Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
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In Partial Fulfillment
Custodio, Grace L.
Demerin, Anjanette
Mati-ong, Nichole
Partosa, Regine
Febuary 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents i
ii
Chapter
1 INTRODUCTION
Definition of Terms 2
Chapter
2 METHODOLOGY
Research Design 3
Research Locale 3
SOURCES OF DATA 3
Conversation Partner 3
Inclusion Criteria 4
Gate Keeper 4
REFERENCES 13
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This study aims to know the experiences of an ambulant vendor in Bacolod City in
terms of starting up and sustaining their business.
SCOPE
This study is mainly concerned with the experiences of the selected ambulant vendor in
Bacolod City in terms of starting up and sustaining their business. This study covers the selected
ambulant vendors in Bacolod City for more than 7 years. The limitation of this study is in
Downtown Bacolod City with 3 respondents. The data of study would come from the selected
ambulant vendors in Downtown Bacolod City. Moreover, the data result from this study would
be in qualitative research through direct interview method.
The useful and relevant information acquired from the study will encourage the
young entrepreneurs to gain their knowledge about starting up and sustaining their business. This
study is significant to the following:
The Young Entrepreneurs. This study will help the young entrepreneurs who are planning to
have a small business and be able to learn from the experiences of an ambulant vendors in terms
of starting up and sustaining th business.
Parents. This study will benefit the parents who have not yet encountered some experiences in
terms of starting up and sustaining the business.
Vendors/Seller. This study will benefit the vendors/seller that are planning to expand and
emprove the quality of their services.
Scholar. This study will help the scholars to have an extra income, enable them to sustain their
personal needs and their financial needs in school.
Informal Settlers. This study will help the informal settlers to start up a small business.
Consumer.This study will help the consumersave us much they buy in the convenient store.
Future reseaercher. This study will help the future researcher tp gain knowledge.
Definition of Terms
Ambulant Vendors – refers to the people offers goods for sale to the publicat large without
having a permanent build up structure from which to sell (Duraisingnamm, 2002). In this study,
ambulant vendors are the subject where the data will be gathered about the experiences of an
ambulant vendor.
sense that it is based on the interaction between the human being and the world (Dewe,N.D.). In
this study, experiences are the knowledge gained by the street vendors for they had done that the
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains of the research design, research locale, conversational partners,
inclusion criteria, gate keepers, rigors of the findings, and procedure for data explication.
Research Design
Narrative Inquiry is defined as a way of understanding and inquiring into experience through
“collaboration between researcher and participants, over time, in a place or series of places, and
This study will use the selected design because it is easy for us to gather information
Research Locale
Sources of Data
Conversational Partners
The researcher will be using the primary sources of qualitative data in which it
include the conversation partners as the giver of information by sharing experiences and
knowledge to a certain question. We asked some several questions to the selected vendors in
Downtown Bacolod City. One of the interviewee is a housewife and only her husband is the one
that is working but the salary of her husband is not enough to sustain their family’s needs then
she decided to start up a small business. She said that she borrowed capital to lending
corporation in order to start up her business because according to her the primary reason for
wanting to earn is to support basic needs of his family and the finance education of her children.
Inclusion Criteria
Must be male or female and a Filipino citizen that lives in Bacolod City that is at least 25
to 70 years old. Use the business to sustain the needs of the family to support the financial needs
of children in order to graduate. These are the qualified characteristics needed in order to
Gatekeeper
The possible gate keepers of the study will be the husband of the participants. The
husband has the ability and power to protect her wife, keep their information confidential and a
power to decline or accept the planned interview to make sure the safety of their family.
The sources of data that will be used in this study will come from the data/information
taken from .The characteristics of a good qualitative interview is that researchers must come to
the interview well prepared with backround knowledge of the subject, familiarity with your
interview paper, and consent from the interviewee will sign giving you permission to ask
questions for research purposes. Make the participant as comfortable as possible. Interviews
should not begin abruptly, take time for a small introduction and a briefing about the study, and
take time to find a quite spot in which to conduct a interview. Remember that any should can add
distracting noises interview and may also distract you and the participant, affecting of overall
quality of the interview researcher’s must begin the interview with a few simple questions one at
a time and do not rush the interviewee to respond. Allow interviewee time to think and respond,
do not become anxious by silence and pause at least ten second before asking a new questions.
