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Abstract – This paper presents a new technique for in- lated to a severe fault [2]. When this occurs, risk of fire
terturn fault detection an diagnosis in distribution trans- could be present. Since many of these vaults are inside
former, based in currents sequence analysis. Finite element buildings, a higher incidence of damage caused by fire
analysis has been used, and simulation studies with respect and smoke has occurred.
to different fault conditions have been conducted. More-
A study of the records of transformer breakdowns [3]
over, different load states were tested to determine the
influence of external conditions in the damaged trans- shows that up to 70% of the number of failures are
former performance. The results are related to the follow- caused finally by short circuits between turns. The na-
ing variables: current, voltage distribution in windings, ture of faults prompted consideration by some utilities to
line voltage and flux distribution; and to their relationship provide additional network vault protection.
with the above mentioned fault conditions. Data obtained Protection for turn-to-turn short circuits has been
are not only corresponding to terminal voltage and cur- largely performed by means of fuses, which detect the
rents, but also to internal variables which are not readily existence of a current increase when an internal fault
achieved by conventional methods. Results are consistent
takes place. However, this fusing philosophy is related
with the laboratory tests carried out using a modified dis-
tribution transformer at reduced voltage. The paper pre-
to problems when defining the fuse ratios to avoid dam-
sents the modified distribution transformer, which was ages in the transformer and also to prevent prematurely
completely disassembled and rebuilt once defined the in- outages [2].
ternal faults. Also largely performed is the transformer protection
This new technique is based on a currents sequence by means of gas accumulator (Buchholz), rate-of-
analysis and on the comparison between phase angles, pressure-rise protection or, more complex, Dissolved
which determines the internal state of the transformer in Gas Analysis (DGA). The fist method is based on the
dependence of the fault location. Thus, a new technique for analysis of the rate of gas generation in oil due to arcing
protecting the distribution transformer through relays
faults but introduces a more or less time delay to detect
based on the evaluation of phase angles is proposed.
the fault, depending on the energy liberated. The second
Keywords: interturn fault, distribution transformer, method uses as the control variable the rise in pressure
diagnostic, symmetrical components. of gas-cushioned transformers, but a sudden pressure
relay may trip when, for instance, a severe external short
circuit occurs moving the transformer windings. Both do
1 INTRODUCTION not discriminate among different fault states. The last
one, the DGA, is based on the analysis of the dissolved
An internal fault in a transformer is usually on-line gas in oil, being this the most popular method for detect-
monitored by four main characteristics: an increase in ing incipient faults of transformers. Reference [4]
line currents, an increase in the differential current, shows a good review of the most usual methods related
generated high frequency current transients and gas to the DGA, and introduces fuzzy logic to analyze the
formation caused by fault corona, arcing or heating. transformer state as an analysis tool. With the same
When internal faults occur, immediate disconnection of philosophy some other authors use the Artificial Neural
the faulted transformer is necessary to avoid extensive Networks in fault detection. Nevertheless, DGA is not
damage. economic when a large number of relatively small trans-
Because of economics and equipment availability, formers are present in the network. Thus, the aim of this
network transformer vaults typically apply overcurrent research work focused on developing a technique for
protection with fuses or relays, which provide a common detecting the presence of an internal fault by means of
internal fault protection technique in distribution trans- currents analysis. Therefore, even a remote control
formers up to 2 MVA [1]. However, these protection could be done, allowing to establish network protection
methods do not avoid extent damage to the transformer strategies with low cost equipment.
since the trip is related to large fault currents, thus re- In this paper, a new technique has been used in order
to detect adjacent turn-to-turn faults from current analy-
14th PSCC, Sevilla, 24-28 June 2002 Session 03, Paper 6, Page 2
sis, using to first evaluate the transformer performance a In order to analyze transformer performance, coils
2D finite element model. The method has been also used have been labeled as shown in Figure 1. The connection
in [5]. Other authors ([5], [7]) have made use of the group is Dy1. Thus, coils ST in HV winding (coil con-
EMTP software to define a model in which create turn- nected between phases S and T in the HV side) and R in
to-turn short circuits. Nevertheless, the issue addressed the LV one, are assembled on the same transformer limb
in this paper is related not only to the transformer simu- (i.e. in this case limb I). Through this paper, it will be
lation but also to the results obtained when analyzing the named as damaged limb the limb having a damaged coil
current sequences. Much effort has been made to de- (either LV or HV).
