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C
22 H A P T E R

Attenuation Coefficients

Frank A. Iddings, San Antonio, Texas

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PART 1. Introduction to Attenuation Coefficients
The attenuation of an X-ray or gamma ray
beam passing through matter (and the
beam’s resulting attenuation) is the
consequence of a series of single events.
During each event a photon is removed
from the beam after interaction with a
nucleus or an orbital electron in the
attenuating material. The total probability
(per atom) for scattering or absorption of
a photon of the original energy is given
by a proportionality constant σ. This is
often referred to as the cross section
because it has the dimensions of an area.
Such cross sections are measured in a unit
of 10–28 m2. In physics, this unit has been
called barn (b), where 1 b = 100 fm2 =
10–28 m2 = 10–24 cm2.
The total attenuation coefficient is the
sum of the attenuation coefficients due to
compton scattering, the photoelectric
effect and pair production. The
photoelectric effect is that process in which
a photon transfers its total energy to an
electron in some shell of an atom. It is
most significant at lower photon energies.
As photon energy increases, compton
scattering becomes the main process
contributing to attenuation. Very high
energy photons are absorbed by pair
production, in which a photon is converted
into an electron and a positron. This
process occurs in the electrical field of a
nucleus and requires a minimum photon
energy of 1.02 MeV.
The total attenuation coefficient can be
expressed in three different forms:
1. The atomic attenuation coefficient
measures the probability of
absorption, per atom of absorbing
material, in barn (10–28 m2).
2. The mass attenuation coefficient
measures the probability of absorption
per gram of absorbing material in a
square centimeter of the beam
(cm2 ·g –1).
3. The linear attenuation coefficient
measures the probability of absorption
per centimeter of the absorbing
material’s thickness (cm–1).
Linear Attenuation Coefficient
The linear attenuation coefficient µL can
be expressed as:
(1) µL = µM × ρ
610 Radiographic Testing
where µM is the mass attenuation
coefficient and where ρ is the density of
the absorbing material. The linear
attenuation coefficient has a dimension
of cm–1.
The linear attenuation coefficient µL of
water at 1 MeV, for example, is:
0.0705 cm2 ⋅ g –1
× 1 g ⋅ cm–3 = 0.0705 cm–1
where 1 is the density ρ in gram per cubic
centimeter at standard temperature and
pressure and where 0.0705 is the mass
attenuation coefficient µM for water.
The linear attenuation coefficient µL
for air at 0.020 MeV is:
0.761 × 0.0012 = 0.91 × 10 –3 cm–1
where 0.0012 is the density ρ of air in
gram per cubic centimeter and 0.761 is its
mass attenuation coefficient µM.
Calculation of the mass attenuation
coefficients for air and water is shown
below).
Mass Attenuation Coefficient
The mass attenuation coefficient µM of a
compound or mixture is the sum of the
mass attenuation coefficients of the
constituent elements, weighted in
proportion to their relative abundance R.
(2) (µM )total = (µM )a Ra
+ (µM )b Rb + …
The total mass attenuation coefficient
for a compound, water, at 1 MeV, is:
 2 
(µM )water = 0.126  
 18 
 16 
+ 0.0636  
 18 
= 0.0705 cm2 ⋅g –1
where 0.126 and 0.0636 are the mass
attenuation coefficients of hydrogen and
oxygen at 1 MeV. The relative abundance
is figured using the relative atomic mass
Ar = 1 for hydrogen and Ar = 16 for
oxygen. Relative atomic mass (formerly
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called atomic weight) is the ratio of the sharp change occurs for K electrons is
average mass per atom of an element to called the K absorption edge and is used to
one twelfth of the mass of the atom of the identify the situation where kinetic
nuclide carbon 12. energy of the ejected K electron is zero.
The same method can be used to Further increase of the photon energy
calculate the mass attenuation coefficient causes the absorption to decrease almost
at 0.02 MeV for air (a mixture), which inversely with the cube of the energy.
consists in percentages by weight
primarily of N2 (75.6 percent), O2
(23.1 percent) and Ar (1.3 percent). The
mass attenuation coefficients are as
follows: nitrogen, 0.598 cm2·g–1; oxygen,
0.840 cm2·g–1; and argon, 8.87 cm2·g–1.
Therefore the total mass attenuation
coefficient for air at 0.02 MeV is:

(µM )air = (0.598 × 0.756)

+ (0.840 × 0.231)
+ (8.87 × 0.013)
= 0.761 cm2 ⋅g –1

Linear Coefficient Tables

Tables 1 to 40 are based on a narrow beam
absorption. The calculated atomic, mass
and linear attenuation coefficients for
various elements are given in the energy
range of 0.01 to 30 MeV.
The tables were prepared for a previous
edition by the Radiation Physics
Committee of the American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, under the
direction of C. Robert Emigh of Los
Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico.
The tabulations provide data for the
photoelectric component; data for the
pair production component, which
includes both nuclear and orbital electron
contributions; data for the scattering
component; and a correction for
electronic binding energies. Values were
obtained from G.R. White’s calculated
values in the Handbook of Radiology1 and
other sources.2-4 Corrections to these
values and values for other elements were
obtained by graphical interpolation. For
convenience, the values are presented to
no more than three significant figures,
although the estimated probable error is
no larger than one-half unit in the last
place, or three percent, whichever is
greater. The linear attenuation coefficients
are calculated with the density most
commonly used for the given element.

K Absorption Edge
Tables 21 to 40 include information on
the element’s K absorption edge. When
the transmitted photon energy reaches
the binding energy of a particular shell of
electrons, there is an abrupt increase in
the absorption. The energy at which this

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PART 2. Attenuation Coefficient Tables

TABLE 1. Attenuation coefficients for hydrogen (atomic number Z = 1).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 0.637 0.005 — 0.642 0.384 32.1 × 10–6

0.015 0.627 0.001 — 0.628 0.375 31.4 × 10–6
0.02 0.616 — — 0.616 0.368 30.8 × 10–6
0.03 0.596 — — 0.596 0.356 29.8 × 10–6
0.04 0.578 — — 0.578 0.345 28.9 × 10–6
0.05 0.561 — — 0.561 0.335 28.1 × 10–6
0.06 0.546 — — 6.546 0.326 27.3 × 10–6
0.08 0.517 — — 0.517 0.309 25.9 × 10–6
0.10 0.493 — — 0.493 0.295 24.7 × 10–6
0.15 0.444 — — 0.444 0.265 22.2 × 10–6
0.20 0.407 — — 0.407 0.243 20.4 × 10–6
0.30 0.354 — — 0.354 0.212 17.8 × 10–6
0.40 0.317 — — 0.317 0.189 15.8 × 10–6
0.50 0.289 — — 0.289 0.173 14.5 × 10–6
0.60 0.268 — — 0.268 0.160 13.4 × 10–6
0.80 0.235 — — 0.235 0.140 11.7 × 10–6
1.0 0.211 — — 0.211 0.126 10.6 × 10–6
1.5 0.172 — — 0.172 0.103 8.63 × 10–6
2.0 0.146 — — 0.146 0.0873 7.31 × 10–6
3.0 0.115 — 0.001 0.116 0.0693 5.80 × 10–6
4.0 0.0960 — 0.0010 0.0970 0.0580 4.86 × 10–6
5.0 0.0828 — 0.0014 0.0842 0.0503 4.21 × 10–6
6.0 0.0732 — 0.0019 0.0751 0.0449 3.76 × 10–6
8.0 0.0599 — 0.0027 0.0626 0.0374 3.13 × 10–6
10.0 0.0510 — 0.0033 0.0543 0.0325 2.72 × 10–6
15.0 0.0377 — 0.0046 0.0423 0.0253 2.12 × 10–6
20.0 0.0302 — 0.0056 0.0358 0.0214 1.79 × 10–6
30.0 0.0220 — 0.0071 0.0291 0.0174 1.46 × 10–6
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 1.008.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 8.38 × 10–5 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 2. Attenuation coefficients for beryllium (atomic number Z = 4).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 3.54 5.42 — 8.96 0.599 1.09

0.015 3.01 1.39 — 4.40 0.294 0.535
0.02 2.77 0.52 — 3.29 0.220 0.400
0.03 2.53 0.13 — 2.66 0.178 0.324
0.04 2.38 0.05 — 2.43 0.162 0.295
0.05 2.28 0.02 — 2.30 0.154 0.280
0.06 2.21 0.01 — 2.22 0.148 0.269
0.08 2.09 — — 2.09 0.140 0.255
0.10 1.99 — — 1.99 0.133 0.242
0.15 1.78 — — 1.78 0.119 0.217
0.20 1.63 — — 1.63 0.109 0.198
0.30 1.41 — — 1.41 0.0943 0.172
0.40 1.27 — — 1.27 0.0849 0.155
0.50 1.16 — — 1.16 0.0775 0.141
0.60 1.07 — — 1.07 0.0715 0.130
0.80 0.940 — — 0.940 0.0628 0.114
1.0 0.845 — — 0.845 0.0565 0.103
1.5 0.686 — 0.001 0.687 0.459 0.0835
2.0 0.586 — 0.003 0.589 0.0394 0.0717
3.0 0.460 — 0.008 0.468 0.0313 0.0570
4.0 0.384 — 0.014 0.398 0.0266 0.0484
5.0 0.331 — 0.019 0.350 0.0234 0.0426
6.0 0.293 — 0.024 0.317 0.0212 0.0386
8.0 0.240 — 0.031 0.271 0.0181 0.0329
10 0.204 — 0.039 0.243 0.0162 0.0295
15 0.151 — 0.051 0.202 0.0135 0.0246
20 0.121 — 0.061 0.182 0.0122 0.0222
30 0.0880 — 0.075 0.163 0.0109 0.0198
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 9.013.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 1.82 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 3. Attenuation coefficients for carbon (atomic number Z = 6).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 6.90 38.6 — 45.5 2.28 5.06

