T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L

JOURNAL
of THE
HUMANITIES

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THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE HUMANITIES

EDITORS
Tom Nairn, RMIT University, Melbourne.
Mary Kalantzis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

Patrick Baert, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
David Christian, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA.
Bill Cope, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
Joan Copjec, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
Alice Craven, American University of Paris, Paris, France.
Michel Demyen, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
Elizabeth DePoy, University of Maine, Orono, USA
Mick Dodson, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Oliver Feltham, American University of Paris, Paris, France.
Clyde R. Forsberg Jr., Oxford College/Aletheia University, Tamsui, Taiwan.
Stephen French Gilson, University of Maine, Orono, USA.
Hafedh Halila, Institut Supérieur des Langues de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
Souad Halila, University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
Hassan Hanafi Hassanien, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Ted Honderich, University College, London, UK.
Paul James, Globalism Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
Moncef Jazzar, Institut Supérieur des Langues de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
Eleni Karantzola, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece.
Krishan Kumar, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
Ayat Labadi, Institut Supérieur des Langues de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
Marion Ledwig, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
Greg Levine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
Harry R. Lewis, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
Fethi Mansouri, Institute for Citizenship & Globalization, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
Juliet Mitchell, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
Nahid Mozaffari, New York, USA.
Nikos Papastergiadis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Robert Pascoe, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
Scott Schaffer, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
Jeffrey T. Schnapp, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Columbia University, New York, USA.
Bassam Tibi, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany and Cornell University, Ithaca, USA.
Giorgos Tsiakalos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Siva Vaidhyanathan, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
Cheryl A. Wells, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA.
Zhang Zhiqiang, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People!s Republic of China.
Chris Ziguras, Globalism Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
Table of Contents
Ethnography as Database Narrative 1
Immersion, Interactivity and Intervention in the Bethune Multimedia Project
Scott Wilson

Smoke and Mirrors 15

Jesse Gelsinger, Human Experimentation, and Gene Therapy
Scott Abeel

Politics, Identity and Colonial Aftermath 31

García Márquez’s Use of Strategic Design to Break down the Polarization
Faith N. Mishina

The Stratification of Culture and Stratified Identity 41

Razieh Eslamieh

“Move away so I can Hear!”- American and Iranian Male University Stu-
dents’ Responses to Rudeness – A Pilot Study 51
Maryam Farnia, Lyn Buchheit, Majid Vedaei

Gamers on Stage 65
Theatrical Elements in Role-playing Games
Maria Pamela Punzalan

Multiple Intelligences and Foreign Language Learning 77

A Case Study in Taiwan
Yi-an Hou

Mircea Eliade’s “The Sacred and the Profane” 107

Identifying and Solving the Human Problem of Environmental Decline
Anne White

A Reprieve from the Panopticon 117

Spaces without Introspection
Craig Messner

Word Power in Taboo Expressions as Instrument of Change in Nigeria !"#

Shirley Yul-Ifode

The Model of Area Management in Protection of Historical City Centers

and Responsibility of Local Government 135
The Turkish Case
Nalan Demiral, Berkan Demiral, Baran Dural

The International Journal of the Humanities

Volume 8, Number 4, 2010, http://www.Humanities-Journal.com, ISSN 1447-9508
© Common Ground, All Rights Reserved, Permissions: cg-support@commongroundpublishing.com
The Order(ing)s of Things 155
Jessica Lingel

The Enlightenment Encyclopedia and the Dream of Comprehensiveness !"#

The Example of Samuel Johnson
Greg Clingham

Documentary Codes and Contemporary Video Art 177

Matthew John Perkins

Filial Piety in Jewish Epitaphs 183

Heidi M. Szpek

Revisiting the Gulf Coast 203

Hurricane Ike and Issues of Crisis Communication
Jennifer A. Burke, Patric R. Spence, Kenneth A. Lachlan

Knowledge Economy Approach 215

Sajit Chandra Debnath

“Inevitable Omissions” 237

The Art of the ‘Unsaid’ in James Joyce’s “Dubliners”
James Balakier

Representation and Participation in Today’s Democracies 247

Marta Nunes da Costa

Developing Sustainability Indicators by Communities 257

Lessons Learned from the Spatial Planning of Kembang Tanjong District
Agung Sugiri

Fractured Relationships 267

Dynamics in Mother-Daughter Relations in Urban India (1900-2000)
Reshmi Lahiri-Roy

Studying the Philosophy of Software 279

A Framework for Examining How Digital Design Affects the Arts
Lindsay Grace
Developing Sustainability Indicators by Communities:
Lessons Learned from the Spatial Planning of Kembang
Tanjong District
Agung Sugiri, Diponegoro University, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract: Developing sustainability indicators from below has rarely been done in Indonesia. This
may be because indicators for certain aspects of sustainable development are beyond ordinary people’s
perception to comprehend, especially those related to ecological functions which can only be figured
out by the associated experts. However, when participatory approach to development is preferable
because of its many advantages compared to the top down one, sustainability indicators should con-
sequently be settled on with communities. In the spatial planning of Kembang Tanjong, a tsunami af-
fected district in Aceh Province, sustainable development indicators were defined using community
participation approach. Field observation, problem mapping and focus group discussions involving
no less than 40 key persons of the community were conducted during the planning process, and 17
indicators of five categories were finally agreed to be applied in planning the district. It becomes
evident that not only has the community’s identification of the indicators been proven to be a sort of
innovation in Indonesian spatial planning practices, but also assisted in empowering the people
themselves, especially in monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the spatial plan, something
that people have almost been powerless.

Keywords: Community Participation, People Empowerment, Sustainable Development Indicators

Introduction

I
NDICATORS ARE IMPORTANT to be a sign of situation for people, especially in
helping them decide what to do next. Fever, headache and coughing, for example, can
be indicators of influenza. A person who is suffering from such kind of situation may
need to see a general practitioner to get cured.
In development practices, indicators are usually used to evaluate to what extent the devel-
opment goals are achieved. In developing countries, however, development evaluation is
usually done using top-down approach. The top-down approach is also applied even in projects
where communities are involved to a large extent (Johnson 1999; Nazarea et al. 1998; Byron
1991). Indonesia is of no exception.
In many cases, indicators are even not properly established in the development planning.
This is so common that many planners just do not think that it is needed to develop such
indicators. This is despite the understanding that developing indicators is imperative in this
era of global awareness on sustainable development and people empowerment.
Performance indicators, which can be used by people to assess whether implementation
of a spatial plan is successful or not, have rarely been defined in urban and regional planning
practices in Indonesia. Evaluation practices usually use performance indicators only to a
limited extent because this is what instructed by the national guideline. So, despite the im-

The International Journal of the Humanities

Volume 8, Number 4, 2010, http://www.Humanities-Journal.com, ISSN 1447-9508
© Common Ground, Agung Sugiri, All Rights Reserved, Permissions:
cg-support@commongroundpublishing.com