Power Technology and Engineering Vol. 44, No.

3, 2010

METHODS FOR UTILIZATION OF THE HEAT IN SMOKESTACK

VENTILATOR AIR AT THERMAL POWER PLANTS

S. K. Ziganshina1 and A. A. Kudinov1

Translated from Élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 4, April 2010, pp. 22 – 27.

Methods are proposed for utilization of the heat of heated air emerging from the air channel of smokestacks.
Numerical calculations for a 240-m-high smokestack at the Samara thermal power plant are used to determine
the economic effect of recirculating the air heated in the air heater.
Keywords: smokestack, air channel, combustion products, air heater, heated air, recirculation, pressure loss,
boiler, furnace, fuel, combustion, heat utilization, economic effect.

In order to increase their operational reliability, some de-
signs for reinforced concrete smokestacks have an annular
air ventilation channel rather than thermal insulation be-
tween the reinforced concrete body of the smokestack and
the refractory lining, In order to avoid cracking of the lining,
the air introduced into the air channel is heated in an air
heater to temperatures such that the temperature drop across
the lining structure is acceptable [1, 2].
The Samara thermal power plant of the firm JSC “Volzh-
skaya TGK,” which is mainly fired with natural gas, has 5
type BKZ-420-140 power generation boilers (units No. 1 –
– 5), 8 type PTVM-100 (units No. 1 – 3) and KVGM-180-
150-2 (units No. 4 – 8) water heating boilers. The combus-
tion products from the power generation boilers in units 4
and 5 and the water heater boilers in units 4 – 8 are dis-
charged to the atmosphere through the 240-m-high smoke-
stack at unit No. 2. The flue gas temperature is 130°C. The
smokestack at unit No. 2 consists of a supporting reinforced
concrete body and an inner acid resistant refractory lining,
separated by an annular air ventilation channel of varying
width. The lining is made of type 200 acid-resistant straight
and radial bricks. At the base of the stack (elevation 0 m)
the outer diameter of the stack body is 24.1 m and its walls
are 600 mm thick. The inner diameter at the top of the stack
is 8.4 m and at its base, 20.8 m. At elevation 5 m, the rein-
forced concrete body has two windows of size 16,700 ×
× 8,800 mm for gas ducts. Beginning at a height of 5 m, the
reinforced concrete body has an air channel whose width at
5 m height is 380 mm and at 25 m, 490 mm. Then, with in-
creasing height the width of the channel gradually decreases;
up to H = 150 m it exceeds the thickness of the supporting
body of the smokestack. At a height of 220 m, the thickness
1 Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia;
e-mail: tes@samgtu.ru
of the stack body wall is 200 mm and the channel width is
60 mm. At a height of 236.5 m there are 12 ventilation ports
with windbreak boxes. Viewing ports of size 640 × 350 mm
in the body and 400 × 250 mm in the lining have been made
at heights of 56 and 176 m.
In order to protect the reinforced concrete body from cor-
rosion, the static pressure in the air channel should be greater
than the pressure in the gas outlet channel over the entire
height of the stack. The difference in these pressures is re-
ferred to as the counterpressure. The counterpressure is cre-
ated by the entry of heated air into the air channel by natural
draft or force ventilation. Two heating ventilator systems are
provided, each of which consists of an air intake chamber, a
heater and a ventilator fan unit. The latter includes a type
Ts4-76-10 blower with a capacity of 27,000 m3/h. However,
despite the presence of the fan units, the smokestack for unit
No. 2 at the Samara thermal power plant operates with natu-
ral ventilation of heated air and this regime is permitted
when it provides the counterpressure between the air and gas
outlet channels along the stack height. The feasibility of
operating the stack with natural convection is established on
the basis of measurements. According to the instructions for
the operation of the smokestack at unit No. 2, the static pres-
sure in the air channel must be 5 kgf/cm2 (50 Pa) higher than
the pressure in the gas outlet channel. The pressure drop is
measured using two instruments in the smokestack control
unit with sensors positioned in the smokestack at heights of
41 and 236 m.
During an accident, breakdown of the ventilator unit
(if the stack is operating with forced feed of heated air) or
failure of the lining seal, and when the instruments indicate a
zero pressure drop between the air and gas outlet channels,
then the ventilator windows in the reinforced concrete body