0.015 5.30 10.2 — 15.5 0.778 1.73
0.02 4.64 3.91 — 8.55 0.429 0.952
0.03 4.04 0.99 — 5.03 0.252 0.559
0.04 3.71 0.38 — 4.09 0.205 0.455
0.05 3.53 0.18 — 3.71 0.186 0.413
0.06 3.38 0.10 — 3.48 0.175 0.389
0.08 3.18 0.04 — 3.22 0.162 0.360
0.10 3.02 0.02 — 3.04 0.153 0.340
0.15 2.69 — — 2.69 0.135 0.300
0.20 2.46 — — 2.46 0.123 0.273
0.30 2.13 — — 2.13 0.107 0.238
0.40 1.90 — — 1.90 0.0953 0.212
0.50 1.74 — — 1.74 0.0873 0.194
0.60 1.61 — — 1.61 0.0808 0.179
0.80 1.41 — — 1.41 0.0707 0.157
1.0 1.27 — — 1.27 0.0637 0.141
1.5 1.03 — — 1.03 0.0517 0.115
2.0 0.878 — 0.006 0.884 0.0444 0.0986
3.0 0.691 — 0.018 0.709 0.0356 0.0790
4.0 0.576 — 0.031 0.607 0.0305 0.0677
5.0 0.497 — 0.042 0.539 0.0270 0.0599
6.0 0.439 — 0.052 0.491 0.0246 0.0546
8.0 0.359 — 0.068 0.427 0.0214 0.0475
10 0.306 — 0.083 0.389 0.0195 0.0433
15 0.226 — 0.110 0.336 0.0169 0.0375
20 0.181 — 0.130 0.311 0.0156 0.0346
30 0.132 — 0.160 0.292 0.0146 0.0324
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 12.010.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient for graphite form of carbon is calculated by using density ρ = 2.22 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 4. Attenuation coefficients for nitrogen (atomic number Z = 7).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 9.0 79.4 — 88.4 3.80 44.3 × 10–4

0.015 6.7 21.2 — 27.9 1.20 14.0 × 10–4
0.02 5.73 8.21 — 13.9 0.598 6.97 × 10–4
0.03 4.84 2.15 — 6.99 0.301 3.51 × 10–4
0.04 4.45 0.81 — 5.26 0.226 2.63 × 10–4
0.05 4.14 0.38 — 4.52 0.194 2.26 × 10–4
0.06 3.98 0.21 — 4.19 0.180 2.10 × 10–4
0.08 3.73 0.08 — 3.81 0.164 1.91 × 10–4
0.10 3.54 0.04 — 3.58 0.154 1.79 × 10–4
0.15 3.15 0.01 — 3.16 0.136 1.58 × 10–4
0.20 2.87 — — 2.87 0.123 1.43 × 10–4
0.30 2.48 — — 2.48 0.107 1.25 × 10–4
0.40 2.22 — — 2.22 0.0955 1.11 × 10–4
0.50 2.02 — — 2.02 0.0869 1.01 × 10–4
0.60 1.87 — — 1.87 0.0804 0.937 × 10–4
0.80 1.65 — — 1.65 0.0710 0.827 × 10–4
1.0 1.48 — — 1.48 0.0637 0.742 × 10–4
1.5 1.20 — — 1.20 0.0516 0.601 × 10–4
2.0 1.03 — 0.01 1.04 0.0447 0.521 × 10–4
3.0 0.806 — 0.025 0.831 0.0357 0.416 × 10–4
4.0 0.672 — 0.042 0.714 0.0307 0.358 × 10–4
5.0 0.580 — 0.057 0.637 0.0274 0.319 × 10–4
6.0 0.512 — 0.071 0.583 0.0251 0.292 × 10–4
8.0 0.419 — 0.092 0.511 0.0220 0.256 × 10–4
10 0.357 — 0.111 0.468 0.0201 0.234 × 10–4
15 0.264 — 0.148 0.412 0.0177 0.206 × 10–4
20 0.212 — 0.174 0.386 0.0166 0.193 × 10–4
30 0.154 — 0.213 0.367 0.0158 0.184 × 10–4
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 14.088.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 1.165 × 10–3 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 5. Attenuation coefficients for oxygen (atomic number Z = 8).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair (10–28 m2) (cm2·g–1) (cm–1)

0.01 11.3 146 — 157 5.91 78.7 × 10–4

0.015 8.3 39.6 — 47.9 1.80 24.0 × 10–4
0.02 6.9 15.4 — 22.3 0.840 11.2 × 10–4
0.03 5.77 4.09 — 9.86 0.371 4.94 × 10–4
0.04 5.18 1.55 — 6.73 0.253 3.37 × 10–4
0.05 4.86 0.73 — 5.59 0.211 2.81 × 10–4
0.06 4.62 0.40 — 5.02 0.189 2.52 × 10–4
0.08 4.31 0.15 — 4.46 0.168 2.24 × 10–4
0.10 4.06 0.07 — 4.13 0.156 2.08 × 10–4
0.15 3.61 0.02 — 3.63 0.137 1.82 × 10–4
0.20 3.29 0.01 — 3.30 0.124 1.65 × 10–4
0.30 2.84 — — 2.84 0.107 1.43 × 10–4
0.40 2.54 — — 2.54 0.0957 1.27 ×10–4
0.50 2.31 — — 2.31 0.0870 1.16 × 10–4
0.60 2.14 — — 2.14 0.0806 1.07 × 10–4
0.80 1.88 — — 1.88 0.0708 0.943 × 10–4
1.0 1.69 — — 1.69 0.0636 0.847 × 10–4
1.5 1.37 — — 1.37 0.0516 0.687 × 10–4
2.0 1.17 — 0.01 1.18 0.0444 0.591 × 10–4
3.0 0.921 — 0.033 0.954 0.0359 0.478 × 10–4
4.0 0.768 — 0.054 0.822 0.0310 0.413 × 10–4
5.0 0.663 — 0.074 0.737 0.0278 0.370 × 10–4
6.0 0.586 — 0.091 0.677 0.0255 0.340 × 10–4
8.0 0.479 — 0.119 0.598 0.0225 0.300 × 10–4
10 0.408 — 0.143 0.551 0.0208 0.277 × 10–4
15 0.302 — 0.190 0.492 0.0185 0.246 × 10–4
20 0.242 — 0.224 0.466 0.0175 0.233 × 10–4
30 0.176 — 0.273 0.449 0.0169 0.225 × 10–4
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 16.000.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 1.332 × 10–3 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 6. Attenuation coefficients for sodium (atomic number Z = 11).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 20.6 588 — 609 16.0 15.5

0.015 14.0 169 — 183 4.79 4.65
0.02 11.3 67.5 — 78.8 2.06 2.00
0.03 8.91 18.1 — 27.0 0.707 0.686
0.04 7.71 7.0 — 14.7 0.385 0.374
0.05 7.07 3.3 — 10.4 0.272 0.264
0.06 6.67 1.90 — 8.57 0.225 0.218
0.08 6.08 0.74 — 6.82 0.179 0.174
0.10 5.66 0.32 — 5.98 0.157 0.152
0.15 5.01 0.09 — 5.10 0.134 0.130
0.20 4.54 0.04 — 4.58 0.120 0.117
0.30 3.92 0.01 — 3.93 0.103 0.100
0.40 3.50 — — 3.50 0.0917 0.0890
0.50 3.19 — — 3.19 0.0836 0.0812
0.60 2.94 — — 2.94 0.0770 0.0748
0.80 2.59 — — 2.59 0.0679 0.0659
1.0 2.32 — — 2.32 0.0608 0.0590
1.5 1.89 — — 1.89 0.0495 0.0481
2.0 1.61 — 0.02 1.63 0.0427 0.0415
3.0 1.27 — 0.06 1.33 0.0348 0.0338
4.0 1.06 — 0.10 1.16 0.0304 0.0295
5.0 0.911 — 0.139 1.05 0.0275 0.0267
6.0 0.805 — 0.170 0.975 0.0255 0.0248
8.0 0.659 — 0.221 0.880 0.0231 0.0224
10 0.561 — 0.266 0.827 0.0217 0.0211
15 0.415 — 0.351 0.766 0.0201 0.0195
20 0.333 — 0.413 0.746 0.0195 0.0189
30 0.242 — 0.500 0.742 0.0194 0.0188
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 22.997.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 0.971 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 7. Attenuation coefficients for magnesium (atomic number Z = 12).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 24.3 851 — 875 21.7 37.8

0.015 16.4 244 — 260 6.44 11.2
0.02 13.0 99.0 — 112 2.77 4.82
0.03 10.1 27.4 — 37.5 0.929 1.62
0.04 8.71 10.5 — 19.2 0.476 0.829
0.05 7.88 5.13 — 13.0 0.322 0.561
0.06 7.37 2.84 — 10.2 0.253 0.440
0.08 6.70 1.10 — 7.80 0.193 0.336
0.10 6.25 0.53 — 6.78 0.168 0.292
0.15 5.48 0.14 — 5.62 0.139 0.242
0.20 4.96 0.06 — 5.02 0.124 0.216
0.30 4.28 0.02 — 4.30 0.107 0.186
0.40 3.82 0.01 — 3.83 0.0949 0.165
0.50 3.48 — — 3.48 0.0862 0.150
0.60 3.22 — — 3.22 0.0798 0.139
0.80 2.82 — — 2.82 0.0699 0.122
1.0 2.53 — — 2.53 0.0627 0.109
1.5 2.06 — 0.01 2.07 0.0513 0.0893
2.0 1.76 — 0.02 1.78 0.0441 0.0768
3.0 1.38 — 0.08 1.46 0.0362 0.0630
4.0 1.15 — 0.12 1.27 0.0315 0.0548
5.0 0.994 — 0.165 1.16 0.0287 0.0500
6.0 0.878 — 0.201 1.08 0.0268 0.0467
8.0 0.719 — 0.261 0.980 0.0243 0.0423
10 0.612 — 0.314 0.926 0.0229 0.0399
15 0.452 — 0.415 0.867 0.0215 0.0374
20 0.362 — 0.490 0.852 0.0211 0.0367
30 0.264 — 0.593 0.857 0.0212 0.0369
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 24.32.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 1.741 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 8. Attenuation coefficients for aluminum (atomic number Z = 13).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 29 1170 — 1200 26.8 72.4