velop a simple method of analysis of the internal isola- The model was verified by conducting different simu-
tion integrity, which could be implemented, as stated lations with balanced and unbalanced loads. Voltage
before, in a large number of different transformers and regulation agreed a good level of accuracy, related to the
even in a remote control system. To achieve this pur- theoretical values. Moreover, distribution of currents in
pose, just the relationship among line currents is ob- the windings also agreed to the expected performance
served. The presence of inverse sequence signals allows with unbalanced loads.
to diagnostic the presence of an interturn short circuit.
varying load power factor, fault severity and fault loca- when the fault occurs at the LV side. (*)located at the top of
tion. the winding.
Fault Power R S T
Both tables show phase and line currents at the pri-
factor RS ST TR
mary side, since currents on the LV side had not an
None 0.9 lag 1.04 1.04 1.04 appreciable variation from their values at a healthy state,
-56.7º -176.7º 63.2º thus avoiding the discrimination of an internal fault.
1.05 1.04 1.04 Table 1 presents some results if the fault arises in the
-26.6º -146.3 119.9º HV winding, while Table 2 shows the results with the
Limb I 0.9 lag 2.87 1.04 2.83 fault located at the LV winding. Hence, some general
-73.8º -176.7º 85.2º conclusions can be derived by analyzing the currents
0.96 1.01 4.47 values:
-21.0º -153.8º 96.4º − First of all, delta winding serves to define precisely
Limb II 0.9 lag 2.82 2.86 1.04 the performance of the HV winding, independently
-35.7º 165.4º 63.1º of where the failure is produced. Since the LV is
4.33 1.03 1.03 wye-connected, low variation in currents are to be
-24.9º -143.2º 92.3º expected. But the delta-winding allows circulating
Limb I 0.5 lag 2.94 1.04 2.50 currents inside the structure, resulting in a distorted
-85.5º 150.0º 74.4º distribution of phase and line currents.
0.92 1.09 4.29 − Power factor at the load also results in a distorted
-58.3º 173.6º 88.9º distribution of currents in comparison with the ones
Limb II 0.5 lag 1.09 1.27 1.04 presented in a non-damaged state. When the fault
-76.7º 155.0º 30.0º occurs at the HV side, an increase in power factor
1.33 1.02 1.07 results in overloading the most loaded phase and the
-43.1º 178.8º 59.7º most loaded line. When the fault occurs in the LV
Limb I(*) 0.9 lag 2.18 1.04 2.22 winding, similar effects take place. Moreover, the
-75.4º -176.8º 77.2º increase in power factor at the load causes a more
1.20 1.14 2.95 distorted distribution of the currents.
-35.4º -136.0º 89.5º − Damaged transformer performance is largely influ-
enced by the location of the interturn shortcircuit.
Table 1: Phase (cursive font) and line (normal font) currents Not only by the location in the coil (i.e., being the
obtained in the HV side from simulation records (p.u. values), turn located in its center or in one of the two ex-
when the fault occurs at the HV side. (*) Damage more severe tremes), but also specially by the limb in which the
and located at the top of the winding.
coil is assembled. When the coil labeled RS in the
Fault Power R S T HV winding is damaged (i.e. limb III in Figure 1),
factor RS ST TR the phase ST will be the most loaded, being phase
RS the most loaded one when the damage locates in
Limb I 0.9 lag 1.29 1.04 1.21
the limb labeled II. Similar circumstances can be
-58.4º -176.7º 72.6º
observed when damaging the LV winding.
1.01 1.07 1.47
-27.3º -147.9º 100.8º
Limb I 0.5 lag 1.27 1.09 1.09 2.3 Result analysis
-85.1º 150º 43.2º To explain the above mentioned results, a theoretical
1.02 1.08 1.33 model based on resolving the phase and line currents
-61.7º 180º 77.1º into their symmetrical components has been established.
Limb II 0.9 lag 1.22 1.29 1.04 Figures 2 to 8 show this issue. The Figures correspond
-47.5º -178.5º 63.2º to different damage states. Much care has been taken in
1.47 1.01 1.07 order to establish in these six simulations the rated cur-
-19.2º -147.5º 92.0º rent load for both power factor involved (0.9 and 0.5
Limb II 0.5 lag 1.09 1.27 1.04 lagging), in order to readily compare the internal fault
-76.7º 155.0º 30.0º influence.
