REINFORCED CONCRETE

VOL. I
[ ELEME NTRY R E INFO R CE D C O NC R ETE ]

By
Dr. H. J. Shah

Edition : Eight Revised and Enlarged Edition: 2009

ISBN : 978 - 93 - 80358 - 00 - 0
Size : 170 mm × 240 mm
Binding : Paperback with Four color Jacket Cover
Pages : 928 + 20 Rs. 280.00
Charotar

About the book CONTENT

This Volume I elucidates the basic principles involved in the analysis and design of Elementary 1 : INTRODUCTION
Reinforced Concrete Structures. The book begins with an introduction to concrete technology 2 : PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
and continues with chapters on design of beams, slabs, columns, foundations, retaining 3 : STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
walls, etc. These chapters are based on the Limit State Method following latest revision of IS 4 : DESIGN FOR FLEXURE : FUNDAMENTALS
: 456-2000. A few computer programmes to design a section for flexure are introduced. It also 5 : DESIGN FOR FLEXURE :
includes chapters on form work and detailing of reinforcements. Since concrete having minimum WORKING STRESS METHOD
grade M 20 has been accepted as structural concrete by the code, it became necessary to 6 : LIMIT STATE METHOD
revise almost all the examples of previous edition. The text matter also has been revised 7 : SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
and enlarged to incorporate a few revised and newly added clauses. The subject matter is 8 : DEFLECTION AND CRACKING
abundantly illustrated with numerous figures and solved examples. The exercises are provided 9 : SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CANTILEVER BEAMS
for further training in the subject. 10 : SIMPLE SUPPORTED AND CANTILEVER SLABS
11 : CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS
* Simple, lucid and easy language 12 : TORSION
* Step-by-step treatment 13 : STAIRS
* Exposition to practical problems 14 : LOAD CALCULATIONS - 1
This book in its 24 chapters now contains: 15 : SIMPLE DESIGNS
16 : FRAMED BEAMS
* 500 Self explanatory and neat diagrams with excellent detailing 17 : COLUMNS
* 228 Fully-solved examples 18 : DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS :
* 257 Unsolved examples with answers and questions at the end of chapters FUNDAMENTALS
* 150 Useful tables 19 : ISOLATED FOOTINGS
* 9 Computer programmes 20 : COMBINED FOOTINSS
* 235 Short questions with answers is given in 21 : PILE FOUNDATIONS
22 : RETAINING WALLS
APPENDIX A. 23 : FORM WORK
It is hoped that the book should be extremely useful to the Civil Engineering and Architecture 24 : DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT
students preparing for Degree Examinations of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Examinations APPENDICIES
conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses, as well as for the APPENDIX A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E. and other similar competitive and professional Examinations. APPENDIX B USEFUL TABLES

Checklist
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 2
Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION Chapter 3 : STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
1-1 Structural design — Role of a structural engineer General
1-2 Reinforced concrete 3-1 Proportioning of ingredients
1-3 Structural elements (1) Design mix concrete
(1) Slabs (3) Columns (2) Nominal mix concrete
(2) Beaams (4) Foundations 3-2 Measurement of materials
1-4 Loads on structure (1) Mass-batching (2) Volume-batching
(1) Dead loads (4) Wind loads 3-3 Mixing and placing of concrete
(2) Live loads (5) Earthquake loads 3-4 Compaction
(3) Impact loads (6) Longitudinal loads 3-5 Curing
1-5 Ductility versus brittleness (1) Moist curing (3) Steam curing
1-6 Strength and serviceability (2) Membrane curing
1-7 Methods of design 3-6 Formwork for R.C.C. members
(1) Working stress method (2) Limit state method 3-7 Workability