0.015 19 343 — 362 8.08 21.8
0.02 15 141 — 156 3.48 9.40
0.03 11.7 39.0 — 50.7 1.13 3.05
0.04 9.7 15.2 — 24.9 0.556 1.50
0.05 8.7 7.3 — 16.0 0.357 0.964
0.06 8.1 4.0 — 12.1 0.270 0.729
0.08 7.34 1.60 — 8.94 0.200 0.540
0.10 6.82 0.78 — 7.60 0.170 0.459
0.15 5.96 0.21 — 6.17 0.138 0.373
0.20 5.39 0.08 — 5.47 0.122 0.329
0.30 4.64 0.02 — 4.66 0.104 0.281
0.40 4.14 0.01 — 4.15 0.0927 0.250
0.50 3.78 — — 3.78 0.0844 0.228
0.60 3.49 — — 3.49 0.0779 0.210
0.80 3.06 — — 3.06 0.0683 0.184
1.0 2.75 — — 2.75 0.0614 0.166
1.5 2.23 — 0.01 2.24 0.0500 0.135
2.0 1.90 — 0.03 1.93 0.0431 0.116
3.0 1.50 — 0.09 1.59 0.0355 0.0959
4.0 1.25 — 0.14 1.39 0.0310 0.0837
5.0 1.08 — 0.19 1.27 0.0284 0.0767
6.0 0.952 — 0.237 1.19 0.0266 0.0718
8.0 0.778 — 0.311 1.09 0.0243 0.0656
10 0.663 — 0.365 1.03 0.0230 0.0621
15 0.490 — 0.484 0.974 0.0217 0.0586
20 0.393 — 0.570 0.963 0.0215 0.0581
30 0.286 — 0.690 0.976 0.0218 0.0589
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 26.98.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 2.70 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 9. Attenuation coefficients for silicon (atomic number Z = 14).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair (10–28 m2) (cm2·g–1) (cm–1)

0.01 33 1580 — 1610 34.5 81.1

0.015 22 470 — 492 10.6 24.9
0.02 17 194 — 211 4.53 10.6
0.03 12.8 54.4 — 67.2 1.44 3.38
0.04 10.8 21.4 — 32.2 0.691 1.62
0.05 9.6 10.3 — 19.9 0.427 1.00
0.06 8.9 5.8 — 14.7 0.315 0.740
0.08 8.0 2.3 — 10.3 0.221 0.519
0.10 7.38 1.10 — 8.48 0.182 0.428
0.15 6.44 0.29 — 6.73 0.144 0.338
0.20 5.82 0.12 — 5.94 0.127 0.298
0.30 5.01 0.04 — 5.05 0.108 0.254
0.40 4.46 0.02 — 4.48 0.0961 0.226
0.50 4.07 — — 4.07 0.0873 0.205
0.60 3.75 — — 3.75 0.0804 0.189
0.80 3.30 — — 3.30 0.0708 0.166
1.0 2.96 — — 2.96 0.0635 0.149
1.5 2.40 — 0.01 2.41 0.0517 0.121
2.0 2.05 — 0.04 2.09 0.0448 0.105
3.0 1.61 — 0.10 1.71 0.0367 0.0862
4.0 1.34 — 0.16 1.50 0.0322 0.0757
5.0 1.16 — 0.23 1.39 0.0298 0.0700
6.0 1.03 — 0.28 1.31 0.0281 0.0660
8.0 0.84 — 0.35 1.19 0.0255 0.0599
10 0.714 — 0.426 1.14 0.0245 0.0576
15 0.528 — 0.565 1.09 0.0234 0.0550
20 0.423 — 0.663 1.09 0.0234 0.0550
30 0.308 — 0.793 1.10 0.0236 0.0555
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 28.09.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 2.35 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 10. Attenuation coefficients for argon (atomic number Z = 18).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 56 4280 — 4340 65.4 10.9 × 10-2

0.015 36 1320 — 1360 20.5 3.41 × 10-2
0.02 27 561 — 588 8.87 1.48 × 10-2
0.03 19 164 — 183 2.76 0.459 × 10-2
0.04 15.6 64.5 — 80.1 1.21 0.201 × 10-2
0.05 13.6 31.6 — 45.2 0.682 0.113 × 10-2
0.06 12.4 18.0 — 30.4 0.458 0.0762 × 10-2
0.08 10.8 7.2 — 18.0 0.271 0.0451 × 10-2
0.10 9.85 3.60 — 13.5 0.204 0.0339 × 10-2
0.15 8.43 0.98 — 9.41 0.142 0.0236 × 10-2
0.20 7.57 0.41 — 7.98 0.120 0.0200 × 10-2
0.30 6.48 0.12 — 6.60 0.0995 0.0165 × 10-2
0.40 5.76 0.05 — 5.81 0.0876 0.0146 × 10-2
0.50 5.24 0.03 — 5.27 0.0795 0.0132 × 10-2
0.60 4.84 0.02 — 4.86 0.0733 0.0122 × 10-2
0.80 4.24 — — 4.24 0.0639 0.0106 × 10-2
1.0 3.81 — — 3.81 0.0575 0.009 56 × 10-2
1.5 3.09 — 0.02 3.11 0.0469 0.007 80 × 10-2
2.0 2.64 — 0.06 2.70 0.0407 0.006 77 × 10-2
3.0 2.07 — 0.17 2.24 0.0338 0.005 62 × 10-2
4.0 1.73 — 0.27 2.00 0.0302 0.005 02 × 10-2
5.0 1.49 — 0.37 1.86 0.0280 0.004 66 × 10-2
6.0 1.32 — 0.45 1.77 0.0267 0.004 44 × 10-2
8.0 1.08 — 0.59 1.67 0.0252 0.004 19 × 10-2
10 0.918 — 0.691 1.61 0.0243 0.004 04 × 10-2
15 0.679 — 0.913 1.59 0.0240 0.003 99 × 10-2
20 0.544 — 1.06 1.60 0.0241 0.004 01 × 10-2
30 0.396 — 1.29 1.69 0.0255 0.004 24 × 10-2
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 39.944.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 1.663 × 10–3 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 11. Attenuation coefficients for calcium (atomic number Z = 20).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 69 6380 — 6450 96.9 149

0.015 44 2010 — 2050 30.8 47.4
0.02 33 859 — 892 13.4 20.6
0.03 24 254 — 278 4.18 6.44
0.04 19 102 — 121 1.82 2.80
0.05 15.8 50.6 — 66.4 0.098 1.54
0.06 14.3 28.8 — 43.1 0.648 0.998
0.08 12.3 11.6 — 23.9 0.359 0.553
0.10 11.2 6.0 — 17.2 0.259 0.399
0.15 9.48 1.60 — 11.1 0.167 0.257
0.20 8.47 0.67 — 9.14 0.137 0.211
0.30 7.23 0.20 — 7.43 0.112 0.172
0.40 6.42 0.09 — 6.51 0.0978 0.151
0.50 5.84 0.05 — 5.89 0.0885 0.136
0.60 5.38 0.03 — 5.41 0.0813 0.125
0.80 4.72 0.01 — 4.73 0.0711 0.109
1.0 4.24 — — 4.24 0.0637 0.0981
1.5 3.43 — 0.02 3.45 0.0518 0.0798
2.0 2.93 — 0.07 3.00 0.0451 0.0695
3.0 2.30 — 0.21 2.51 0.0377 0.0581
4.0 1.92 — 0.33 2.25 0.0338 0.0521
5.0 1.66 — 0.45 2.11 0.0317 0.0488
6.0 1.46 — 0.55 2.01 0.0302 0.0465
8.0 1.20 — 0.72 1.92 0.0289 0.0445
10 1.02 — 0.84 1.86 0.0280 0.0431
15 0.755 — 1.12 1.88 0.0283 0.0436
20 0.605 — 1.31 1.92 0.0289 0.0445
30 0.440 — 1.57 2.01 0.0302 0.0465
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 40.08.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 1.54 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 12. Attenuation coefficients for titanium (atomic number Z = 22).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 84 9150 — 9230 116 527

0.015 53 2900 — 2950 37.1 168
0.02 39 1250 — 1290 16.2 73.5
0.03 27 374 — 401 5.04 22.9
0.04 22 154 — 176 2.21 10.0
0.05 18.3 76.3 — 94.6 1.19 5.40
0.06 16.3 43.9 — 60.2 0.757 3.44
0.08 14.0 17.9 — 31.9 0.401 1.82
0.10 12.5 9.2 — 21.7 0.273 1.24
0.15 10.6 2.5 — 13.1 0.165 0.749
0.20 9.40 1.04 — 10.4 0.131 0.595
0.30 7.99 0.31 — 8.30 0.104 0.472
0.40 7.09 0.13 — 7.22 0.0908 0.412
0.50 6.43 0.07 — 6.50 0.0818 0.371
0.60 5.94 0.05 — 5.99 0.0754 0.342
0.80 5.19 0.02 — 5.21 0.0655 0.297
1.0 4.66 0.01 — 4.67 0.0587 0.266
1.5 3.78 0.01 0.02 3.81 0.0479 0.217
2.0 3.22 — 0.09 3.31 0.0416 0.189
3.0 2.53 — 0.25 2.78 0.0350 0.159
4.0 2.11 — 0.41 2.52 0.0317 0.144
5.0 1.82 — 0.54 2.36 0.0297 0.135
6.0 1.61 — 0.67 2.28 0.0287 0.130
8.0 1.32 — 0.86 2.18 0.0274 0.124
10 1.12 — 1.02 2.14 0.0269 0.122
15 0.829 — 1.34 2.17 0.0273 0.124
20 0.664 — 1.58 2.24 0.0282 0.128
30 0.484 — 1.90 2.38 0.0299 0.136
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 47.9.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 4.54 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 13. Attenuation coefficients for vanadium (atomic number Z = 23).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 92 10 700 — 10 800 128 763

0.015 58 3430 — 3490 41.3 246
0.02 43 1490 — 1530 18.1 108
0.03 29 449 — 478 5.65 33.7
0.04 23 185 — 208 2.46 14.7
0.05 19.6 92.7 — 112 1.32 7.87
0.06 17.4 53.3 — 70.7 0.836 4.98
0.08 14.8 21.8 — 36.6 0.443 2.58
0.10 13.3 11.1 — 24.4 0.289 1.72
0.15 11.1 3.1 — 14.2 0.168 1.00
0.20 9.85 1.27 — 11.1 0.131 0.781
0.30 8.36 0.38 — 8.74 0.103 0.614
0.40 7.41 0.16 — 7.57 0.0896 0.534
0.50 6.73 0.09 — 6.82 0.0807 0.481
0.60 6.20 0.06 — 6.26 0.0741 0.442
0.80 5.44 0.03 — 5.47 0.0647 0.386
1.0 4.88 0.02 — 4.90 0.0580 0.346
1.5 3.96 0.01 0.03 4.00 0.0473 0.282
2.0 3.37 — 0.09 3.46 0.0409 0.244
3.0 2.65 — 0.28 2.93 0.0347 0.207
4.0 2.21 — 0.44 2.65 0.0313 0.187
5.0 1.90 — 0.60 2.50 0.0296 0.176
6.0 1.68 — 0.73 2.41 0.0285 0.170
8.0 1.38 — 0.94 2.32 0.0274 0.163
10 1.17 — 1.12 2.29 0.0271 0.162
15 0.867 — 1.46 2.33 0.0276 0.164
20 0.695 — 1.74 2.44 0.0289 0.172
30 0.506 — 2.06 2.57 0.0304 0.181
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 50.95.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 5.96 g·cm–3.

