
ndsrt»tł
smepunya m a k m r
'
r o tıv w
ł
'
dM °
n (d ld iı* m f o k h llb ł
d o ) I￠
a ta ï lb ld o fr y a l m a
kn a
. n u n n \

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 M e m a n da n g Fe no m e na B u da ya de n g a n Ka c a m a ta S e m lo tik 37

a ta n d a ) d a n y a n g k e d u a a d a la h s e m io t ik s ig n ifik a s i ( a n
。

p e n e r im
。

国
,
y g
飞 m em o f k u s k a n p e r h a t ia n p a d a p r o d u k s i ta n d a n y a s e n d ir i) D a ta m

s e m io t ik k o m u n
ik i
a s y a n g m e n ja d i p u s a t
p e r h a t ia n a d a la h te o r i
te n ta n g s is te m (k o d e ) s e b a g a i a la t k o m u n ik a s i s e d a n g k a n
ta n da
雪 io tik s ig n ifik a s i y a n g m e n ja d i fo k u s a d a la h t e o r i p r o d u k s i
,

d a ta m sem
翌
、
da n pe m a kn a a n ta n da K hu su s u n tu k y a ng t e r a k h ir in i E c o ,

m e n g e m u k a k a n t e o r in y a b a h w a d a ta m m em a k n a i ta n d a p e n e r im a ,

s e b e n a r n y a m e m p r o d u k s i Ta n d a b a r u (1 9 7 9 b )
D a ta m e la ku ka lis is k ita t e r le b ih d u lu
m n a n a , m en g k a ji s a t u a n
s a tu a n a n a lis is s e ca ra t e r p is a h In i d is e b u t a n a lis is m ik r o s e m io t ik
Kem u d ia n k ita m e n in g k a t k e a n a lis is y a n g m e n g g a b u n g k a n s e m u a

h a s il a n a lis is m ik r o s e m io t ik u n t u k m e n g h a s ilk a n k e s im p u la n
ya n g
m en y e lu r u h In i d is e b u t a n a lis is m a k r o s e m io E k (D a n es ida n P e rro n

19 9 9 : 2 9 3T 3 0 7)
N am u n , ya n g p e r lu k it a k e t a h u i d a ta m Te o r i s e m io t ik Y a n g
d ik e m u ka ka n E c o a d a la h b a h w a t a n d a m e ru pa ka n s e bu a h
sa tu a n k u lt u ra l Te o r i te n t a n g s is t e m t a n d a y a n g m e n ja d i fo k u s

sem io tik k o m u n ik a s i m e lih a t se tia p ta n da (s e m io tic o b je c t) b u k a n

se ka da r seba
g a i s a t u a n s e m a n tis , m e la in k a n s e b a g a i b a g ia n d a r i
interconnected c u lt u r a l u n its Ja d i, t a n d a d i d a ta m s u a t u s is t e m '

m e ru pa ka n su a tu m a kn a ya n g d id a s a r i k o n v e n s i d i a n tä r a w a r g a
su a tu m a sy a ra ka t D a ta m te o r i s e m io t ik y a n g d ik e m b a n g k a n d a r i
te o r i P e ir c e J D a n e s i d a n P e r r o n (1 9 9 9 : 6 7 7 2 )m en y e b u tk a n p r o ses
in \ s e b a g a \ t h e "
s ig n qy in g o rde ť ı

T e o r i te n ta n g p r o d u k s i d a n p e m a kn a a n d a y a n g m e n ja d i
ta n
d a s a r b a g i s e m io t ik s i n ifik a s i m e r u a k a n k r itik te r h a d a p t r ik o to m i
g p
a la P e ir c e D a ta m te o r i r o d u k s i ta n d a E c o m e m b e r ik a n u r a ia n
p yan g ,

s a n g a t te r e r in c i d a n k o m
p p le k s te n ta n g tip o lo g in y a P a d a d a s a r n y a ,

P r o d u k s i ta n d a m e r u p a k a n s u ä t u t in d a k a n fis ik (p fiy s ic a l la b o r )
D i s in i k ita m e lih a t a d a u
n s u r p r a g m a t is n ie p e ir c e S e la n ju tn y a , ia
m e n ge m u ka ka n b h
a w a u p a y a Ħs ik it u t e r d ir i d a r i e m p a t je n is , y a k n i
re co n it io n
g (p e n g e n a la n ta n d a m e la lu i in p r in ts s y m p to m s d a n , ,

c lu e s ) o s te n s io n (p e n u n ju k a n d e n g a n c a r a m e m p e r lih a tk a n c o n to h
, ,

P e c o n to h d a n
p e c o n t o h fik t if) r e p lic a (s e c a r a v e k t o r a ı d e n g a n
,
, ,

s t ilis a s i d
a n g a b u n a n k e d u a n a a t a u s t im u li y a n g t e r p r o g r a m )
,
g y ,
d a n in v e n i
t o n (ta n d a a n
y g d ic ip ta k a n d e n g a n s t im u li te r p r o g r a m ,
ko n r u e
g n s i p ro e ks i d a n fik i
y , g r a fts ) p a d a k e n y a ta a n n y a k la s i a s
, ,
E C o le b ih
k o m p le k s la i (lih a t E c o 1 9 7 9 a : 2 1 7 3 1 3 )
g

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