1-8 Codes of practice (1) Slump test (3) Vee-Bee test
1-9 Adaptation of SI units (2) Compacting factor test
Questions 3-8 Factors influencing workability
Chapter 2 : PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 3-9 Strength of concrete and water-cement ratio
2-1 Constituents of concrete Cement (1) Compaction (4) Fatigue and impact
2-2 General (2) Curing (5) Age
2-3 Manufacture of Portland cement (3) Fineness of aggregate
2-4 Basic chemistry of cement 3-10 Compressive strength of concrete
(1) Object (4) Capping
2-5 Chemical properties of cement:BIS requirements
(2) Equipments (5) Testing
2-6 Hydration of cement
(3) Preparation (6) Results
2-7 Types of cement
3-11 Tensile strength of concrete
2-8 Selection of cement for production of concrete
(1) Split cylinder test
2-9 Tests for cement
(2) Standard beam test-modulus of rupture test
2-10 Fineness test
3-12 Non-destructive tests
2-11 Consistency of standard cement paste Procedure (1) Rebound hardness test (2) Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
2-12 Test for setting times, Procedure, False set 3-13 Stress-strain behaviour of concrete under short term loads
2-13 Soundness test, Procedure 3-14 Short term static modulus of elasticity
2-14 Autoclave expansion, Procedure 3-15 Shrinkage
2-15 Density test, Apparatus, Materials, Procedure, Calculation 3-16 Creep
2-16 Test for compressive strength 3-17 Durability of concrete
2-17 Heat of hydration test 3-18 Temperature change
2-18 Storing of cement, Aggretages 3-19 Concrete quality control
2-19 Introductory 3-20 Sampling and strength tests of concrete, Sampling Strength tests
2-20 Aggregate size 3-21 Statistical analysis of test results
2-21 Fine and coarse aggregate (1) Density function (3) Mean
2-22 Particle shape (2) Normal distribution (4) Standard deviation
2-23 Surface texture 3-22 Standard deviation
2-24 Strength of aggregate (1) Standard deviation based on test strength of sample
2-25 Specific gravity (2) Assumed standard deviation
2-26 Bulk density 3-23 Acceptance criteria questions
2-27 Water absorption and surface moisture Examples
2-28 Bulking of sand Chapter 4 : DESIGN FOR FLEXURE FUNDAMENTALS
2-29 Deleterious substances in aggregates 4-1 Introductory
2-30 Soundness of aggregate 4-2 Review of theory of simple bending
2-31 Alkali-aggregate reaction 4-3 Practical requirements of an R.C.C. beam
2-32 Sieve analysis, Fineness modulus 4-4 Size of the beam
2-33 Standard grading 4-5 Cover to the reinforcement Cover, Effective depth
2-34 Use of grading curves 4-6 Spacing of bars
2-35 Water for mixing concrete, chemical Admixtures 4-7 Design requirements of a beam
2-36 Admixtures 4-8 Classification of beams
2-37 Steel as reinforcement (1) Singly reinforced and doubly reinforced beam
2-38 Types of reinforcement (2) Rectangular and flanged beams
2-39 Mild steel bars 4-9 Effective width of a flanged beam
2-40 Cold Twisted Deformed (CTD) bars 4-10 Balanced, Under-reinforced and Over-reinforced design
2-41 Thermo - mechanically treated (TMT) bars (1) Balanced design (3) Over-reinforced design
2-42 Corrosion–resistant steel (2) Under-reinforced design
2-43 Hard-drawn steel wire fabric 4-11 Cracking moment
2-44 Bending and fixing of bars 4-12 Bending of an R.C.C. beam
2-45 Requirements for reinforcing bars (1) Uncracked concrete stage (3) Ultimate strength stage
2-46 Welding of reinforcement (2) Concrete cracked-elastic stresses stage
2-47 General notes for site engineers Questions Examples 4-13 Design methods
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 3
Chapter 5 : DESIGN FOR FLEXURE : WORKING 6-10 Types of problems
STRESS METHOD Type 1 To find out the depth of neutral axis and specifying the
5-1 Permissible stresses, Increase in permissible stresses type of beam
5-2 Modular ratio Type 2 To find out moment of resistance for a given section
5-3 Design for flexure–assumptions, Singly Reinforced beams Type 3 To design a singly reinforced rectangular section for