1.33 1.02 1.07 Being the power factor 0.9 lagging and the trans-
-43.1º 178.8º 59.7º former in a non-damaged state, the current in line R (HV
Limb I(*) 0.9 lag 1.29 1.04 1.22 side) is 1.04 p.u. and its phase shift is -56.7 degrees, as a
-58.8º -176.7º 72.4º result of the load power factor. When an isolation fault
1.05 1.06 1.43 occurs in the LV winding, this current can be 2.17 p.u.
-28.4º -145.5º 99.5º and can shift up to 20 degrees from its original phase
angle. Zero degrees reference is the voltage applied to
Table 2: Phase (cursive font) and line (normal font) currents the coil labeled as RS.
obtained in the HV side from simulation records (p.u. values),
14th PSCC, Sevilla, 24-28 June 2002 Session 03, Paper 6, Page 4
ITR0
A very important feature to note is that currents in the
ITRi
LV side (wye-connected winding) do not vary in a large
amount, and maintain their phase angle even in the case
of damage. With the transformer free of damage, the ITRd
current in line R at the LV side is 1.04 p.u. and its phase
angle is -86.5 degrees. After damage has occurred, no T
R
important changes in this two values has been observed.
Hence, it can be stated that the three currents in the
secondary winding can be used as phase reference when
the operation of the damaged transformer is analyzed.
As can be observed, the results presented agree with the IRSd
ISTd
differential protection method, since both currents pre- S
IST0 IRSi
sent an appreciable discrepancy in their values. IRS0
ITR0
ISTi
Figure 6: Short circuit in the LV winding on limb I. Power
factor at the load: 0.9 lagging.
ITRi
ITR0
ITRi
T R
ITRd
ITRd
T
R
S
IRS0 IRSd
IST0 IST0
ISTd
ISTd
ISTi IRSi ISTi
S
Figure 3: Short circuit in the HV winding on limb I. Power
factor at the load: 0.9 lagging.
I RSd
ITR0
IRS0 IRSi
Figure 7: Short circuit in the LV winding on limb I. Power
ITRi factor at the load: 0.5 lagging.
ITRi ITR0
T
ITRd
ITRd
R T
IST0
IST0 R
ISTd
S ISTi
ISTi
IRSd
ISTd
IRS0
S
IRSi
Figure 4: Short circuit in the HV winding on limb I. Power
IRSd
factor at the load: 0.5 lagging.
IRSi IRS0
Figure 8: Short circuit in the LV winding on limb II. Power
ITRi ITRd factor at the load: 0.5 lagging.
ITR0
T
It has been observed that the power factor value does
IST0 not result in relative large modification of the homopolar
ISTi
ISTd R
current phase and rms value. Just when the damage is
located in other limb, the homopolar component phase
S IRSd
will change its angle. However, this phase angle will
IRSi only shift by a value of about 120 degrees. The type of
phase shift (lagging or leading) will be related to the
IRS0
limb in which the fault takes place. This fact can be
Figure 5: Short circuit in the HV winding on limb II. Power
readily stated by comparing Figures 2, 3 and 4 (HV
factor at the load: 0.5 lagging.
14th PSCC, Sevilla, 24-28 June 2002 Session 03, Paper 6, Page 5
degrees (limb I damaged) and 22 degrees (limb II dam- Several tests have been devised for validating the
aged). proposed technique. For this purpose, an oil dried distri-
bution transformer has been used (640 kVA 20 kV/ 380
3 CONCLUSIONS V). The provision of leads connected to the LV turns
aims to generate faults between turns through a limiting
Using finite element technique, an analysis of the cur-
resistor. Tests have been developed at a reduced volt-
rents sequences in a damaged transformer (3-phase core-
age, and results obtained agree with the proposed diag-
type; 2 MVA; 31.5 kV/ 400 V; Dy1 connection) has
nosis technique, showing the presence of the inverse
been developed in this paper. Interturn short circuits
sequence with phase angles related to the fault location.
have been defined by means of low value resistors in-
cluded into the electric circuit. Thus a large number of
simulations were conducted, varying the damage sever- REFERENCES
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