"The entire army of Eumenes consisted of thirty-five thousand foot soldiers, sixty-one hundred horsemen, and one hundred

and fourteen
elephants." - Diodorus XIX.28.4

Of the 35,000 foot, some of which were light troops accompanying the elephants, 17,000 are listed as phalangites and
the remainder are simply not listed. We can surmise a combination of light troops, peltasts and maybe even some
local tribal types similar to those in Diodorus XIX.16.3

"Including reinforcements brought by Pithon and Seleucus, Antigonus had in all more than twenty-eight thousand foot soldiers, eight
thousand five hundred horsemen,5 and sixty-five elephants." - idem IX.29.1

"Of his infantry, more than nine thousand mercenaries were placed first, next to them three thousand Lycians and Pamphylians, then more
than eight thousand mixed troops in Macedonian equipment, and finally the nearly eight thousand Macedonians, whom Antipater had given
him at the time when he was appointed regent of the kingdom." - idem XIX.29.3

From the placement of Antigonus' troops it does look as if all his infantry were phalangites. However ...

... we may note that the Lycians and Pamphylians are listed separately from the 'more than eight thousand mixed
troops in Macedonian equipment', and if 'Macedonian equipment' denotes phalangites, it suggests the Lycians and
Pamphylians, highland peoples, may well have been peltast types rather than phalangites. 'Mercenaries' would include
Cretans and similar missilemen, who were an integral component of any Macedonian army but are otherwise
inexplicably missing. When Antigonus is fighting the Cossaeans in XIX.19, "he selected the finest of the peltasts and divided the
bowmen, the slingers, and the other light-armed troops into two bodies," which demonstrates the existence in his army of these
troop types.

We can thus probably reduce Antigonus' phalanx by the 3,000 Lycians and Pamphylians and an indeterminate number
of peltasts and other light troops. The question of how many mercenaries - if any - were phalangites is harder to
resolve, but they are listed separately from the troops 'in Macedonian equipment' and my inclination would be to
assume that the Lycians, Pamphylians and perhaps one third of the mercenaries were peltasts and that the remaining
mercenaries were missile/light troops. This would give Antigonus, like Eumenes, an almost equal ratio of non-
phalangite infantry to phalangite infantry.

This would result in infantry contingents as follows:

Eumenes: 17,000 phalangites, 18,000 lighter infantry types.

Antigonus: 16,000 phalangites, 12,000 lighter infantry types.

Result: the phalanx contingents, probably still 8 deep Alexandrian fashion, each occupy an approximately 1,000 yard
frontage when closed up for action and Eumenes' phalanx has a slight (about 60 yard) overlap.

Eumenes:
"On his left wing Eumenes stationed Eudamus, who had brought the elephants from India, with his squadron of one hundred and fifty
horsemen, and as an advance guard for them two troops of selected mounted lancers with a strength of fifty horsemen. He placed them in
contact with the higher land of the base of the hill, and next to them he put Stasander, the general, who had his own cavalry to the number of
nine hundred and fifty. After them he stationed Amphimachus, the satrap of Mesopotamia, whom six hundred horsemen followed, and in
contact with these were the six hundred horsemen from Arachosia, whose leader formerly had been Sibyrtius, but, because of the latter's
flight, Cephalon had assumed command of them. Next were five hundred from Paropanisadae and an equal number of Thracians from the
colonies of the upper country. In front of all these he drew up forty-five elephants in a curved line with a suitable number of bowmen and
slingers in the spaces between the animals ..." - Diodorus XIX.27.2-5
"In front of the whole phalanx he placed forty elephants, filling the spaces between them with light armed soldiers. On the right wing he
stationed cavalry: next to the phalanx, eight hundred from Carmania led by the satrap Tlepolemus, then the nine hundred called the
Companions and the squadron of Peucestes and Antigenes, which contained three hundred horsemen arranged in a single unit. At the outer
end of the wing was Eumenes' squadron with the same number of horsemen, and as an advance-guard for them two troops of Eumenes'
slaves, each composed of fifty mounted men, while at an angle beyond the end of the wing and guarding it were four troops, in which there
were two hundred selected horsemen. In addition to these, three hundred men selected from all the cavalry commands for swiftness and
strength were stationed by Eumenes behind his own squadron. Along the whole of the wing he drew up forty elephants." - idem XI.28.2-4
This gives us:
150 heavy cavalry with Eudamus (1)
100 possibly light cavalry (2x50) X
950 unspecified cavalry with Stasander [probably heavy, Macedonian-style] (3)
600 unspecified cavalry with Amphimachus [ditto] (2)
600 Arachosian cavalry under Cephalon [probably light, with javelins] (2)
500 Parapomisdae cavalry [probably light, with javelins] (2)
500 Thracians, presumably cavalry. [probably dual capability, light and heavy] (1)
Eumenes' left wing cavalry total: 3,400 (11)
Plus
800 Carmanian cavalry with Tlepolemus [perhaps dual capability, heavy and light] (3)
900 Companions (we know what these are) (3)
300 Macedonian cavalry (squadrons of Peucestes and Antigenes, heavy) (1)
300 heavy cavalry with Eumenes (1)
100 additional cavalry, perhaps light (2x50) X
200 selected horsemen perhaps light (4x50) X
300 cavalry selected 'for strength and swiftness' [count as fast heavy] (1)
Eumenes' right wing cavalry total: 2,900 (9)