231
1570-145X/10/4403-0231 © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.
232
Flue gases
8
A–A
1
1 In monetary terms, the average daily heat loss from
A A
2 heated air carried out of the air channel of the smokestack is
2 5
3 3
4
4 24 ´ 10 – 6
Cold air
10 11 9 6 7 ´1146
Fig. 1. Smokestack with an air channel in which the air heated in
a heater is recirculated: 1, reinforced concrete body; 2, lining; 3, gas
outlet channel; 4, air channel; 5, vertical barriers; 6, heater;
7, blower; 8, annular intake collector; 9, air intake to heater;
10, duct; 11, regulator device.
of the stack must be closed and the defects in the lining or
ventilator unit must be eliminated as soon as possible.
According to the instructions for operation of the smoke-
stack of unit No. 2, the temperature of the air fed into the air
channel depends on the outside air temperature. Sensors for
determining the temperature drop in the lining are installed at
smokestack heights of 41 and 236 m. For a temperature drop
of 90°C at a height of 41 m and 100°C at 236 m, steps must
be taken to raise the temperature of the air fed into the stack
air channel.
The amount of thermal energy, in monetary terms,
expended in heating the air fed into the stack air channel per
day, Tday (thousands of rubles per day) is given by
24 ×10 -6
T day = S T L A rc( t out – t in ),
4187
where ST is the cost of thermal energy, rubles/Gcal (ST =
= 780.5 rubles/Gcal according to data from JSC “Samara-
énergo” for 2008); LA is the volume flow rate of air, m3/h; tin
and tout are the temperatures of the air at the inlet to the
heater (outside air) and at its outlet (heated), respectively,°C;
ñ is the density of the air, kg/m3 at tavg = 0.5(tout + tin); c is
the specific heat capacity of the air, equal roughly to
1 kJ/(kg · K) for temperatures of –20 to 100°C.
The values of tout as a function of tin for smokestacks
with a flue gas temperature of 130°C are listed here [2]:
tin, °C tout, °C
–20 85
–10 80
0 70
+10 60
+20 50
An analysis of the calculated temperature fields showed
that during the summer the air is heated from 30 to 85°C as it
moves up the smokestack channel, while during the winter
the temperature of the air at the inlet to the stack channel and
S. K. Ziganshina and A. A. Kudinov
at its outlet remains constant, at 65 – 68°C. The economic ef-
ficiency was calculated for the case in which the average
temperature of the air in the stack channel is 66.2°C.
given by Eq. (1) as
( T day ) avg = 780.5 ´ 54,000 ´
4187
. ´ 1( 66.2 - 38
. ) = 17276
. thousand rubles/day.
where 3.8°C is the yearly average outside air temperature for
the city of Samara; 66.2°C is the temperature of the heated
air fed into the air channel of the smokestack corresponding
to 3.8°C; 54,000 m3/h is the flow rate of heated air fed into
the stack air channel.
The annual cost of heating the air supplied to the stack
air channel of unit No. 2 at the Samara plant averages
17.276 × 365 = 6305.75 thousand rubles.
Therefore, boiler units in which the flue gases are ejected
into the upper layers of the atmosphere through a smokestack
with an air channel have the disadvantage of emitting the
heated air from the air channel into the atmosphere, i.e., they
lose the heat in this air. In order to eliminate this shortcom-
ing, we propose directing the heated air emerging from the
air channel of smokestacks into the air intake chamber of the
heater [3]. So as to reduce the cooling of the heated air which
may take place during this transfer, it is proposed that two
vertical barriers be installed in the stack air channel to sepa-
rate it into two equal parts, along with an annular air intake
collector joining the two parts of the stack air channel.
The proposed method for utilizing the heat of the hot air
(1) emerging from the air channel of a smokestack is carried out
in the following way (Fig. 1).
The initially cold air collected from the atmosphere is
fed to the inlet 9 through a duct 10, and is then directed to
the heater 6, where it is heated to the required temperature
and fed into the air channel 4 of the smokestack by a blower
fan 7.
The air heated by the heater initially moves upward
along one part of the air channel, then emerges from it
through the ventilator windows in the reinforced concrete
body 1 of the smokestack, and enters an annular intake 8.
The air is fed via the annular inlet into the other part of the
air channel, along which it moves downward, leaves the
channel through the ventilator windows in the stack body 1,
and arrives at the inlet 9.
In both parts of the air channel the blower 7 maintains a
static pressure greater than the pressure in the gas outlet
channel 3 over its entire length. This prevents the diffusion
of corrosive species in the flue gases toward the reinforced
concrete body 1 of the stack, which is thereby protected from
corrosion. It is true that, because of this, some of the heated
air will enter the gas outlet channel 3 through leaks in the lin-
ing 2. In addition, some of the heated air will be lost through
Methods for Utilization of the Heat in Smokestack Ventilator Air at Thermal Power Plants 233