5-4 Derivation of formulae for balanced design, To find neutral axis given width and applied factored moment
To find lever arm, To find total forces, To find moment of Type 4 To find the steel area for a given factore moment
resistence of section To design balanced section 6-11 Failure of R.C.C. beam in flexure
5-5 Transformed area method Case 1 Over-reinforced beam: compression failure
5-6 Types of problems Case 2 Under-reinforced beam: tension failure
5-7 Analysis of the section
Case 3 Beam with very small amount of steel
Type 1 To find out the depth of neutral axis for a given
6-12 Code provisions to prevent the brittle failure
section and specifying the type of beam
Type 2 To find the moment of resistance for a given section 6-13 Computer programmes, Doubly Reinforced beams
Type 3 For the given moment and section of beam, to check 6-14 Derivation of formulae
the stresses 6-15 Types of problems
5-8 Design of the section Type 1 To find out the moment of resistance of a given section
(1) Dimensions not given Type 2 To find out reinforcement for a given section and
(2) Dimensions are given factored moment
5-9 Use of design aids, Doubly Reinforced Beams 6-16 Use of design aids
5-10 Introductory 6-17 Computer programmes for doubly reinforced rectangula sections
5-11 Derivation of formulae for balanced design FLANGED BEAMS
5-12 Transformed area method 6-18 Introductory
5-13 Types of problems 6-19 Position of neutral axis
Type 1 To find out the depth of neutral axis for a given section 6-20 Derivation of formulae
and specifying the type of beam Case 1 Neutral axis lies in flange
Type 2 For the given moment and section of beam, to check Case 2 Neutral axis lies in web (xu > Df) : the section bal
the stresses anced (limitingvalue of the moment of resistance)
Type 3 To find out the moment of resistance of the given section Case 3 Neutral axis lies in the web,section is under-reinforced
Type 4 To design the section Case 4 Neutral axis lies in the web and the section is
5-14 Use of design aids, Flanged beams over-reinforced
5-15 Moment of resistance of a singly reinforced flanged beam 6-21 Use of design aids
(1) Neutral axis lies in flange (2) Neutral axis lies in web 6-22 Doubly reinforced flanged beams
5-16 Types of problems 6-23 Sections subjected to reversal of moments
Type 1 To find out the neutral axis 6-24 Computer programmes for flanged sections
Type 2 To find out the moment of resistance of given section Examples
Type 3 For the given moment and section of beam, to check
Chapter 7 : SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
the stresses
7-1 Shear in structural members
Type 4 To design singly reinforced T/L beam for a given moment
7-2 Flexure and shear in homogeneous beam
5-17 Doubly reinforced flanged beams
7-3 Shear in reinforced concrete beams – Elastic theory
Type 1 To determine the depth of N.A. and decide type of the
beam 7-4 Diagonal tension and diagonal compression
Type 2 To determine the M.R. of the section 7-5 Limit state theory
Type 3 To determine the stresses in the materials 7-6 Design shear strength of concrete
Type 4 To design the beam 7-7 Design for shear
5-18 Slabs 7-8 Shear reinforcement in beams
Examples (1) Vertical stirrups
Chapter 6 : LIMIT STATE METHOD (2) Inclined stirrups
6-1 Inelastic behaviour of materials 7-9 Practical considerations
6-2 Ultimate load theory (1) Distance of first bent bar from support
(1) By fixing maximum stress in extreme compression fibre in (2) Maximum spacing
concrete (3) Minimum shear reinforcement
(2) By fixing maximum strain in extreme compression fibre in 7-10 Critical sections for shear
concrete (1) Tension in end region of a member
6-3 Limit state method (2) Compression on end region of a member
6-4 Limit state of collapse 7-11 Design of a complete beam for shearSupplementary notes
6-5 Limit state of serviceability, Deflection, Cracking 7-12 Use of design aids