624 Radiographic Testing

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TABLE 14. Attenuation coefficients for chromium (atomic number Z = 24).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 101 12 500 — 12 600 146 1050

0.015 64 4040 — 4100 47.5 342
0.02 47 1760 — 1810 21.0 151
0.03 32 533 — 565 6.54 47.0
0.04 25 221 — 246 2.85 20.5
0.05 21 111 — 132 1.53 11.0
0.06 18.5 63.9 — 82.4 0.954 6.86
0.08 15.7 26.3 — 42.0 0.486 3.49
0.10 14.0 13.5 — 27.5 0.318 2.29
0.15 11.7 3.75 — 15.5 0.179 1.29
0.20 10.3 1.55 — 11.9 0.138 0.992
0.30 8.74 0.46 — 9.20 0.107 0.769
0.40 7.75 0.20 — 7.95 0.0921 0.662
0.50 7.03 0.11 — 7.14 0.0827 0.595
0.60 6.48 0.07 — 6.55 0.0758 0.545
0.80 5.67 0.03 — 5.70 0.0660 0.475
1.0 5.09 0.02 — 5.11 0.0592 0.426
1.5 4.13 0.01 0.03 4.17 0.0483 0.347
2.0 3.51 0.01 0.11 3.63 0.0420 0.302
3.0 2.76 — 0.30 3.06 0.0354 0.255
4.0 2.30 — 0.48 2.78 0.0322 0.232
5.0 1.99 — 0.65 2.64 0.0306 0.220
6.0 1.76 — 0.79 2.55 0.0295 0.212
8.0 1.44 — 1.02 2.46 0.0285 0.205
10 1.22 — 1.21 2.43 0.0281 0.202
15 0.905 — 1.59 2.50 0.0290 0.209
20 0.725 — 1.87 2.60 0.0301 0.216
30 0.528 — 2.24 2.77 0.0321 0.231
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 52.01.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 7.19 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 15. Attenuation coefficients for manganese (atomic number Z = 25).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 110 14 400 — 14 500 159 1180

0.015 70 4690 — 4760 52.2 388
0.02 51 2051 — 2100 23.0 171
0.03 34 626 — 660 7.24 53.8
0.04 27 263 — 290 3.18 23.6
0.05 22 132 — 154 1.69 12.6
0.06 19.7 76.2 — 95.9 1.05 7.80
0.08 16.6 31.4 — 48.0 0.527 3.92
0.10 14.7 16.2 — 30.9 0.339 2.52
0.15 12.2 4.51 — 16.7 0.183 1.36
0.20 10.8 1.88 — 12.7 0.139 1.03
0.30 9.13 0.56 — 9.69 0.106 0.788
0.40 8.09 0.24 — 8.33 0.0914 0.679
0.50 7.33 0.13 — 7.46 0.0818 0.608
0.60 6.76 0.08 — 6.84 0.0750 0.557’
0.80 5.91 0.04 — 5.95 0.0653 0.485
1.0 5.30 0.03 — 5.33 0.0585 0.435
1.5 4.30 0.01 0.03 4.34 0.0476 0.354
2.0 3.66 0.01 0.12 3.79 0.0416 0.309
3.0 2.88 — 0.33 3.21 0.0352 0.262
4.0 2.40 — 0.52 2.92 0.0320 0.238
5.0 2.07 — 0.70 2.77 0.0304 0.226
6.0 1.83 — 0.86 2.69 0.0295 0.219
8.0 1.50 — 1.11 2.61 0.0286 0.212
10 1.28 — 1.31 2.59 0.0284 0.211
15 0.943 — 1.72 2.66 0.0292 0.217
20 0.755 — 2.02 2.78 0.0305 0.227
30 0.55 — 2.43 2.98 0.0327 0.243
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 54.93.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 7.43 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 16. Attenuation coefficients for iron (atomic number Z = 26).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 120 16 500 — 16 600 179 1410

0.015 75 5380 — 5460 58.9 464
0.02 55 2380 — 2440 26.3 207
0.03 37 729 — 766 8.27 65.1
0.04 29 308 — 337 3.64 28.6
0.05 24 155 — 179 1.93 15.2
0.06 20.9 90.7 — 112 1.21 9.52
0.08 17.5 38.0 — 55.5 0.599 4.71
0.10 15.4 19.1 — 34.5 0.372 2.93
0.15 12.8 5.4 — 18.2 0.196 1.54
0.20 11.3 2.2 — 13.5 0.146 1.15
0.30 9.50 0.66 — 10.2 0.110 0.866
0.40 8.42 0.29 — 8.71 0.0940 0.740
0.50 7.63 0.16 — 7.79 0.0841 0.662
0.60 7.03 0.10 — 7.13 0.0769 0.605
0.80 6.15 0.05 — 6.20 0.0669 0.527
1.0 5.52 0.03 — 5.55 0.0599 0.471
1.5 4.46 0.02 0.03 4.51 0.0487 0.383
2.0 3.81 0.01 0.12 3.94 0.0425 0.334
3.0 2.99 — 0.35 3.34 0.0360 0.283
4.0 2.50 — 0.57 3.07 0.0331 0.260
5.0 2.15 — 0.76 2.91 0.0314 0.247
6.0 1.90 — 0.92 2.82 0.0304 0.239
8.0 1.56 — 1.20 2.76 0.0298 0.235
10 1.33 — 1.41 2.74 0.0296 0.233
15 0.981 — 1.86 2.84 0.0306 0.241
20 0.786 — 2.17 2.96 0.0319 0.251
30 0.572 — 2.61 3.18 0.0343 0.270
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 55.85.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 7.87 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 17. Attenuation coefficients for cobalt (atomic number Z = 27).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 130 18 800 — 18 900 193 1720

0.015 82 6170 — 6250 63.9 569
0.02 60 2760 — 2820 28.8 256
0.03 40 848 — 888 9.08 80.8
0.04 31 360 — 391 4.00 35.6
0.05 25 181 — 206 2.11 18.8
0.06 22 106 — 128 1.31 11.7
0.08 18.5 43.8 — 62.3 0.637 5.67
0.10 16.3 22.5 — 38.8 0.397 3.53
0.15 13.4 6.40 — 19.8 0.202 1.80
0.20 11.8 2.65 — 14.5 0.148 1.32
0.30 9.91 0.80 — 10.7 0.109 0.970
0.40 8.75 0.34 — 9.09 0.0929 0.827
0.50 7.94 0.19 — 8.13 0.0831 0.740
0.60 7.30 0.12 — 7.42 0.0758 0.675
0.80 6.39 0.06 — 6.45 0.0659 0.587
1.0 5.73 0.04 — 5.77 0.0590 0.525
1.5 4.64 0.02 0.03 4.69 0.0479 0.426
2.0 3.96 0.01 0.14 4.11 0.0420 0.374
3.0 3.11 0.01 0.38 3.50 0.0358 0.319
4.0 2.59 — 0.61 3.20 0.0327 0.291
5.0 2.24 — 0.82 3.06 0.0313 0.279
6.0 1.98 — 1.00 2.98 0.0305 0.271
8.0 1.62 — 1.29 2.91 0.0297 0.264
10 1.38 — 1.53 2.91 0.0297 0.264
15 1.02 — 2.00 3.02 0.0309 0.275
20 0.815 — 2.35 3.17 0.0324 0.288
30 0.594 — 2.82 3.41 0.0349 0.311
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 58.94.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 8.90 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 18. Attenuation coefficients for nickel (atomic number Z = 28).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 141 21 300 — 21 400 220 1950

0.015 89 7020 — 7110 73.0 646
0.02 65 3160 — 3230 33.2 294
0.03 43 984 — 1030 10.6 93.8
0.04 33 418 — 451 4.63 41.0
0.05 27 210 — 237 2.43 21.5
0.06 23 123 — 146 1.50 13.3
0.08 19.4 51.1 — 70.5 0.724 6.41
0.10 17.1 26.4 — 43.5 0.447 3.96
0.15 14.0 7.52 — 21.5 0.221 1.96
0.20 12.3 3.12 — 15.4 0.158 1.40
0.30 10.3 0.95 — 11.3 0.116 1.03
0.40 9.10 0.41 — 9.51 0.0977 0.865
0.50 8.24 0.22 — 8.46 0.0869 0.769
0.60 7.58 0.14 — 7.72 0.0793 0.702
0.80 6.63 0.07 — 6.70 0.0688 0.609
1.0 5.94 0.04 — 5.98 0.0614 0.543
1.5 4.81 0.02 0.04 4.87 0.0500 0.443
2.0 4.11 0.01 0.15 4.27 0.0439 0.389
3.0 3.22 0.01 0.41 3.64 0.0374 0.331
4.0 2.69 0.01 0.65 3.35 0.0344 0.304
5.0 2.32 — 0.88 3.20 0.0329 0.291
6.0 2.05 — 1.07 3.12 0.0320 0.283
8.0 1.68 — 1.39 3.07 0.0315 0.279
10 1.43 — 1.64 3.07 0.0315 0.279
15 1.06 — 2.14 3.20 0.0329 0.291
20 0.846 — 2.52 3.37 0.0346 0.306
30 0.616 — 3.02 3.64 0.0374 0.331
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 58.69.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 8.85 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 19. Attenuation coefficients for copper (atomic number Z = 29).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair (10–28 m2) (cm2·g–1) (cm–1)

0.01 150 23 600 — 23 800 226 2010

0.015 96 8000 — 8100 76.8 684
0.02 70 3580 — 3650 34.6 308
0.03 46 1120 — 1170 11.1 98.8
0.04 35 474 — 509 4.83 43.0
0.05 29 242 — 271 2.57 22.9
0.06 24 143 — 167 1.58 14.1
0.08 20.5 60.2 — 80.7 0.765 6.81
0.10 17.9 30.7 — 48.6 0.461 4.10
0.15 14.5 8.9 — 23.4 0.222 1.98
0.20 12.8 3.7 — 16.5 0.156 1.39
0.30 10.7 1.1 — 11.8 0.112 0.997
0.40 9.43 0.48 — 9.91 0.0940 0.837
0.50 8.54 0.26 — 8.80 0.0834 0.742
0.60 7.86 0.16 — 8.02 0.0760 0.676
0.80 6.87 0.08 — 6.95 0.0659 0.587
1.0 6.16 0.05 — 6.21 0.0589 0.524
1.5 4.98 0.02 0.04 5.04 0.0478 0.425
2.0 4.25 0.02 0.16 4.43 0.0420 0.374
3.0 3.34 0.01 0.44 3.79 0.0359 0.320
4.0 2.78 0.01 0.71 3.50 0.0332 0.295
5.0 2.40 0.01 0.95 3.36 0.0319 0.284
6.0 2.12 — 1.16 3.28 0.0311 0.277
8.0 1.74 — 1.48 3.22 0.0305 0.271
10 1.48 — 1.75 3.23 0.0306 0.272
15 1.09 — 2.29 3.38 0.0320 0.285
20 0.877 — 2.69 3.57 0.0339 0.302
30 0.638 — 3.23 3.87 0.0367 0.327
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 63.54.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 8.90 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 20. Attenuation coefficients for zinc (atomic number Z = 30).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 164 26 400 — 26 600 245 1750