Antigonus:
"On this wing he stationed the mounted archers and lancers from Media and Parthia, a thousand in number, men well trained in the execution
of the wheeling movement; and next he placed the twenty-two hundred Tarentines who had come up with him from the sea, men selected for
their skill in ambushing, and very well disposed to himself, the thousand cavalry from Phrygia and Lydia, the fifteen hundred with Pithon, the
four hundred lancers with Lysanias, and in addition to all these, the cavalry who are called the "two-horse men," and the eight hundred
cavalry from the colonists established in the upper country. The left wing was made up of these cavalrymen, all of whom were under the
command of Pithon." - idem XIX.29.2-3
"The first of the horsemen on the right wing adjacent to the phalanx were five hundred mercenaries of mixed origin, then a thousand
Thracians, five hundred from the allies, and next to them the thousand known as the Companions with Antigonus' son Demetrius as
commander, now about to fight in company with his father for the first time. At the outer end of the wing was the squadron of three hundred
horsemen with whom Antigonus himself was entering the battle. As an advance guard for these there were three troops from his own slaves,
and parallel to them were as many units reinforced by a hundred Tarentines." - idem XIX.29.4-5
We get:
1,000 mounted archers (3)
2,200 Tarentines (1)
1,000 Phrygian and Lydian cavalry [heavy, perhaps now using lance] (3)
1,500 unspecified cavalry with Pithon (5)
400 'lancers' with Lysanias (1)
an unspecified number of 'two-horse men' (1)
600 colonist cavalry [heavy] (2)
Antigonus' left wing cavalry total: 6,700 (4700) plus the 'two-horse men' (100) (16)
plus
500 mixed mercenaries [probably light] (2)
1,000 Thracians [probably dual capability] (3)
500 allied cavalry [probably heavy-ish] (2)
1,000 Companions with Demetrius (3)
300 'ile basilike' with Antigonus (1)
3+3 troops of slaves [assume 6x50 light cavalry] (1)
100 Tarentines X
Antigonus' right wing cavalry total: 3,700 (if the 'troops' of slaves were the same size as Eumenes') (12)

Diodorus or his copyist may have engaged in some double counting here, as he gives Antigonus' overall cavalry strength as 8,500 rather than
the 10,400 implied by adding up the contingents (and this is without the 'two horse men'). Eumenes' total of 6,100 is close enough to the sum
total of 6,300, but Antigonus' total is about 2,000 out.

Quick Fix: Tarentines were usually few in number. Assume the 2,200 Tarentines on Antigonus' left are meant to be only 200. Add in a
further 100 'two-horse men' and the numbers work out. (This is an assumption to allow us to arrive at a usable OB rather than the final word
on the subject.)