Heated air from

stack air channel

¢ , tout
LA
Heater

Heated air into

Fig. 2. Scheme for determining the temperature of the Cold air
stack air channel
Lcold, tin LA, tca LA, tout
cooled air entering the heater.

possible leaks in other parts of the air loop. Thus, cold air is Values of tca, Tday, and Tyear for the yearly average outside
fed through a duct 10 into the inlet 9 to make up for the loss temperature of 3.8°C in Samara are given as functions of ä in
of hot air; the cold air flow rate is varied by a regulator Table 1.
device 11. The temperature tca of the cooled air entering the heater
The resulting flow of cooled air is directed through the for different values of ä was calculated in the following way:
inlet 9 to the heater 6, where its temperature is raised to the the specific heat of the air, as before, was taken to be
init
required level and then it moves on into the air channel of the 1 kJ/(kg · K). For an initially chosen value t ca the corre-
smokestack. Here the flow rate of the heat transfer agent sponding value of ñca was calculated and Eq. (3) was used to
used for heating the air is reduced because the temperature of calculate the temperature of the cooled air flow entering the
the cooled air arriving at the heater exceeds that of the cold, heater:
ambient (drawn from the atmosphere) air that was initially
fed into the heater. d ´ 1276
. ´ 38
. + (1 - d ) ´ 1041
. ´ 66.2
calc
t ca = =
Thus, when the heated air is recirculated, efficient use is r ca
made of the heat contained in it, since then the flow rate of
the heat transfer agent used in the heater is reduced; i.e., it d ´ 4.8488 + (1 - d ) ´ 68.9142
costs less to run the smokestack reliably. In addition, because = .
the air channel of the smokestack is divided into two, a r ca
smaller amount of heated air is fed into it; this also reduces
the flow rate of the heat transfer agent into the heater to heat
init
If | t ca - t ca
calc
| < 0.5°C, i.e., if the difference between the
the air fed into the air channel of the smokestack. assumed initial and calculated temperatures of the cooled air
The temperature of the cooled air flow entering the flow was less than 0.5°C, then the calculated temperature of
heater can be determined using the equation (Fig. 2) the cooled air was taken to be equal to its actual value.
The daily average cost of heating the air fed into the air
channel of the smokestack of unit No. 2 at the Samara ther-
L A c ca r ca t ca = L cold c in rin t in + L¢ Ac out rout t out , (2) mal power plant, Tday (in thousands of rubles per day), was
determined using the following formula under the assump-
where cca, ñca, cin, ñin, and cout, ñout are the specific heat of the tion that the smokestack with vertical barriers in the air chan-
air [kJ/(kg · K)] and density of the air at the temperatures tca, nel to separate it into two equal parts operates with forced
tin, and tout, respectively. feed of the heated air, i.e., the heated air is fed into the stack
Given that Lcold = äLA and L A = (1 – ä)LA, we obtain the air channel by a blower with capacity of 27,000 m3/h:
following formula for Lca:
24 ´ 10 -6
T day = 780.5 ´ 27,000 ´
dc in r in t in + (1 - d ) c out r out t out 4187
t ca = , (3)
c ca r ca
´1146
. ´ 1( 66.2 - t ca ) = 013843
. ( 66.2 - t ca ).

where ä is the fraction of the heated air lost through leaks in For determining the pressure loss owing to friction as the
the air line out of the total air flow entering the heater. heated air moves along one part of the stack air channel, the

