ORGANISATION

• Organizations are formal social units devoted to attainment of specific

goals. Organizations use certain resources to produce outputs and thus
meet their goals.

TYPES OF ORGANIZATION:
 Line Organization
 Functional Organization
 Line & Staff Organization
 Committee Organization

MANAGEMENT
Management can be seen as a function, a process, a profession or a class of people.
Levels of Management
 Top Level
 Middle Level
 Junior Level

Top
Strategic Planning
Middle
Management Control
junior
Operational Control
Figure showing different levels of
management
INFORMATION
Information and communication are without doubt two key words that
represent global activity. Information is obtained through processing of
data.

Raw Data Information

Process

SYSTEM
A system may be defined as a group of components that interface with
and complement one another to achieve one or more predefined goals.
Typically, a system accepts an input. Various subsystems work together
to produce some kind of output.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

MIS can be defined as a system that:

 Provides information to support managerial functions like
planning, organizing, directing, controlling.
 Collects information in a systematic and routine manner which is
in accordance with a well defined set of rules.
 Includes files, hardware, software and operation research models
of processing, storing, retrieving and transmitting information to
the users.
OBJECTIVES OF MIS
 Facilitates the decisions-making process by furnishing
information in the proper time frame.
 Provides requisite information at each level of management
 Helps in highlighting the critical success factors to the closely
monitored for successful functioning of the organization.
 Support decision-making in both structured and unstructured
problem environments.
 Provide a system of people, computers, procedures, interactive
query facilities, documents for collecting, storing, retrieving and
transmitting information to the users.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIS
 Management oriented
 Management directed
 Integrated
 Common data flows
 Heavy planning element
 Flexibility and ease of use
 Management oriented
The system is designed from the top to work downwards. It does not
mean that the system is designed to provide information directly to the top
management. Other levels of management are also provided with relevant
information

Management directed
Because of management orientation of MIS, it is necessary that management
should actively direct the system development efforts. In order to ensure the
effectiveness of system designed, management should continuously make
reviews.
• Integrated:-
The word integration means that the system has to cover all the
functional areas of an organization so as to produce mare meaningful
management information, with a view to achieving the objectives of the
organization. It has to consider various subsystems, their objectives,
information needs and recognize the interdependence that these subsystems
have amongst themselves.
Common data flows:-
Because of the integration concept of MIS, common data flow concept
avoids repetition and overlapping in data collection and storage, combining
similar functions and simplifying operations wherever possible.
• Heavy planning element
A management information system cannot be establish overnight. It
takes almost 2 to 4 years to establish it successfully in an organization.
Hence long term planning is required for MIS development in order to fulfill
the future needs and objectives of the organization.
• Flexibility and ease of use
While building an MIS system all types of possible means which may
occur in future are added to make it flexible. A feature that often goes with
flexibility is ease of use. The MIS should be able to incorporate all those
features that make it readily accessible to wide range of users with easy
usability.
IMPACT OF MIS
 MIS creates an impact on the organizations functions,
performance and productivity.
 MIS helps in forecasting and long term prospective
planning.
 MIS relates the understanding of the business itself.
 MIS calls for systemization of the business operations for
an effective system design.
 MIS improves decision making ability considerably.

DESIGN OF MIS
The following steps are generally taken in the design of MIS
 Identifying information needs
 Listing objectives of MIS
 Identifying system constraints
 Determining information needs and resources.
 Developing alternative conceptual design
 Preparing the conceptual design report.
 IMPLEMENTATION OF MIS
 Preparing organizational plans.
 Planning of work flow.
 Training of personnel.
 Development of software.
 Acquiring computer hardware.
 Designing the format for data collection.
 Construction of data files.
 Operation of old and new systems in parallel.
 Phasing out the old and inducting the new system.
 Evaluation, maintenance and control of the new system.

Training
Training
Program
Program

Completion
MIS Layout Completionofof
LayoutPlan System
MIS Space
Space Plan Training SystemCheck
Check
Design Training
Design

Software Parallel
Hardware Software Parallel
Hardware Operation
Operation

Design Test
Designofof Develop
DevelopFiles
Files
Test
format
format

Evaluation
Evaluation

Document
Document
File
FileCompletion Completion
Completion Completion

*IMPLEMENTATION OF MIS*
APPROACHES OF MIS DEVELOPMENT
 Top down approach.
 Bottom up approach.
 Integrative approach.
 Traditional approach.
 Prototyping approach.
 Systematic approach for development in small organization.

BARRIERS OF MIS
 Problem definition barriers

 Implementation barriers

 Maintenance barriers

• Problem definition barriers

– Generating workable idea requires leadership and team
work.
– Many innovative ideas are technically infeasible
– Many innovative ideas are prohibitively expansive
– Many ideas die because they lack a sufficient market
• Implementation barriers
– Telecommunications increases the complexity of
implementing MIS.
– Multiple systems are difficult to integrate.
– MIS systems often require inter organizational cooperation.
– State of the art technologies are difficult to implement.
• Maintenance barriers
– Competitors can copy MIS.
– Unanticipated demand can overwhelm the usefulness of an
MIS.
– Applications can be expensive to maintain or enhance.
– High exit barriers can cause devastating losses.