0.015 103 8920 — 9020 83.1 593
0.02 75 4060 — 4140 38.2 272
0.03 49 1280 — 1330 12.3 87.7
0.04 37 549 — 586 5.40 38.5
0.05 29 276 — 305 2.81 20.0
0.06 26 163 — 189 1.74 12.4
0.08 21.5 68.5 — 90.0 0.829 5.91
0.10 18.7 35.5 — 54.2 0.499 3.56
0.15 15.2 10.2 — 25.4 0.234 1.67
0.20 13.2 4.28 — 17.5 0.161 1.15
0.30 11.1 1.29 — 12.4 0.114 0.83
0.40 9.77 0.56 — 10.3 0.0949 0.677
0.50 8.85 0.30 — 9.15 0.0843 0.601
0.60 8.14 0.19 — 8.33 0.0768 0.548
0.80 7.11 0.09 — 7.20 0.0663 0.473
1.0 6.38 0.06 — 6.44 0.0593 0.423
1.5 5.16 0.03 0.04 5.23 0.0482 0.344
2.0 4.40 0.02 0.17 4.59 0.0423 0.302
3.0 3.45 0.01 0.47 3.92 0.0361 0.258
4.0 2.88 0.01 0.74 3.63 0.0335 0.239
5.0 2.48 0.01 1.01 3.50 0.0323 0.230
6.0 2.20 0.01 1.22 3.43 0.0316 0.225
8.0 1.80 — 1.59 3.39 0.0312 0.223
10 1.53 — 1.87 3.40 0.0313 0.223
15 1.13 — 2.45 3.58 0.0330 0.235
20 0.906 — 2.87 3.78 0.0348 0.248
30 0.660 — 3.45 4.11 0.0379 0.270
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 65.38.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 7.133 g·cm–3.

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TABLE 21. Attenuation coefficients for germanium (atomic number Z = 32).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 189.0 3690 — 3880 32.2 173

0.011 12 170.0 3000 — 3170 26.3 141
K 0.011 12 c 170.0 27 500 — 27 700 230 1230
0.015 119.0 11 100 — 11 200 93.0 498
0.02 86.0 5130 — 5220 43.3 232
0.03 56.0 1640 — 1700 14.1 75.6
0.04 42.0 708 — 750 6.23 33.4
0.05 34.0 356 — 390 3.24 17.4
0.06 29.0 212 — 241 2.00 10.7
0.08 23.7 89.9 — 114 0.946 5.07
0.10 20.5 46.6 — 67.1 0.557 2.99
0.15 16.4 13.5 — 29.9 0.248 1.33
0.20 14.3 5.70 — 20.0 0.166 0.890
0.30 11.9 1.74 — 13.6 0.113 0.606
0.40 10.5 0.76 — 11.3 0.0938 0.503
0.50 9.45 0.41 — 9.86 0.0818 0.438
0.60 8.70 0.26 — 8.96 0.0744 0.399
0.80 7.59 0.13 — 7.72 0.0641 0.344
1.0 6.80 0.08 — 6.88 0.0571 0.306
1.5 5.51 0.04 0.05 5.60 0.0465 0.249
2.0 4.69 0.03 0.19 4.91 0.0408 0.219
3.0 3.69 0.01 0.54 4.24 0.0352 0.189
4.0 3.07 0.01 0.86 3.94 0.0327 0.175
5.0 2.65 0.01 1.15 3.81 0.0316 0.169
6.0 2.34 0.01 1.39 3.74 0.0310 0.166
8.0 1.92 0.01 1.81 3.74 0.0310 0.166
10 1.63 — 2.13 3.76 0.0312 0.167
15 1.21 — 2.78 3.99 0.0331 0.177
20 0.966 — 3.25 4.22 0.0350 0.188
30 0.704 — 3.91 4.61 0.0383 0.205
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 72.60.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 5.36 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 22. Attenuation coefficients for selenium (atomic number Z = 34).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 215 4410 — 4630 35.3 170.0

0.012 68 172 2530 — 2700 20.6 99.1
K 0.012 68 c 172 22 300 — 22 500 172 827
0.015 137 13 600 — 13 700 105 505
0.02 98 6360 — 6460 49.3 237
0.03 63 2050 — 2110 16.1 77.4
0.04 47 895 — 942 7.19 34.6
0.05 38 454 — 492 3.75 18.0
0.06 32 270 — 302 2.30 11.1
0.08 26 116 — 142 1.08 5.19
0.10 22.3 60.2 — 82.5 0.629 3.03
0.15 17.7 17.7 — 35.4 0.270 1.30
0.20 15.1 7.45 — 22.6 0.172 0.827
0.30 12.7 2.28 — 15.0 0.114 0.548
0.40 11.2 1.00 — 12.2 0.0931 0.448
0.50 10.1 0.54 — 10.6 0.0809 0.389
0.60 9.26 0.34 — 9.60 0.0732 0.352
0.80 8.07 0.17 — 8.24 0.0629 0.303
1.0 7.23 0.11 — 7.34 0.0560 0.269
1.5 5.85 0.05 0.06 5.96 0.0455 0.219
2.0 4.99 0.03 0.22 5.24 0.0400 0.192
3.0 3.92 0.02 0.61 4.55 0.0347 0.167
4.0 3.26 0.01 0.96 4.23 0.0323 0.155
5.0 2.82 0.01 1.30 4.13 0.0315 0.152
6.0 2.49 0.01 1.57 4.07 0.0311 0.150
8.0 2.04 0.01 2.04 4.09 0.0312 0.150
10.0 1.73 0.01 2.39 4.13 0.0315 0.152
15.0 1.28 — 3.12 4.40 0.0336 0.162
20 1.03 — 3.66 4.69 0.0358 0.172
30 0.748 — 4.39 5.14 0.0392 0.189
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 78.96.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 4.81 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 23. Attenuation coefficients for zirconium (atomic number Z = 40).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 309 9220 — 9530 62.9 411

0.015 196 2820 — 3020 19.9 130
0.017 60 171 1790 — 1960 12.9 84.2
K 0.017 60 c 171 15 800 — 16 000 106 692
0.02 140 11 000 — 11 100 73.3 479
0.03 88 3710 — 3800 25.1 164
0.04 65 1650 — 1720 11.4 74.4
0.05 51 850 — 901 5.95 38.9
0.06 43 512 — 555 3.67 24.0
0.08 33 226 — 259 1.71 11.2
0.10 28 117 — 145 0.958 6.26
0.15 21.8 35.3 — 57.1 0.377 2.46
0.20 18.5 15.2 — 33.7 0.223 1.46
0.30 15.2 4.68 — 19.9 0.131 0.855
0.40 13.3 2.08 — 15.4 0.102 0.666
0.50 11.9 1.13 — 13.0 0.0859 0.561
0.60 11.0 0.71 — 11.7 0.0773 0.505
0.80 9.53 0.36 — 9.89 0.0653 0.426
1.0 8.53 0.23 — 8.76 0.0579 0.378
1.5 6.89 0.11 0.08 7.08 0.0468 0.306
2.0 5.88 0.07 0.32 6.27 0.0414 0.270
3.0 4.61 0.04 0.85 5.50 0.0363 0.237
4.0 3.84 0.03 1.35 5.22 0.0345 0.225
5.0 3.31 0.02 1.80 5.13 0.0339 0.221
6.0 2.93 0.02 2.17 5.12 0.0338 0.221
8.0 2.40 0.01 2.79 5.20 0.0343 0.224
10 2.04 0.01 3.28 5.33 0.0352 0.230
15 1.51 0.01 4.26 5.78 0.0382 0.249
20 1.21 — 5.00 6.21 0.0410 0.268
30 0.88 — 6.00 6.88 0.0454 0.296
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 91.22.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 6.53 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 24. Attenuation coefficients for niobium (atomic number Z = 41).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 326 10 300 — 10 600 68.7 589

0.015 208 3140 — 3350 21.7 186
0.019 02 152 1490 — 1640 10.6 90.8
K 0.019 02 c 152 13 000 — 13 200 85.6 734
0.02 148 11 900 — 12 000 77.8 667
0.03 93 4070 — 4160 27.0 231
0.04 69 1810 — 1880 12.2 105
0.05 54 936 — 990 6.42 55.0
0.06 45 563 — 608 3.94 33.8
0.08 35 251 — 286 1.85 15.9
0.10 29 130 — 159 1.03 8.83
0.15 22.5 39.3 — 61.8 0.401 3.44
0.20 19.1 16.9 — 36.0 0.233 2.00
0.30 15.6 5.23 — 20.8 0.135 1.16
0.40 13.6 2.32 — 15.9 0.103 0.883
0.50 12.3 1.25 — 13.6 0.0882 0.756
0.60 11.2 0.79 — 12.0 0.0778 0.667
0.80 9.78 0.40 — 10.2 0.0661 0.566
1.0 8.75 0.26 — 9.01 0.0584 0.500
1.5 7.08 0.13 0.09 7.30 0.0473 0.405
2.0 6.02 0.08 0.33 6.43 0.0417 0.357
3.0 4.73 0.05 0.90 5.68 0.0368 0.315
4.0 3.95 0.03 1.41 5.39 0.0350 0.300
5.0 3.40 0.03 1.89 5.32 0.0345 0.296
6.0 3.00 0.02 2.27 5.29 0.0343 0.294
8.0 2.46 0.02 2.93 5.41 0.0351 0.301
10 2.09 0.01 3.43 5.53 0.0359 0.308
15 1.55 0.01 4.48 6.04 0.0392 0.336
20 1.24 0.01 5.24 6.49 0.0421 0.361
30 0.90 — 6.27 7.17 0.0465 0.398
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 92.91.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 8.57 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 25. Attenuation coefficients for molybdenum (atomic number Z = 42).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 340 11 400 — 11 700 73.5 750