6-6 Characteristic and design values and partial safety factors 7-13 Shear design of beams with variable depth, Development Length
(1) Characterstic strength of materials 7-14 Introductory
(2) Characterstic loads 7-15 Development length : Pull out test
(3) Partial safety factors 7-16 Code provision
(4) Design values 7-17 Use of bundled bars
6-7 Limit state of collapse: Flexure, Assumptions 7-18 Anchoring reinforcements
SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS 7-19 Bearing stresses at bends
6-8 Derivation of formulae 7-20 Reinforcement splicing
6-9 General values Examples
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 4
Chapter 8 : DEFLECTION AND CRACKING Chapter 11 : CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS
DEFLECTION CONTINIOUS BEAMS
8-1 Introductory 11-1 Introductory
8-2 Span/effective depth ratio 11-2 Analysis parameters
8-3 Control of deflection on site (1) Effective span
(1) Cambering (3) Removal of forms (2) Stiffness
(2) Controlling concrete work (4) Controlling temporary loads 11-3 Live load arrangements
8-4 Deflection calculations 11-4 Redistribution of moment, Plastic hinge, Fixed beam
8-5 Short term deflections Code requirements
8-6 Long term deflections 11-5 Reinforcement requirements
(1) Deflection due to shrinkage 11-6 Typical continuous beam details
(2) Deflection due of creep cracking
11-7 Flexure design considerations
8-7 Introductory
11-8 Simplified analysis for uniform loads
(1) Bar spacing controls
11-9 Moment and shear coefficients for continuous beams
(2) Crack width calculations
8-8 Bar spacing controls CONTINUOUS SLABS
(1) Beams 11-10 Continuous one-way slab
(2) Slabs 11-11 Restrained two-way slabs
8-9 Calculation of crack width Calculation of average strain Em Examples
(1) Assumption Chapter 12 : TORSION
(2) Approximate method 12-1 General
Examples 12-2 Effect of torsion : Provision of reinforcement
Chapter 9 : SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CANTILEVER 12-3 Code provisions
BEAMS General Design rules
9-1 Design procedure (1) Shear and torsion-equivalent shear
(1) Estimation of loads (2) Longitudinal reinforcement
(2) Analysis (3) Transverse reinforcement
(3) Design 12-4 General cases of torsion
9-2 Anchorage of bars: Check for development length (1) Cantilever slab inducing torsion in supporting beam
9-3 Reinforcement requirements (2) Cantilever beam inducing torsion in supporting beam
(1) Tension reinforcement Examples
(2) Compression reinforcement Chapter 13 : STAIRS
(3) Cover to the reinforcement 13-1 Stair slabs
9-4 Slenderness limits for beams to ensure lateral stability 13-2 Classification of stairs
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS (1) Straight stair
9-5 Introductory (2) Dog-legged stair
9-6 Design S.F. diagram (3) Open well stair
9-7 Curtailment of bars, Comment 13-3 Design requirements for stair
9-8 Design of a template (1) Live loads on stair
9-9 Design of a lintel, Loads, Size, Cover, Cantilever Beams (2) Effective span of stair
9-10 Design considerations Effective span Examples (3) Distribution of loading on stairs
Chapter 10 : SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CANTILEVER (4) Depth of section
SLABS 13-4 Reducing the span
10-1 Introductory 13-5 Tread-riser staircase
(1) One-way spanning slabs (4) Grid slabs
13-6 Closure
(2) Two-way spanning slabs (5) Circular slabs
Examples
(3) Flat slabs (6) Ribbed and waffle slabs
Chapter 14 : LOAD CALCULATIONS - 1
10-2 Analysis
14-1 Introductory
(1) Elastic analysis (3) Yield line method
14-2 Loads on slabs
(2) Using coefficients
10-3 One-way spanning slabs (1) Self weight of the slab
(1) Effective span (5) Deflection (2) Floor finish
(2) General (6) Cracking (3) Live loads
(3) Reinforcement requirements (7) Cover (4) Any other loads
(4) Shear stress (8) Development length 14-3 Loading on beams from one-way slabs
10-4 Simply supported one-way slab (1) Beam B3
10-5 Detailing of slabs (2) Beam B1