Second Quick Fix: Eumenes has two lots of selected horsemen. Assume Diodorus got confused and there was in fact just the one, the
300. Removing the possibly inserted additional 200 selected horsemen brings Eumenes' sum total to the 6,100 of Diodorus' overall figure.
Including reinforcements brought by Pithon and Seleucus, Antigonus had in all more than twenty-eight thousand
foot soldiers, eight thousand five hundred horsemen, and sixty-five elephants. The generals employed different
53

formations in drawing up the armies, vying with each other in regard to their competence in tactical skill as well.
2 On his left wing Eumenes stationed Eudamus, who had brought the elephants from India, with his squadron of
one hundred and fifty horsemen, and as an advance guard for them two troops of selected mounted lancers with
a strength of fifty horsemen. 3 He placed them in contact with the higher land of the base of the hill, and next to
54

them he put Stasander, the general, who had his own cavalry to the number of nine hundred and fifty. 4 After them
he stationed Amphimachus, the satrap of Mesopotamia, whom six hundred horsemen followed, and in contact
with these were the six hundred horsemen from Arachosia, whose leader formerly had been Sibyrtius, but,
because of the latter's flight, Cephalon had assumed command of them. 5 Next were five hundred from
Paropanisadae p305 and an equal number of Thracians from the colonies of the upper country. In front of all these
he drew up forty-five elephants in a curved line with a suitable number of bowmen and slingers in the spaces
between the animals. 6 When Eumenes had made the left wing strong in this way, he placed the phalanx beside it.
The outer end of this consisted of the mercenaries, who numbered more than six thousand; next were about five
thousand men who had been equipped in the Macedonian fashion although they were of all races.

28 1 After them he drew up the Macedonian Silver Shields, more than three thousand in number, undefeated
troops, the fame of whose exploits caused much fear among the enemy, and finally the men from the hypaspists, 55

more than three thousand, with Antigenes and Teutamus leading both them and the Silver Shields. 2 In front of
the whole phalanx he placed forty elephants, filling the spaces between them with light armed soldiers. 3 On the
right wing he stationed cavalry: next to the phalanx, eight hundred from Carmania led by the satrap Tlepolemus,
then the nine hundred called the Companions and the squadron of Peucestes and Antigenes, which contained
three hundred horsemen arranged in a single unit. At the outer end of the wing was Eumenes' squadron with the
same number of horsemen, and as an advance-guard for them two troops of Eumenes' slaves, each composed of
fifty mounted men, while at p307 an angle beyond the end of the wing and guarding it were four troops, in which
there were two hundred selected horsemen. 4 In addition to these, three hundred men selected from all the cavalry
commands for swiftness and strength were stationed by Eumenes behind his own squadron. Along the whole of
the wing he drew up forty elephants. The entire army of Eumenes consisted of thirty-five thousand foot soldiers,
sixty-one hundred horsemen, and one hundred and fourteen elephants. 56

29 1 As Antigonus looked down from a high position, he saw the battle line of his enemy and disposed his own
army accordingly. Seeing that the right wing of the enemy had been strengthened with the elephants and the
strongest of the cavalry, he arrayed against it the lightest of his horsemen, who, drawn up in open order, were to
avoid a frontal action but maintain a battle of wheeling tactics and in this way thwart that part of the enemies'
forces in which they had the greatest confidence. 2 On this wing he stationed the mounted archers and lancers
from Media and Parthia, a thousand in number, men well trained in the execution of the wheeling movement; and
next he placed the twenty-two hundred Tarentines who had come up with him from the sea, men selected for
57

their skill in ambushing, and very well disposed to p309 himself, the thousand cavalry from Phrygia and Lydia, the
fifteen hundred with Pithon, the four hundred lancers with Lysanias, and in addition to all these, the cavalry who
are called the "two-horse men," and the eight hundred cavalry from the colonists established in the upper
58

country. 3 The left wing was made up of these cavalrymen, all of whom were under the command of Pithon. Of the
infantry, more than nine thousand mercenaries were placed first, next to them three thousand Lycians and
Pamphylians, then more than eight thousand mixed troops in Macedonian equipment, and finally the nearly eight
thousand Macedonians, whom Antipater had given him at the time when he was appointed regent of the kingdom.
4 The first of the horsemen on the right wing adjacent to the phalanx were five hundred mercenaries of mixed
origin, then a thousand Thracians, five hundred from the allies, and next to them the thousand known as the
Companions with Antigonus' son Demetrius as commander, now about to fight in company with his father for the
first time. 5 At the outer end of the wing was the squadron of three hundred horsemen with whom Antigonus
himself was entering the battle. As an advance guard for these there were three troops from his own slaves, and
parallel to them were as many units reinforced by a hundred Tarentines. 6 Along the whole wing he p311 drew
59

up the strongest thirty of the elephants, making a curved line, and he filled the interval between them with selected
light armed men. Most of the other elephants he placed before the phalanx, but a few were with the cavalry on the
left wing. 7 When he had drawn up the army in this fashion, he advanced down the hill against the enemy keeping
an oblique front, for he thrust forward the right wing, in which he had most confidence, and held the left back,
having determined to avoid battle with the one and to decide the contest with the other.