0.015 220 3480 — 3700 23.2 240
0.020 04 160 1510 — 1670 10.5 107
K 0.020 04 c 160 13 000 — 13 200 82.9 846
0.03 98 4390 — 4490 28.2 288
0.04 71 1960 — 2030 12.7 130
0.05 56 1030 — 1090 6.85 69.9
0.06 47 620 — 667 4.19 42.7
0.08 36 274 — 310 1.95 19.9
0.10 30 144 — 174 1.09 11.1
0.15 23.2 43.4 — 66.6 0.418 4.26
0.20 19.8 18.7 — 38.5 0.242 2.47
0.30 16.1 5.8 — 21.9 0.138 1.41
0.40 14.0 2.6 — 16.6 0.104 1.06
0.50 12.6 1.4 — 14.0 0.0879 0.897
0.60 11.5 0.88 — 12.4 0.0779 0.795
0.80 10.0 0.45 — 10.5 0.0659 0.672
1.0 8.96 0.29 — 9.25 0.0581 0.593
1.5 7.25 0.14 0.09 7.48 0.0470 0.479
2.0 6.15 0.09 0.35 6.59 0.0414 0.422
3.0 4.83 0.05 0.94 5.82 0.0365 0.372
4.0 4.03 0.04 1.50 5.57 0.0350 0.357
5.0 3.48 0.03 1.98 5.49 0.0345 0.352
6.0 3.08 0.01 2.38 5.47 0.0344 0.351
8.0 2.52 0.01 3.06 5.59 0.0351 0.358
10 2.14 0.01 3.59 5.74 0.0360 0.367
15 1.59 0.01 4.68 6.28 0.0394 0.402
20 1.27 0.01 5.47 6.75 0.0424 0.432
30 0.92 — 6.57 7.49 0.0470 0.479
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 95.95.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 10.2 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 26. Attenuation coefficients for silver (atomic number Z = 47).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 443 18 500 — 18 900 106 1110

0.015 285 5670 — 5960 33.3 349
0.02 202 2460 — 2660 14.9 156
0.025 59 156 1180 — 1340 7.48 78.5
K 0.025 59 c 156 10 000 — 10 200 57.0 598
0.03 125 6590 — 6720 37.5 393
0.04 91 2960 — 3050 17.0 178
0.05 70 1580 — 1650 9.22 96.7
0.06 57 952 — 1010 5.64 59.2
0.08 44 427 — 471 2.63 27.6
0.10 36 225 — 261 1.46 15.3
0.15 27.1 68.6 — 95.7 0.534 5.60
0.20 22.6 30.4 — 53.0 0.296 3.11
0.30 18.3 9.49 — 27.8 0.155 1.63
0.40 15.8 4.27 — 20.1 0.112 1.17
0.50 14.2 2.32 — 16.5 0.0922 0.967
0.60 13.0 1.46 — 14.5 0.0810 0.850
0.80 11.3 0.75 — 12.1 0.0676 0.709
1.0 10.1 0.48 — 10.6 0.0592 0.621
1.5 8.13 0.24 0.12 8.49 0.0474 0.497
2.0 6.91 0.15 0.45 7.51 0.0419 0.440
3.0 5.43 0.09 1.20 6.72 0.0375 0.393
4.0 4.52 0.06 1.87 6.45 0.0360 0.378
5.0 3.90 0.05 2.50 6.45 0.0360 0.378
6.0 3.44 0.04 2.99 6.47 0.0361 0.379
8.0 2.82 0.03 3.81 6.66 0.0372 0.390
10.0 2.40 0.02 4.47 6.89 0.0385 0.404
15.0 1.77 0.01 5.81 7.59 0.0424 0.445
20.0 1.42 0.01 6.79 8.22 0.0459 0.481
30.0 1.03 0.01 8.14 9.18 0.0513 0.538
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 107.88.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 10.49 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 27. Attenuation coefficients for cadmium (atomic number Z = 48).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 466 20 200 — 20 700 111 960

0.015 322 6220 — 6540 35.1 304
0.02 212 2700 — 2910 15.6 135
0.026 76 159 1170 — 1330 7.13 61.7
K 0.026 76 c 159 9700 — 9860 52.8 457
0.03 131 7080 — 7210 38.6 334
0.04 95 3210 — 3310 17.7 153
0.05 73 1710 — 1780 9.54 82.5
0.06 60 1030 — 1090 5.84 50.5
0.08 46 461 — 507 2.72 23.5
0.10 38 245 — 283 1.52 13.1
0.15 27.9 74.9 — 103 0.552 4.77
0.20 23.3 33.4 — 56.7 0.304 2.63
0.30 18.7 10.4 — 29.1 0.156 1.35
0.40 16.2 4.66 — 20.9 0.112 0.969
0.50 14.5 2.55 — 17.1 0.0917 0.793
0.60 13.3 1.60 — 14.9 0.0799 0.691
0.80 11.5 0.83 — 12.3 0.0659 0.570
1.0 10.3 0.53 — 10.8 0.0579 0.501
1.5 8.30 0.26 0.13 8.69 0.0466 0.403
2.0 7.06 0.17 0.47 7.70 0.0413 0.357
3.0 5.54 0.10 1.25 6.89 0.0369 0.319
4.0 4.62 0.07 1.95 6.64 0.0356 0.308
5.0 3.98 0.05 2.61 6.64 0.0356 0.308
6.0 3.51 0.05 3.12 6.68 0.0358 0.310
8.0 2.88 0.03 3.98 6.89 0.0369 0.319
10 2.45 0.03 4.66 7.14 0.0383 0.331
15 1.81 0.02 6.05 7.88 0.0422 0.365
20 1.45 0.01 7.08 8.54 0.0458 0.396
30 1.06 0.01 8.47 9.54 0.0511 0.442
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 112.41.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 8.65 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 28. Attenuation coefficients for tin (atomic number Z = 50).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 510 24 000 — 24 500 124 905

0.015 330 7410 — 7740 39.3 287
0.02 240 3220 — 3460 17.6 128
0.029 25 150 1050 — 1200 6.09 44.5
K 0.029 25 c 150 8580 — 8730 44.3 323
0.03 143 8150 — 8290 42.1 307
0.04 103 3700 — 3800 19.3 141
0.05 79 1990 — 2070 10.5 76.7
0.06 65 1210 — 1280 6.50 47.5
0.08 49 539 — 588 2.98 21.8
0.10 40 286 — 326 1.65 12.0
0.15 29.6 88.8 — 118 0.599 4.37
0.20 24.6 39.3 — 63.9 0.324 2.37
0.30 19.7 12.4 — 32.1 0.163 1.19
0.40 17.0 5.6 — 22.6 0.115 0.840
0.50 15.2 3.0 — 18.2 0.0924 0.675
0.60 13.8 1.9 — 15.7 0.0797 0.582
0.80 12.0 1.0 — 13.0 0.0660 0.482
1.0 10.7 0.64 — 11.3 0.0574 0.419
1.5 8.65 0.32 0.14 9.11 0.0462 0.337
2.0 7.36 0.20 0.51 8.07 0.0410 0.299
3.0 5.76 0.12 1.35 7.23 0.0367 0.268
4.0 4.80 0.08 2.14 7.02 0.0356 0.260
5.0 4.14 0.06 2.82 7.02 0.0356 0.260
6.0 3.66 0.05 3.37 7.08 0.0359 0.262
8.0 2.99 0.04 4.29 7.32 0.0372 0.272
10 2.55 0.03 5.04 7.62 0.0387 0.283
15 1.89 0.02 6.54 8.45 0.0429 0.313
20 1.51 0.01 7.63 9.15 0.0464 0.339
30 1.10 0.01 9.15 10.3 0.0523 0.382
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 118.70.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 7.30 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 29. Attenuation coefficients for antimony (atomic number Z = 51).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 535 25 900 — 26 400 131 867

0.015 344 8010 — 8350 41.3 273
0.02 244 3490 — 3730 18.5 122
0.030 50 148 1000 — 1150 5.69 37.7
K 0.030 50c 148 8140 — 8290 41.0 271
0.04 108 3970 — 4080 20.2 134
0.05 82 2140 — 2220 11.0 72.8
0.06 67 1300 — 1370 6.78 44.9
0.08 51 580 — 631 3.12 20.7
0.10 42 311 — 353 1.75 11.6
0.15 30.4 93.5 — 124 0.614 4.06
0.20 25.1 42.8 — 67.9 0.336 2.22
0.30 20.1 13.5 — 33.6 0.166 1.10
0.40 17.3 6.11 — 23.4 0.116 0.768
0.50 15.5 3.34 — 18.8 0.0930 0.616
0.60 14.1 2.09 — 16.2 0.0802 0.531
0.80 12.3 1.09 — 13.4 0.0663 0.439
1.0 10.9 0.71 — 11.6 0.0574 0.380
1.5 8.82 0.34 0.15 9.31 0.0461 0.305
2.0 7.51 0.22 0.54 8.27 0.0409 0.271
3.0 5.89 0.13 1.42 7.44 0.0368 0.244
4.0 4.91 0.09 2.21 7.21 0.0357 0.236
5.0 4.23 0.07 2.95 7.25 0.0359 0.238
6.0 3.73 0.06 3.51 7.30 0.0361 0.239
8.0 3.06 0.04 4.47 7.57 0.0375 0.248
10 2.60 0.03 5.22 7.85 0.0388 0.257
15 1.92 0.02 6.79 8.73 0.0432 0.286
20 1.54 0.01 7.90 9.45 0.0468 0.310
30 1.12 0.01 9.49 10.6 0.0524 0.347
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 121.76.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 6.62 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 30. Attenuation coefficients for iodine (atomic number Z = 53).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 590 29 800 — 30 400 144 710