10-6 Inclined slabs 14-4 Wall loads and self weight of beams
(1) Slabs spanning perpendicular to the slope 14-5 Loading on beams from two-way slabs
(2) Slabs spanning parallel to the slope 14-6 Unit loads
10-7 Straight slabs having a small length inclined along the span Examples
10-8 Cantilever slab Chapter 15 : SIMPLE DESIGN
10-9 Concentrated load on slabs 15-1 Introductory
10-10 Two-way slabs 15-2 Design S.F. diagram
10-11 Simply supported two-way slabs 15-3 Loads from two-way slabs
Examples Examples
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 5
Chapter 16 : FRAMED BEAMS Chapter 18 : DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS :
16-1 Structural joints FUNDAMENTALS
16-2 Fixed, cantilever and framed beams 18-1 Introductory
(1) Fixed beams (3) Framed beams 18-2 Classification of foundations
(2) Cantilever beam (1) Flexible and rigid foundations
16-3 Analysis and design of the framed beams (2) Shallow and deep foundations
16-4 Single span portal frame 18-3 Types of footings
16-5 Substitute frame, Moment of inertia of a framed beam (1) Continuous wall footing (5) Strip footing
Examples (2) Isolated footing (6) Raft foundation
Chapter 17 : COLUMNS
(3) Combined footing (7) Pile foundation
17-1 Introductory
(4) Strap footing
17-2 Braced and Unbraced columns
(1) Braced column (2) Unbraced columns 18-4 R.C.C. footings
17-3 No – Sway and Sway columns 18-5 Aspects of soil design
17-4 Tied, Spiral and Composite columns (1) Depth of foundation (6) Plan dimensions
(1) Tied columns (3) Composite columns (2) Modes of soil failure (7) Upward soil pressure
(2) Spiral columns (3) Safe bearing capacity (S.B.C) of soil
17-5 Short and Long columns (4) Safe bearing pressure (S.B.P.) on soil
17-6 Reinforcement requirements (5) Allowable bearing pressure (A.B.P.) on soil
17-7 Minimum eccentricity 18-6 General soil design considerations
17-8 Assumptions made for design short colums (1) Uniform settlement (3) Non-uniform pressure
17-9 Axially loaded tied columns (2) Uniform pressure
17-10 Axially loaded spiral columns 18-7 Footing for eccentrically loaded columns
17-11 Short eccentrically loaded columns — uniaxial bending (1) Concentric footing (2) Eccentric footing, Soil design
Uniaxial bending 18-8 General structural design considerations
17-12 Modes of failure in combined axial load and uniaxial bending 18-9 Concrete pedestal
17-13 Types of problems
18-10 Transfer of load at the base of column Examples
17-14 The interaction diagram
Chapter 19 : ISOLATED FOOTINGS
17-15 Stress block parameters when N.A. liesutside the section
17-16 Construction of interaction diagrams 19-1 Introductory
17-17 Pure axial load 19-2 Wall footings
17-18 Axial load with uniaxial moment 19-3 Axially loaded pad footing
17-19 Neutral axis (N.A.) lies outside the section (1) Proportioning the size (7) Cover
17-20 Neutral axis (N.A.) lies inside the section (2) Bending moment (8) Reinforcement requirements
17-21 Charts for compression with bending (3) Nominal reinforcement Shear force Development
17-22 Tension with bending (4) Shear length
Case I Pure axial load (5) Development length (9) Weight of the footing
Case II Compression with bending : N.A. lies outside the section (6) Deflection
Case III Neutral axis lies inside the section : 19-4 Axially loaded sloped footing
compression with bending 19-5 Eccentrically loaded footings
(1) f st = 0 (4) f st = f yd (balanced failure) (1) Uniaxial moment
(2) f st = 0.2 f yd (5) Steel beam (2) Biaxial moment
(3) f st = 0.8 f yd 19-6 Fixing up footing dimensions
Case IV Tension with bending: N.A. lies inside the section 19-7 Isolated slab and beam type footing
17-23 Use of interaction diagram 19-8 Resistance to horizontal loads
17-24 Unsymmetrically reinforced columns with uniaxial eccentricity 19-9 Footing for multi-storeyed building columns Examples
(1) General method Chapter 20 : COMBINED FOOTINGS
(2) Approximate method 20-1 Combined footings