TABLE 1. Values of tca, Tday, and Tyear for the Yearly Average Outside Temperature as Functions of ä
ä
Characteristic
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
tca,°C 62.5 58.8 55.1 51.6 48.1 44.7
Tday, thousand rubles/day 0.5122 1.0244 1.5366 3.0211 2.5056 2.9762
Tyear, thousand rubles/year 186.95 373.91 560.86 737.70 914.54 1086.31
234 S. K. Ziganshina and A. A. Kudinov

latter was divided into 12 computational segments along its The equivalent diameter of the computational segment of
height. the stack air channel is taken to be twice the channel width
The frictional pressure loss Äpfr (in Pa) in a computa- [7], i.e.
tional segment of the stack air channel is given by
D avg - d avg
d e = 2d avg = 2 = D avg – d avg , (6)
l rV 2 2
Dp fr =l , (4)
de 2 where äavg = (Davg – davg)/2 is the average width of the com-
putational segment of the stack air channel.
where ë is the hydraulic friction coefficient, de is the equiva- The average area F (m2) of the transverse cross section
lent diameter of the computational section (m), l is the length of the computational segment of the stack air channel is
of the computational section (m), V is the flow velocity of given by
the air (m/sec), and ñ is the density of air (kg/m3) for tout =
= 66.2°C and ñ = 1.041 kg/m3. p 2
F= ( D avg - d avg
2
) = 0.3925( D avg
2
- d avg
2
). (7)
The coefficient of hydraulic friction for a Reynolds 8
number Re = Vde > 4000 is given by the Altschul formula [4]
Knowing F, we can determine the average flow velocity
0. 25 0. 25
V of the heated air over the computational segment of the
æk 68 ö æk 68 n ö stack air channel using the formula
l = 011
. çç e + ÷÷ = 011
. çç e + ÷÷ , (5)
è d e Re ø è d e Vd e ø
V = LA/F, (8)
where ke is the equivalent roughness of the walls of the air where LA is the volume flow rate of air (m3/sec)
outlet channel (m) (according to [5], ke = 0.005 m) and í is
the kinematic viscosity of the air (m2/sec) (for tout = 66.2°C, LA = 27,000/3,600 = 7.5 m3/sec.
í = 1.962 × 10–5 m2/sec).
Since the smokestack has a conical shape, the average in- The calculated pressure losses owing to friction as the
ner and outer diameters davg and Davg of the computational heated air moves over the segments of the stack air channel
segment of the stack air channel can be found using the fol- at unit No. 2 of the Samara thermal power plant are listed in
lowing formulas [6]: Table 2.
It was found that the frictional pressure drop as the
2 d 1t d 1b 2 d 2t d 2b heated air moves through an annular inlet with a rectangular
d avg = ; D avg = , transverse cross section and surrounding the outside of the
d 1t + d 1b d 2t + d 2b
reinforced concrete body of the smokestack at the height of
the ventilation ports is 55.16 Pa (V = 15 m/sec, a = b =
where the subscripts 1 and 2 denote inner and outer, respec- = 0.5 m, de = 0.5 m, l = 15.7 m, ke = 0.0001 m for sheet steel
tively, while t and b denote the top and bottom diameters of [8]) and the pressure drop owing to friction as heated air
the computational segment of the stack air channel. moves through the remaining part of the air loop (from the