Speak clearly so that the interviewee can easily understand and hear you. Keep the questions as
brief as possible so that what you are asking will be clear to the interviewee, repeat the question
if you need to. Ask as many as open ended questions as possible, these questions encourage the
interviewee to tell story rather that providing yes/no responses. When constructing a question,
write them in clear, plain English, remember that your interviewee are not academics. Listen
actively to the interviewee’s answers and then ask follow up questions. Do not contradict or
correct your interviewee and keep personal opinions to yourself as much as possible. Do not rush
the end of the interviewee, have a good closing question that helps the interviewee summarize or
come to a conclusion. You might consider asking them if there is anything they wish to say that
may not have already told you, before stopping the interview. Always give encouragement to
your participant for their time and generosity before leaving the area where the interview is
conducted.
The researchers of this study will utilize the creative self-expressive activities of
storytelling through an interview. Individual interview will the primary data gathering method to
be used. The conversation partner will be interviewed until crucial questions are consistently
clarified. In the conduct of the interview, the researcher will observed the facial expression,
gestures, pauses, and silences of the conversational partner. The interview will be written in a
sheet of paper.
question in the conversation partners mother tongue will be conducted in order to generate
detailed information, clarify concepts and develop question that will lead to a much deeper
Credibility is defined as the confidence that can be placed in the truth of the research findings
(Holloway & Wheeler, 2002; Macnee & McCabe, 2008). Credibility establish whether or not the
research findings represent plausible information drawn from the participants original data and is
& Guba, 1985). This is a classic example of ‘quality not quantity’. It depends more on the
richness of the information gathered, rather than the amount of data gathered.
In order to provide credibility to this study, the researchers will utilize member check.
The researchers will present to the conversational partner the result of the interview once it has
been transcribed for verification of the data for its truthfulness and accuracy.
Transferability is defined as the degree to which the results of qualitative research can be
transferred to other context with other respondents –it is the interpretive equivalent of
generalizability (Bitsch, 2005; Toblin & Begley,2004). According to Bitsch (2005), the
description’ and purposeful sampling”. This means that when the researcher provides a detailed
description of the inquiry and participants were selected purposively, it facilitates transferability
of the inquiry. The reader notes the specific details of the research situation and method, and
compares then to a similar situation that they are more familiar with (Lilcoln & Guba, 1985).
Transferability refers to the degree in which the research can be transferred to other contexts; this
For this study, the transferability will be done by researchers by selecting the
conversational partner purposively. The conversational partner must also be qualified in the
inclusion criteria that the researchers made such as male or female, ages 40-70, must have a
small business used as a source of income, Filipino citizen and a residence of Bacolod city.
Confirmability is defined as the degree to which the results of an inquiry could be confirmed or
corroborated by other researchers (Baxter & Eyles, 1997). Confirmability is concerned with
establishing that data and interpretation s of the findings are not figments of the inquirer’s
imagination, but is clearly derived from the data (Tobin & Begley, 2004). It is a process to
establish whether the researcher has been bias during the study; this due to the assumption that
qualitative research allows the research to bring a unique perspective to the study. An external
researcher can judge whether this is the case by studying the data collected during the original
For this study, the researchers of this study will be used repeated interviews with the
conversation partners will be done until the data will be confirmed accurate based on consistent
response.
Dependability is defined as the stability of findings over time (Bitsch 2005). Each process in
the study should be reported in detail to enable an external researcher to repeat the inquiry and
achieve similar results. This also enables researchers to understand the methods and their
effectiveness (Lincoln & Gubs, 1995). This is measured by the standard of which research is
conducted, analyzed and presented. Dependability involves participants evaluating the findings
and the interpretation and recommendations of the study to make sure that they are all supported
by the data received from the informants of the study (Cohen et al., 2011; Tobin & Begley,
2004). It ensures that the research findings are consistent and could be repeated.
This will be done by the researchers through evaluating the findings and the interpretation
and recommendation of the study to guarantee that they were all supported by the data received
All qualitative data that will be gathered from the interview will be transcribed by the
researchers in preparation for explication. Before explication, member checking will be done
through giving the conversation partner a hardcopy of their transcribed statements fir
verification, validation, and authentication. Through this procedure, the conversation partner will
Thematic analysis as documented by Braun and Clarke (2006) will be presented here as
a linear, six-phased method; it is an iterative and reflective process that develops over time and
involves a constant moving back and forward between phases (Nowell, Norris, White, &
Moules, 2017).