0.015 380 9360 — 9740 46.2 228
0.02 270 4130 — 4400 20.9 103
0.03 164 1260 — 1420 6.74 33.2
0.033 23 150 933 — 1080 5.13 2S.3
K 0.033 23 c 150 7510 — 7660 36.4 179
0.04 117 4490 — 4610 21.9 108
0.05 89 2470 — 2560 12.2 60.1
0.06 72 1500 — 1570 7.45 36.7
0.08 54 677 — 731 3.47 17.1
0.10 44 360 — 404 1.92 9.47
0.15 32 113 — 145 0.688 3.39
0.20 26.5 50.0 — 76.5 0.363 1.79
0.30 21.0 16.0 — 37.0 0.176 0.868
0.40 18.1 7.2 — 25.3 0.120 0.592
0.50 16.2 3.9 — 20.1 0.0954 0.470
0.60 14.8 2.5 — 17.3 0.0821 0.405
0.80 12.8 1.3 — 14.1 0.0669 0.330
1.0 11.4 0.84 — 12.2 0.0579 0.285
1.5 9.18 0.41 0.17 9.76 0.0463 0.228
2.0 7.81 0.26 0.59 8.66 0.0411 0.203
3.0 6.10 0.16 1.53 7.79 0.0370 0.182
4.0 5.09 0.11 2.41 7.61 0.0361 0.178
5.0 4.39 0.08 3.17 7.64 0.0363 0.179
6.0 3.88 0.07 3.78 7.73 0.0367 0.181
8.0 3.17 0.05 4.81 8.03 0.0381 0.188
10 2.70 0.04 5.63 8.37 0.0397 0.196
15 2.00 0.02 7.30 9.32 0.0442 0.218
20 1.60 0.01 8.51 10.1 0.0479 0.236
30 1.17 0.01 10.2 11.4 0.0541 0.267
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 126.92.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 4.93 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 31. Attenuation coefficients for cesium (atomic number Z = 55).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 633 34 700 — 35 300 160 299

0.015 411 11 000 — 11 400 51.7 96.7
0.02 290 4830 — 5120 23.2 43.4
0.03 177 1480 — 1660 7.52 14.1
0.036 03 146 881 — 1030 4.67 8.73
K 0.036 03 c 146 7100 — 7250 32.9 61.5
0.04 127 5160 — 5290 24.0 44.9
0.05 96 2840 — 2940 13.3 24.9
0.06 78 1720 — 1800 8.16 15.3
0.08 58 765 — 823 3.73 6.98
0.10 47 414 — 461 2.09 3.91
0.15 34 129 — 163 0.739 1.38
0.20 27.8 58.4 — 86.2 0.391 0.731
0.30 21.9 18.6 — 40.5 0.184 0.344
0.40 18.8 8.46 — 27.3 0.124 0.232
0.50 16.8 4.64 — 21.4 0.0970 0.181
0.60 15.3 2.93 — 18.2 0.0825 0.154
0.80 13.3 1.54 — 14.8 0.0671 0.125
1.0 11.8 1.00 — 12.8 0.0580 0.108
1.5 9.53 0.49 0.18 10.2 0.0462 0.0864
2.0 8.10 0.31 0.64 9.05 0.0410 0.0767
3.0 6.36 0.18 1.66 8.20 0.0372 0.0696
4.0 5.29 0.13 2.59 8.01 0.0363 0.0679
5.0 4.56 0.10 3.42 8.08 0.0366 0.0684
6.0 4.04 0.08 4.07 8.19 0.0371 0.0694
8.0 3.30 0.06 5.17 8.53 0.0387 0.0724
10 2.81 0.05 6.04 8.90 0.0403 0.0754
15 2.07 0.03 7.82 9.92 0.0450 0.0842
20 1.66 0.02 9.12 10.8 0.0490 0.0916
30 1.21 0.01 10.9 12.1 0.0548 0.102
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 132.91.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 1.87 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 32. Attenuation coefficients for barium (atomic number Z = 56).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.01 662 37 000 — 37 700 165 624

0.015 371 11 900 — 12 300 53.9 204
0.02 303 5190 — 5490 24.1 91.1
0.03 185 1590 — 1780 7.81 29.5
0.037 48 145 837 — 982 4.31 16.3
K 0.037 48 c 145 6720 — 6870 30.1 114
0.04 132 5510 — 5640 24.7 93.4
0.05 100 3030 — 3130 13.7 51.8
0.06 81 1834 — 1920 8.42 31.8
0.08 60 815 — 875 3.84 14.5
0.10 49 444 — 493 2.16 8.16
0.15 35 138 — 173 0.759 2.87
0.20 28.4 62.8 — 91.2 0.400 1.51
0.30 22.4 20.0 — 42.4 0.186 0.703
0.40 19.2 9.14 — 28.3 0.124 0.469
0.50 17.1 5.02 — 22.1 0.0969 0.366
0.60 15.6 3.18 — 18.8 0.0825 0.312
0.80 13.5 1.67 — 15.2 0.0667 0.252
1.0 12.1 1.09 — 13.2 0.0579 0.219
1.5 9.70 0.53 0.19 10.4 0.0456 0.172
2.0 8.25 0.34 0.67 9.26 0.0406 0.153
3.0 6.47 0.20 1.73 8.40 0.0368 0.139
4.0 5.39 0.14 2.68 8.21 0.0360 0.136
5.0 4.65 0.11 3.59 8.35 0.0366 0.138
6.0 4.11 0.09 4.21 8.41 0.0369 0.139
8.0 3.35 0.07 5.35 8.77 0.0385 0.146
10 2.86 0.05 6.26 9.17 0.0402 0.152
15 2.11 0.03 8.09 10.2 0.0447 0.169
20 1.69 0.02 9.45 11.2 0.0491 0.186
30 1.23 0.02 11.3 12.6 0.0553 0.209
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 137.36.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 3.78 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 33. Attenuation coefficients for thulium (atomic number Z = 69).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.015 705 27 400 — 28 100 100 935

0.02 496 12 200 — 12 700 45.2 423
0.03 300 3790 — 4090 14.5 136
0.04 210 1690 — 1900 6.76 63.2
0.05 156 884 — 1040 3.70 34.6
0.059 45 126 497 — 623 2.22 20.8
K 0.059 45 c 126 3880 — 4010 14.3 134
0.06 124 3860 — 3980 14.2 133
0.08 89 1750 — 1840 6.54 61.1
0.10 74 970 — 1040 3.70 34.6
0.15 48 313 — 361 1.28 12.0
0.20 38 144 — 182 0.647 6.05
0.30 29.0 47.2 — 76.2 0.271 2.53
0.40 24.4 22.4 — 46.8 0.166 1.55
0.50 21.6 12.5 — 34.1 0.121 1.13
0.60 19.6 8.05 — 27.7 0.0985 0.921
0.80 16.9 4.35 — 21.3 0.0758 0.709
1.0 15.0 2.85 — 17.9 0.0637 0.596
1.5 12.0 1.38 0.33 13.7 0.0487 0.455
2.0 10.2 0.89 1.11 12.2 0.0434 0.406
3.0 7.99 0.51 2.73 11.2 0.0398 0.372
4.0 6.65 0.36 4.15 11.2 0.0398 0.372
5.0 5.73 0.28 5.41 11.4 0.0405 0.379
6.0 5.05 0.23 6.36 11.6 0.0413 0.386
8.0 4.14 0.17 7.97 12.3 0.0438 0.410
10 3.52 0.13 9.27 12.9 0.0459 0.429
15 2.60 0.08 11.9 14.6 0.0519 0.485
20 2.08 0.06 13.9 16.0 0.0569 0.532
30 1.52 0.04 16.5 18.1 0.0644 0.602
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 169.4.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 9.35 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 34. Attenuation coefficients for tantalum (atomic number Z = 73).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.015 808 34 000 — 34 800 116 1930

0.02 569 15 200 — 15 800 52.6 873
0.03 342 4750 — 5090 17.0 282
0.04 238 2120 — 2360 7.86 130
0.05 176 1110 — 1290 4.30 71.4
0.06 140 638 — 778 2.59 43.0
0.067 51 124 440 — 564 1.88 31.2
K 0.067 51 c 124 3360 — 3480 11.6 193
0.08 101 2140 — 2240 7.46 124
0.10 79 1180 — 1260 4.20 69.7
0.15 53 387 — 440 1.47 24.4
0.20 41 179 — 220 0.733 12.2
0.30 31.1 59.3 — 90.6 0.302 5.01
0.40 26.1 28.4 — 54.5 0.182 3.02
0.50 23.0 15.9 — 38.9 0.130 2.16
0.60 20.9 10.3 — 31.2 0.104 1.73
0.80 17.9 5.60 — 23.5 0.0783 1.30
1.0 15.9 3.69 — 19.6 0.0653 1.08
1.5 12.7 1.78 0.39 14.9 0.0496 0.823
2.0 10.8 1.15 1.28 13.2 0.0440 0.730
3.0 8.45 0.66 3.08 12.2 0.0406 0.674
4.0 7.04 0.47 4.67 12.2 0.0406 0.674
5.0 6.06 0.36 6.06 12.5 0.0416 0.691
6.0 5.35 0.29 7.08 12.7 0.0423 0.702
8.0 4.37 0.21 8.86 13.4 0.0446 0.740
10 3.72 0.17 10.3 14.2 0.0473 0.785
15 2.75 0.11 13.2 16.1 0.0536 0.890
20 2.20 0.08 15.4 17.7 0.0590 0.979
30 1.61 0.05 18.4 20.1 0.0670 1.11
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 180.88.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 16.6 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 35. Attenuation coefficients for tungsten (atomic number Z = 74).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.015 840 36 000 — 36 800 121 2260

0.02 590 16 000 — 16 600 54.4 1020
0.03 350 5040 — 5390 17.7 331
0.04 245 2220 — 2470 8.09 151
0.05 180 1160 — 1340 4.39 82.1
0.06 145 674 — 819 2.68 50.1
0.069 64 122 437 — 559 1.83 34.2
K 0.069 64 c 122 3230 — 3350 11.0 206
0.08 104 2250 — 2350 7.70 144
0.10 80 1250 — 1330 4.36 81.5
0.15 54 408 — 462 1.51 28.2
0.20 42 186 — 228 0.747 14.0
0.30 31.5 63.1 — 94.6 0.310 5.80
0.40 26.5 29.8 — 56.3 0.184 3.44
0.50 23.4 16.7 — 40.1 0.131 2.45
0.60 21.2 11.0 — 32.2 0.105 1.96
0.80 18.2 5.9 — 24.1 0.0790 1.48
1.0 16.1 3.9 — 20.0 0.0655 1.22
1.5 12.9 1.9 0.40 15.2 0.0498 0.931
2.0 10.9 1.2 1.32 13.4 0.0439 0.821
3.0 8.57 0.71 3.20 12.5 0.0410 0.767
4.0 7.10 0.50 4.81 12.4 0.0406 0.759
5.0 6.13 0.38 6.23 12.7 0.0416 0.778
6.0 5.42 0.31 7.34 13.0 0.0426 0.797
8.0 4.43 0.23 9.06 13.7 0.0449 0.840
10 3.77 0.18 10.6 14.6 0.0478 0.894
15 2.79 0.11 13.5 16.4 0.0537 1.00
20 2.24 0.08 15.7 18.0 0.0590 1.10
30 1.63 0.06 18.8 20.5 0.0672 1.26
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 183.92.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 18.7 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 36. Attenuation coefficients for platinum (atomic number Z = 78).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.015 940 43 800 — 44 700 138 2950

