Cell: The Building Blocks

of Life
Early Discovery
Cell Theory
Parts of Cell
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Mary Lou N Bogñalbal

Tabaco National High School
Tabaco Division
• Discovered after microscope invented
• 1665: Robert Hooke first observed cork
(dead plant bark)
– Cork reminded him of tiny rooms
• He named the empty boxes “cells”
Matthias Schleiden
A German biologist study
different living plants.
(1838) All plants are made
of cells.
Theodor Schwann
A German biologist who
studied many different
animals.
The study led him to
conclude that all animals
are made of cells. (1839)
Rudolf Virchow
1855- “omnis cellula e cellula”
The Cell Theory, which is one of the
most important theories in biology,
was formed from the work of
Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow.

Cell Theory: Three Basic Statements

1.Every organism is made up of one or more cells.
2.Cell is the smallest basic unit of life.
3.All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Introduction
• Cells, the basic units of organisms.
• Three Basic types of cells include:

Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 6

Prokaryotes – The first Cells
• Cells that lack a nucleus
• Do not have membrane-bound organelles
• Includes bacteria
• Simplest type of cell
Two categories:
1. Eubacteria
2. Arhaebacteria
 Prokaryotes
• Nucleoid region
(center) contains the
DNA
• Surrounded by cell
membrane & cell wall
(peptidoglycan)
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) in
their cytoplasm to
make proteins
 Eukaryotes
• Cells that HAVE a
nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles
• Includes protists, fungi,
plants, and animals –
Domain Eukarya
• More complex type of
cells
 Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells

Animal Cell
Plant Cell
How Cell Carry out Its Functions?
Cell is not the smallest structure in an organism,
although extremely small in size.

Organelles
Structure within the cell that have certain jobs to do for the
cell.
Can be thought of as the “organs” of the cell.
 The Three Fundamental Parts
of the Cell:
Cytoplasm
• consists of a thick, semifluid aggregate chemical
compounds called cytosol.
• maintains the shape of the cell.
• a fluid that contains all the parts of cell inside the
cell membrane and outside the nucleus.
• cell’s chemical activities take place on it.
 The Three Fundamental Parts
of the Cell:
Cell Membrane
• plasma membrane or plasmalemma
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and
proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells
• Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Cell
membrane

Inside
of cell Protein Lipid bilayer
(cytoplasm) channel
The Three
Fundamental Parts
of the Cell:
Nucleus
• Oval-shaped or spherical
shaped structure.
• “control center” of the
cell.
• region of the cell where
genetic material is
located.
 Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• connected to the outer membrane of nucleus
• carries materials throughout the cytoplasm.
• transport of lipids and membrane proteins.
 Endomembrane System

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell

membrane (transport)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough
ER)
• Has ribosomes on
its surface
• Makes membrane
proteins and
proteins for
EXPORT out of
cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes on its surface
• Is attached to the ends
of rough ER
• Makes cell products
that are USED INSIDE
the cell
 Ribosomes
• Function: location of protein synthesis
• “Protein factories” for cell
• Join amino acids to make proteins
• Process called protein synthesis

Golgi Bodies
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell
 Mitochondrion
(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy
(ATP)
• More active cells like muscle
cells have MORE
mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells
have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION (burning
glucose)
 Vacuoles
• Fluid filled sacks
for storage
• Small or absent in
animal cells
• Plant cells have a
large Central
Vacuole
• No vacuoles in
bacterial cells
 Vacuoles

• In plants, they store Cell

Sap
• Includes storage of
sugars, proteins,
minerals, lipids, wastes,
salts, water, and
enzymes
Organelles Found in Animal
Cells Only
Lysosomes
• Produced by the Golgi Apparatus.
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Break down food, bacteria, and
worn out cell parts for cells
• Numerous in disease-fighting cells,
such as WBC’s
• Lyse (break open) & release
enzymes to break down & recycle
cell parts)
 Cilia & Flagella

• Made of protein
tubes called
microtubules
• Function in moving
cells, in moving
fluids, or in small
particles across the
cell surface
 Cilia & Flagella

• Cilia are shorter

and more
numerous on
cells
• Flagella are
longer and fewer
(usually 1-3) on
cells
Centrioles
• Found only in animal
cells
• Made of bundle of
microtubules
• Appear during cell
division forming mitotic
spindle
• Help to pull
chromosome pairs
apart to opposite ends
of the cell.
Organelles Found in Plant
Cells Only
 Chloroplasts
• Found only in producers
(organisms containing
chlorophyll)
• Use energy from sunlight
to make own food
(glucose)
• Energy from sun stored in
the Chemical Bonds of
Sugars
 Plasmodesmata

• Cytoplasmic channels through

cell walls that connect the
cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
• bridge between plant cells.
 Cell wall

– Protect and support

the enclosed
substances
(protoplasm)
– Resist entry of excess
water into the cell
– Give shape to the cell