Familiarization regardless of who collected the data, it is vital that researchers immerse
themselves with the data to familiarize themselves with the depth and breadth of the content
(Braun & Clarke, 2006; Nowell et al., 2017) Whether or not you are aiming for an overall or
detailed analysis, are searching for talent or semantic themes, or are data-or theoretically-driven
will inform how the reading proceeds. Regardless, it is important to be familiar with all aspects
of your data. At this phase, one of the reasons why qualitative research tends to use far smaller
samples, for example, questionnaire meanings are created, rather than simply a mechanical act of
The researcher of this study will read through the entire data gathered at least one
before beginning coding, as ideas and identification of possible patterns may be shaped as
relevant by the researcher. Account that depart from the dominant story in the analysis should
not be ignored when coding (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Nowell et al 2017). When you have read
and familiarize yourself with data, and have generated an initial list of ideas about what is in the
data and is interesting about them. This phase involves the production of initial codes from the
data. Codes identify a feature of the data (semantic content or latent) that appears interesting the
analysis, and refer to the most basic segment, or element, of the raw data or information that can
This phase begins once the researchers have read and familiarized themselves with the
data, having ideas about what is in the data and what is interesting about them
Searching for Themes. This phase involves sorting and collating all the potentially
relevant coded data extracts into themes (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Nowell et al., 2017). When all
data have been initially coded and collated, and you have a long list of the different codes that
you have identified across the data set. This phase, which re-focuses the analysis at the broader
level of themes, rather than codes, involves sorting the different codes into potential themes, and
collating all the relevant coded data extracts within the identified themes. Essentially, you are
starting to analyze codes and consider how different codes may combine to form an overarching
At the end of the phase, researchers will have a good idea of the different themes, how
they fit together, and the overall story they can tell about their data.
Reviewing Themes. The fourth phase begins once a set of themes has been devised,
and they now require refinement. Some themes may collapse into each other while other themes
may need to be broken down into separate themes (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Nowell et al., 2017).
Devised a set of candidate themes, and it involves the refinement of those themes. During this
phase, it will become evident that some candidate themes are not really themes (e.g., if there are
not enough data to support them, or the data are too diverse), while others might collapse into
each other (e.g., two apparently separate themes). Other themes might need to be broken into
separate themes. Data within themes should cohere together meaningfully, while there should be
clear and identifiable distinctions between themes (Braun & Clarke, 2006).
At the end of the phase, researchers have a good idea of the different themes, how they
fit together, and the overall story they can tell about the data.
Defining and Naming Themes. During the fifth phase, researchers determine what
aspect of the data theme captures and identify what is of interest about them and why (Braun &
Clarke, 2006; Nowell et al., 2017). For each individual theme, you need to conduct and write a
detailed analysis. As well as identifying the story that each theme tells, it is important to consider
how it fits into the broader overall story that you are telling about your data, in relation to your
research question or questions, to ensure there is not too much overlap between themes. So you
need to consider the themes themselves, and each theme in relation to the others. As part of the
refinement, you will identify whether or not a theme contains any sub-themes. Sub-themes are
essential themes-within-a theme. They can be useful in giving structure to a particularly large
and complex theme, and also for demonstrating the hierarchy of meaning within the data (Braun
At this phase, the researchers may consider how each theme fits into the overall story
Producing the Report. The final phase begins once the researchers fully established
the themes and is ready to start the final analysis and write-up of the report (Braun & Clarke,
2006; Nowell et al., 2017). It is started when you have a set of fully worked-out themes, and
involve the final analysis and write-up of the report. The task of the write-up of the thematic
analysis, whether it is for publication or for a research assignment or dissertation, is to tell the
complicated story of your data in a way which convinces the reader of the merit and validity of
your analysis. It is important that the analysis (the write-up of it, including data extracts)
provides a concise, coherent, logical, no repetitive, and interesting account of the story the data
tell - within and across themes. Your write-up must provide sufficient evidence of the themes
within the data; enough data extracts to demonstrate the prevalence of the theme (Braun &
Clarke, 2006).
The researchers aim to articulate what each theme means, as well as the assumptions
Braun & Wilkinson, 2003, Braun & Clarke, 2006; Nowell et al., 2017
Braun & Clarke, 2006 Boyatzis,1998 Lapad & Linday. 1999 Duraisingnamm, 2002 Dewe,N.