17-25 Short eccentrically loaded columns : Biaxial bending 20-2 Combined footing for two axially loaded columns
SLENDER COLUMNS 20-3 Strap footings
17-26 Slender columns 20-4 Strip footing
(1) Unsupported length (4) Slenderness ratio (S.R.) 20-5 Raft foundation
20-6 Closure Examples
(2) Effective length (5) Short and long columns
Chapter 21 : PILE FOUNDATIONS
(3) Radius of gyration (6) Slenderness limits for
21-1 Introductory
columns
21-2 Loads on pile groups
17-27 Effective length calculations
(1) Axial loads on a group of vertical piles
Method 1
(2) Moment on a group of vertical piles
Method 2
(3) Horizontal load
17-28 Lengths of column
(4) Design of a pile
(1) Floor height (H)
21-3 Soil design of a pile
(2) Length of column (L) 21-4 Structural design of a pile
(3) Unsupported length of column (I) (1) General (4) Ties
(4) Effective length of column (I ef) (2) Handling stresses (5) spreaders (forks)
17-29 Design of slender columns (3) Main reinforcement
17-30 Design and detailing of a practical column Examples 21-5 Design of a pile cap General Examples
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 6
Chapter 22 : RETAINING WALLS Chapter 23 : FORMWORK
22-1 Introductory 23-1 Introductory
22-2 Types of retaining walls 23-2 Requirements for good formwork
(1) Gravity wall (4) Buttress wall 23-3 Materials for forms
(2) Cantilever wall (5) Bridge abutment (1) Timber
(3) Counterfort wall (6) Box culvert (2) Steel
22-3 Earth pressure on walls 23-4 Choice of formwork
22-4 Calculation of earth pressure 23-5 Loads on formwork
(1) Cohesionless soil 23-6 Permissible stresses for timber
(2) Cohesive soil 23-7 Design of formwork
22-5 Earth pressure of submerged soil 23-8 Shuttering for columns
22-6 Earth pressure due to surcharge 23-9 Shuttering for beam and slab floor
22-7 Drainage of retaining walls 23-10 Practical considerations
22-8 Stability requirements 23-11 Erection of forms
(1) The restoring moment (stabilizing moment) should be more 23-12 Action prior to and during concreting
than the overturning moment so as to get a factor of safety 23-13 Striking of forms
not less than 1.55 Examples
(2) The vertical pressure on the soil under the base should not Chapter 24 : DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT
exceed the permissible bearing pressure of soil 24-1 Introduction
(3) The restoring force against sliding should be more than the 24-2 General informations for drawing
sliding force so as to get a factor of safety not less than 1.55 24-3 Drafting
CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL 24-4 Columns framing plan and foundation details General notes
22-9 Preliminary proportioning of cantilever retaining wall 24-5 Columns details
(1) Height of wall 24-6 Slabs and beams details
(2) Base width and position of stem on the base of footing 24-7 Closure
(3) Thickness of base slab APPENDIX A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
(4) Thickness of stem APPENDIX B USEFUL TABLES
22-10 Design of a cantilever retaining wall Table B-1 Areas of bars in slabs (in mm2)
(1) Design of stem Table B-2 Moment and shear coefficients
(2) Design of heel Table B-3 Reinforcement percentage, pt for singly reinforced
(3) Design of toe sections
(4) Base key Table B-4 Reinforcement percentages for doubly reinforced
COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL sections
22-11 Counterfort wall Table B-5 Limiting moment of resistance factor, Mu, lim, T/
22-12 Stability and design procedure (fckbwd2) for singly rein forced T-beams, N/mm2
(1) Stability Table B-6 Properties of round bars used as reinforcement
(2) Stem Table B-7 Design shear strength of concrete tc, N/mm2
(3) Base Table B-8 Maximum shear stress tc,max N/mm2
(4) Counterforts Table B-9 Minimum shear reinforcement (two-leggedstirrups)
Examples Table B-10 Values of for two-legged stirrups in N/mm

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