TABLE 2. Calculated Pressure Drops Owing to Friction as Heated Air Moves Through Sections of the Air Channel of the Smokestack at Unit
No. 2 of the Samara Thermal Power Plant
Segment Äpfr, Pa
d1b, m d2b, m d1t, m d2t, m l, m davg, m Davg, m de, m F, m2 V, m/sec ë Re
No.
1 21.54 22.30 19.12 20.10 20.0 20.258 21.143 0.885 14.380 0.522 0.033 23,524.08 0.107
2 19.12 20.10 17.16 18.10 20.0 18.087 19.048 0.961 14.000 0.536 0.033 26,226.64 0.102
3 17.16 18.10 15.72 16.64 15.0 16.408 17.339 0.931 12.330 0.608 0.033 28,858.73 0.101
4 15.72 16.64 14.62 15.50 15.0 15.150 16.050 0.900 11.018 0.681 0.033 31,215.49 0.131
5 14.62 15.50 12.80 13.60 25.0 13.650 14.488 0.838 9.259 0.810 0.033 34,612.74 0.334
6 12.80 13.60 11.68 12.40 20.0 12.214 12.972 0.758 7.493 1.001 0.033 38,667.99 0.458
7 11.68 12.40 10.64 11.24 20.0 11.136 11.792 0.656 5.901 1.271 0.034 42,478.53 0.874
8 10.64 11.24 9.60 10.08 20.0 10.093 10.628 0.535 4.353 1.723 0.035 46,999.88 2.048
9 9.60 10.08 9.01 9.37 20.0 9.296 9.712 0.416 3.107 2.414 0.037 51,238.13 5.447
10 9.01 9.37 8.72 8.96 20.0 8.863 9.160 0.298 2.107 3.560 0.040 54,037.40 17.866
11 8.72 8.96 8.88 9.00 20.0 8.799 8.980 0.181 1.261 5.948 0.045 54,778.44 92.467
12 8.88 9.00 8.88 9.00 16.5 8.880 9.000 0.120 0.842 8.906 0.05 54,469.71 284.194
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 404.129
Methods for Utilization of the Heat in Smokestack Ventilator Air at Thermal Power Plants
outlet of the hot air out of the second part of the air channel
to its inlet into the first part of the stack air channel) is
81.745 Pa (V = 15 m/sec, ab = 625 × 800 mm, de = 0.702 m,
l = 35 m, ke = 0.0001 m), with the equivalent diameter of the
rectangular air ducts given by [4]
de = 4FA/PA = 2ab/(a + b ), (9)
where FA is the transverse cross sectional area of the air duct
(m2), PA is the perimeter of the air duct (m), and a and b are
the lengths of the sides of the rectangular air duct (m).
Thus, the overall pressure loss owing to friction during
recirculation of the heated air will be
(Äpfr)tot = 404.129 + 55.16 + 404.129 + 81.745 = 945.2 Pa.
The overall pressure drop including the pressure losses at
local resistances (Äpfr)tot as the heated air moves along the
closed air loop is
p = (Äpfr)tot + (ÄpL)tot = 1.2(Äpfr)tot =
= 1.2 × 945.2 = 1134 Pa.
The density of the flowing air decreases because it is
heated and if the blower after the heater shuts down, the
characteristics of both the electrical grid and the blower will
change. When these characteristics change simultaneously
and in proportion, the operating point moves along a vertical,
so that the pressure varies, while the capacity of the blower
remains unchanged [9].
Since the characteristic of the type Ts4-76-10 blower has
been constructed for standard conditions at T0 = 273 + 20 =
= 293 K, we have
T 273 + 66.2
p0 = p = 1134 = 1313 Pa.
T0 293
On the blower characteristic at LA = 27,000 m3/h and
p0 = 1313 Pa, we find the operating point and find the effi-
ciency of the blower to be çA = 0.79 and its angular fre-
quency to be ù = 99 rad/sec (corresponding to a rotation fre-
quency of n = 30ù/ð = 946 rpm).
The shaft power of the electric motor (in kilowatts) is
given by
pL A
N = , (10)
3600 ´ 1000hA ht
where çt is the transmission efficiency, equal to 1 for direct
connection of the ventilator wheel to the shaft of the electric
motor [8]. With this, we have
1134 × 27,000
N = 11 kW.
3600 ´ 1000 ´ 0.79 ´ 1
235
The power drawn by the electric motor from the grid is
given by
Nc = krN/çe, (11)
where kr is the power reserve coefficient which accounts for
the factors not derived from the calculations (kr = 1.1 [8])
and çe is the efficiency of the electric motor (çe = 0.9 [9]).
Substituting the numerical values yields
Nc = 1.1 × 11/0.9 = 13,4 kW.
The annual cost of the electrical energy required for
forced feed of heated air into the air channel of the smoke-
stack at a rate of 1.0397 rubles per kW · h will be
13,4 × 24 × 365 × 1,0397 × 10–3 =
= 122,044 thousand rubles/year.
If we take ä = 0.3, then the annual amount of thermal en-
ergy in monetary terms required to heat the cooled air flow
fed into the stack air channel will be 1086.31 thousand rubles
(see Table 1). Thus, the combined annual cost of ensuring re-
liable operation of the smokestack is 122.044 + 1086.31 =
= 1208.35 thousand rubles/year.
Therefore, the savings resulting from recirculation of the
heated air is
6305.74 – 1208.35 = 5097 thousand rubles/year =
= 5 mln 97 thousand rubles/year.
We have proposed [10] directing the heated air after the
stack air channel into the boiler unit for burning of the fuel.
The amount of heat Q (in kilowatts) expended in heating the
air in the heater is given by
Q = LAñavg(tout – tin)/3600.
The blast air flow rate for a BKZ-420 power generation
boiler at its nominal steam capacity of 420 tons/h with gas
operation is 315,000 – 320,000 m3/h. Before it reaches
the boiler furnace, the blast air is fed into an air preheater
at a temperature of 30°C, i.e., after preheating in the heater.
Thus, the ratio of the amount of heat QA.chan (in kilowatts)
expended in heating the outside air before it is fed into the air
channel of the smokestack to the amount of heat QB.A (in
kilowatts) expended in heating the blast (outside) air before
it is fed to the air preheater of the boiler is
Q A.chan 54,000 ´ 1146
. ( 66.2 - 3,8 )
= = 0.38.
Q B.A 315,000 ´ 1218
. ´ ( 30 - 38
. )
We have also proposed directing the air heated in the
heater following a stack air channel that has been divided
236 S. K. Ziganshina and A. A. Kudinov