0.02 670 19 700 — 20 400 63.0 1350
0.03 400 6240 — 6640 20.5 439
0.04 280 2720 — 3000 9.26 198
0.05 188 1440 — 1630 5.03 108
0.06 163 836 — 999 3.08 65.9
0.078 58 117 381 — 498 1.54 33.0
K 0.078 5 8 c 117 2830 — 2950 9.10 195
0.08 115 2680 — 2800 8.64 185
0.10 88 1500 — 1590 4.91 105
0.15 59 498 — 557 1.72 36.8
0.20 45 226 — 271 0.836 17.9
0.30 34 77.3 — 111 0.343 7.34
0.40 28.3 37.1 — 65.4 0.202 4.32
0.50 24.8 21.1 — 46.0 0.142 3.04
0.60 22.5 13.9 — 36.4 0.112 2.40
0.80 19.2 7.6 — 26.8 0.0827 1.77
1.0 17.0 4.9 — 21.9 0.0676 1.45
1.5 13.6 2.4 0.47 16.5 0.0509 1.09
2.0 11.6 1.5 1.51 14.6 0.0451 0.965
3.0 9.04 0.90 3.55 13.5 0.0417 0.892
4.0 7.52 0.63 5.37 13.5 0.0417 0.892
5.0 6.46 0.48 6.92 13.9 0.0429 0.918
6.0 5.71 0.39 8.07 14.2 0.0438 0.937
8.0 4.67 0.29 9.98 14.9 0.0460 0.984
10 3.98 0.22 11.7 15.9 0.0491 1.05
15 2.94 0.14 14.9 18.0 0.0555 1.19
20 2.36 0.10 17.3 19.8 0.0611 1.31
30 1.72 0.07 20.6 22.4 0.0691 1.48
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using relative atomic mass Ar = 195.23.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 21.4 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 37. Attenuation coefficients for gold (atomic number Z = 79).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.015 977 45 500 — 46 500 142 2740

0.02 681 20 700 — 21 400 65.4 1260
0.03 412 6550 — 6960 21.3 412
0.04 285 2890 — 3180 9.71 188
0.05 210 1510 — 1720 5.25 101
0.06 165 880 — 1050 3.21 62.0
0.08 118 382 — 500 1.53 29.6
0.080 91 117 368 — 485 1.48 28.6
K 0.080 91 c 117 2740 — 2860 8.74 169
0.10 92 1570 — 1600 5.07 98.0
0.15 60 520 — 580 1.77 34.2
0.20 46 241 — 287 0.877 16.9
0.30 34.5 80.9 — 115 0.351 6.78
0.40 28.7 39.4 — 68.1 0.208 4.02
0.50 25.2 22.5 — 47.7 0.146 2.82
0.60 22.8 14.7 — 37.5 0.115 2.22
0.80 19.5 8.03 — 27.5 0.0840 1.62
1.0 17.3 5.29 — 22.6 0.0690 1.33
1.5 13.8 2.56 0.48 16.8 0.0513 0.991
2.0 11.7 1.65 1.56 14.9 0.0455 0.879
3.0 9.17 0.95 3.65 13.8 0.0422 0.815
4.0 7.62 0.67 5.50 13.8 0.0422 0.815
5.0 6.56 0.50 7.10 14.2 0.0434 0.838
6.0 5.80 0.41 8.22 14.4 0.0440 0.850
8.0 4.74 0.30 10.2 15.2 0.0464 0.896
10 4.04 0.24 11.9 16.2 0.0495 0.956
15 2.98 0.15 15.2 18.3 0.0559 1.08
20 2.39 0.11 17.7 20.2 0.0617 1.19
30 1.74 0.08 21.2 23.0 0.0703 1.36
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using atomic weight Z = 197.2.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 19.32 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 38. Attenuation coefficients for lead (atomic number Z = 82).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.02 750 24 000 — 24 800 72.1 818

0.03 450 7620 — 8070 23.5 266
0.04 310 3310 — 3620 10.5 119
0.05 230 1740 — 1970 5.73 65.0
0.06 180 1040 — 1220 3.55 40.3
0.08 127 444 — 571 1.66 18.8
0.088 23 113 334 — 447 1.30 14.7
K 0.088 23 c 113 2510 — 2620 7.62 86.4
0.10 100 1780 — 1880 5.47 62.0
0.15 64 596 — 660 1.92 21.8
0.20 49 275 — 324 0.942 10.7
0.30 36.2 93.4 — 130 0.378 4.29
0.40 30.1 45.7 — 75.8 0.220 2.49
0.50 26.3 26.1 — 52.4 0.152 1.72
0.60 23.8 17.3 — 41.1 0.120 1.36
0.80 20.3 9.5 — 29.8 0.0867 0.983
1.0 18.0 6.2 — 24.2 0.0704 0.798
1.5 14.4 3.0 0.5 17.9 0.0521 0.591
2.0 12.2 2.0 1.7 15.9 0.0462 0.524
3.0 9.51 1.1 4.0 14.6 0.0425 0.482
4.0 7.91 0.80 6.02 14.7 0.0427 0.484
5.0 6.79 0.60 7.63 15.0 0.0436 0.494
6.0 6.00 0.49 8.84 15.3 0.0445 0.505
8.0 4.91 0.35 11.0 16.3 0.0474 0.538
10 4.18 0.28 12.8 17.3 0.0503 0.570
15 3.09 0.18 16.3 19.5 0.0567 0.643
20 2.48 0.13 18.9 21.5 0.0625 0.709
30 1.80 0.09 22.6 24.5 0.0712 0.807
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using atomic weight Z = 207.21.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 11.34 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 39. Attenuation coefficients for uranium (atomic number Z = 92).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.03 590 12 000 — 12 600 31.9 597

0.04 400 5250 — 5650 14.3 267
0.05 300 2780 — 3080 7.79 146
0.06 230 1640 — 1870 4.73 88.5
0.08 163 716 — 879 2.22 41.5
0.10 123 374 — 497 1.26 23.6
0.1163 103 239 — 342 0.866 16.2
K 0.1163 c 103 1790 — 1890 4.78 89.4
0.15 78 905 — 983 2.49 46.6
0.20 59 417 — 476 1.20 22.4
0.30 42 146 — 188 0.0476 8.90
0.40 34.7 73.2 — 108 0.273 5.11
0.50 30.2 43.1 — 73.3 0.186 3.48
0.60 27.1 29.2 — 56.3 0.142 2.66
0.80 23.0 16.0 — 39.0 0.0987 1.85
1.0 20.3 10.5 — 30.8 0.0779 1.46
1.5 16.2 5.1 0.8 22.1 0.0559 1.05
2.0 13.7 3.3 2.3 19.3 0.0488 0.913
3.0 10.7 1.9 5.21 17.8 0.0450 0.842
4.0 8.88 1.3 7.62 17.8 0.0450 0.842
5.0 7.62 1.0 9.73 18.4 0.0466 0.871
6.0 6.74 0.81 11.1 18.6 0.0471 0.881
8.0 5.51 0.59 13.5 19.6 0.0496 0.928
10 4.69 0.46 15.7 20.9 0.0529 0.989
15 3.47 0.30 20.0 23.8 0.0602 1.13
20 2.78 0.22 23.1 26.1 0.0661 1.24
30 2.02 0.15 27.6 29.8 0.0754 1.41
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using atomic weight Z = 238.07.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 18.7 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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TABLE 40. Attenuation coefficients for plutonium (atomic number Z = 94).

Attenuation Coefficient µ
_____________________________________
Energy Cross Section (10–28 m2)
_________________________________ Atomic Mass a Linear b
(MeV) Scattering Photoelectric Pair –28
(10 m ) 2 2 –1
(cm ·g ) (cm–1)

0.03 627 13 200 — 13 800 34.8 679

0.04 426 5700 — 6130 15.5 302
0.05 312 3020 — 3330 8.39 164
0.06 243 1780 — 2020 5.09 99.3
0.08 171 778 — 949 2.39 46.6
0.10 130 409 — 539 1.36 26.5
0.122 56 101 222 — 323 0.814 15.9
K 0.122 56 c 101 1660 — 1760 4.44 86.6
0.15 81 976 — 1060 2.67 52.1
0.20 61 455 — 516 1.30 25.4
0.30 44 159 — 203 0.512 9.98
0.40 35.7 80.0 — 116 0.292 5.69
0.50 31.0 47.0 — 78.0 0.197 3.84
0.60 27.9 31.9 — 59.8 0.151 2.94
0.80 23.6 17.5 — 41.1 0.104 2.03
1.0 20.8 11.6 — 32.4 0.0817 1.59
1.5 20.6 5.60 0.81 27.0 0.0681 1.33
2.0 14.0 3.63 2.46 20.1 0.0507 0.989
3.0 10.9 2.08 5.45 18.4 0.0464 0.905
4.0 9.09 1.46 8.04 18.6 0.0469 0.915
5.0 7.82 1.09 10.1 19.0 0.0479 0.934
6.0 6.91 0.90 11.5 19.3 0.0487 0.950
8.0 5.65 0.65 14.0 20.3 0.0512 0.998
10 4.80 0.50 16.3 21.6 0.0545 1.06
15 3.54 0.33 20.7 24.6 0.0620 1.21
20 2.84 0.24 23.9 27.0 0.0681 1.33
30 2.07 0.17 27.8 30.0 0.0756 1.47
a. Mass attenuation coefficient is calculated by using atomic weight Ar = 239.
b. Linear attenuation coefficient is calculated by using density ρ = 19.5 g·cm–3.
c. K = K absorption edge.

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References

1. White, G.R. “Absorptive Components

of the Mass Absorption Coefficients.”
National Bureau of Standards Report
No. 1003. Gaithersburg, MD: National
Institute of Standards and Technology
(n.d.).
2. Victoreen, J.A. “The Absorption of
Incident Quanta by Atoms As Defined
by the Mass Photoelectric Absorption
Coefficient and the Mass Scattering
Coefficient.” Journal of Applied Physics.
Vol. 19. Melville, NY: American
Institute of Physics (1948): p 855.
3. Victoreen, J.A. “The Calculation of
X-Ray Mass Absorption Coefficients.”
Journal of Applied Physics. Vol. 20.
Melville, NY: American Institute of
Physics (1949): p 1141.
4. Zemany, P.D. and H.A. Liebhafsky.
“Plating Thickness by the Attenuation
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652 Radiographic Testing