30 1 When the armies were close to each other and the signal had been raised in each of them, the troops shouted
the battle-cry alternately several times and the trumpeters gave the signal for battle. First Pithon's cavalry, who
had no stability or any advance-guard worth mentioning yet were superior to those arrayed against them in
numbers and in mobility, began trying to make use of their own advantages. 2 They did not consider it safe to make
a frontal attack against elephants, yet by riding out around the wing and making an attack on the flanks, they kept
inflicting wounds with repeated flights of arrows, suffering no harm themselves because of their mobility but
causing great damage to the beasts, which because of their weight could neither pursue nor retire when the
occasion demanded. 3 When Eumenes, however, observed that the wing was hard pressed by the multitude of
mounted archers, he summoned the most lightly equipped of his cavalry from Eudamus, who had the left wing.
4 Leading the whole squadron in a flanking movement, he made an attack upon his p313 opponents with light
armed soldiers and the most lightly equipped of the cavalry. Since the elephants also followed, he easily routed
the forces of Pithon, and pursued them to the foothills. 5 At the same time that this was going on, it so happened
that the infantry for a considerable time had been engaged in a battle of phalanxes, but finally, after many had
fallen on both sides, Eumenes' men were victorious because of the valour of the Macedonian Silver Shields. 6 These
warriors were already well on in years, but because of the great number of battles they had fought they were
60

outstanding in hardihood and skill, so that no one confronting them was able to withstand their might. Therefore,
although there were then only three thousand of them, they had become, so to speak, the spearhead of the whole
army.

7 Although Antigonus saw that his own left wing had been put to flight and that the entire phalanx had been
defeated, he did not heed those who advised him to retire to the mountains and furnish a rallying point for those
who escaped from the rout, while keeping the part of the army under his immediate command an unbroken unit;
but rather, by cleverly taking advantage of the opportunities offered by the situation, he both saved the fugitives
and gained the victory. 8 For as soon as Eumenes' Silver Shields and the remaining body of his infantry had routed
those who opposed them, they pursued them as far as the nearer hills; 9 but Antigonus, now that a break was thus
caused in the line of his enemy, charged through with a detachment of cavalry, striking on the flank the troops
who had been stationed with Eudamus on p315 the left wing. 10 Because the attack was unexpected, he quickly put
to flight those who faced him, destroying many of them; then he sent out the swiftest of his mounted men and by
means of them he assembled those of his soldiers who were fleeing and once more formed them into a line along
the foothills. As soon as Eumenes learned of the defeat of his own soldiers he recalled the pursuers by a trumpet
signal, for he was eager to aid Eudamus.

31 1 Although it was already lamp-lighting time, both rallied their fleeing troops and began to put their entire
forces in battle or once more, such zeal for victory filled not only the generals but also the mass of the contestants.
2 Since the night was clear and lighted by a full moon and the armies were forming parallel to each other at a
distance of about four plethra, the clatter of arms and the snorting of the horses seemed close at hand to all the
61

contestants. But as they were moving from column into line, being distant about thirty stades from those who
62

had fallen in the battle, the hour of midnight overtook them, and both armies were so exhausted by marching, by
their suffering in the battle, and by lack of food, 3 that they were forced to give up the battle and go into camp.
Eumenes undertook to march back to the dead, desiring to control the disposal of the bodies and to put his claim
to victory beyond dispute. When, however, the soldiers would not listen to him, insisting with shouts that they
return to their own baggage train, which was some distance away, he was forced to yield to the majority; 4 for he
63

was not able to p317 punish the soldiers severely when there were many who disputed his right to command, and
he saw that the time was not suitable for chastising those who disobeyed. On the other hand, Antigonus, who
firmly held the command without need of courting popular favour, forced his army to make camp by the bodies;
and since he gained control of their burial, he claimed the victory, declaring that to possess the fallen is to be
victorious in battle. 5 In this battle three thousand seven hundred foot and fifty-four horse from the army of
64

Antigonus were slain and more than four thousand men were wounded; five hundred and forty of Eumenes'
infantry and very few of his cavalry fell, and the wounded were more than nine hundred.