B feed line to the heater, i.e., recirculating it, or into the boiler
B–B
Flue gases Flue gases
8
4 unit No. 2 of the Samara thermal power plant averages
1
À À
2 6.305 million rubles/year. With recirculation of the heated
1 3
2 5
3 To boiler
unit for
Air fuel
burning
6 7
B 1. L. A. Rikhter, Thermal Power Plants and the Protection of the
Fig. 3. Design of a smokestack with an air channel: 1, reinforced
concrete body; 2, lining; 3, gas outlet channel; 4, air channel; 5, ver-
tical barriers; 6, heater; 7, blower; 8, openings in vertical barriers;
for cross section A – A see Fig. 1.
into two parts by two vertical barriers into the boiler system
for burning of the fuel [11]. Here, making openings (Fig. 3)
in the vertical barriers installed in the stack air channel
makes it possible to avoid installing an annular intake for re-
moval of the heated air from one part of the stack air channel
to the other.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Methods have been developed for utilization of the
heat in the ventilation air of smokestacks at thermal power
plants which involve directing the heated air emerging from
the air channel of the smokestack either into the intake of a
unit for burning of the fuel.
2. It has been found that at present the cost of heating
the air fed to the air channel of the 240-m-high smokestack at
air, the costs of providing reliable operation of this smoke-
stack would average 1.208 million rubles/year, for a savings
of 5.970 million rubles/year.
REFERENCES
Atmosphere [in Russian], Énergiya, Moscow (1975).
2. V. Ya. Ryzhkin, Thermal Power Plants [in Russian], Énergiya,
Moscow (1976).
3. Patent No. 2254428 (RF), A. A. Kudinov and S. K. Ziganshina,
“A method for operating smokestacks,” Byull. Izobret., No. 17
(2005).
4. A. A. Kudinov, Engineering Hydromechanics [in Russian],
Mashinostroenie, Moscow (2008)
5. É. P. Volkov, E. I. Gavrilov, and F. P. Duzhikh, Gas-Exhaust
Pipes in Thermal Power Plants and Nuclear Power Plants [in
Russian], Énergoatomizdat, Moscow (1987).
6. . M. Shchegolev, Fuel, Furnaces, and Boiler Units [in Russian],
Gosstroiizdat, Moscow (1953).
7. I. A. Shishkov, V. G. Lebedev, and D. S. Belyaev, Smokestacks
for Power Plants [in Russian], Énergiya, Moscow (1976).
8. G. V. Ruslanov, M. Ya. Rozkin, and É. L. Yampol’skii, Heating
and Ventilation of Residential and Public Buildings. A Hand-
book [in Russian], Budivel’nik, Kiev (1983).
9. M. P. Kalinushkin, Ventilator Systems [in Russian], Vysshaya
Shkola, Moscow (1979).
10. Patent No. 2303198 (RF), A. A. Kudinov and S. K. Ziganshina,
“Boiler unit,” Byull. Izobret., No. 20 (2007).
11. Patent No. 2299377 (RF), A. A. Kudinov and S. K. Ziganshina,
Boiler unit,” Byull. Izobret., No. 14 (2007).