DEGREE PROJECT IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

FIRST CYCLE, 15 CREDITS

STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2017

Coordination of Wind Power

and Hydro Power
Koordinering av vind- och vattenkraft

AXEL SOLHALL

EDVIN GUÉRY

KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
TRITA -IM-KAND 2017:27

www.kth.se
 M2. COORDINATION OF HYDRO POWER

Coordination of Wind Power

and Hydro Power
Axel Solhall and Edvin Guéry

Abstract- The goal of this project was to calculate how installed effect on the power plants in question as well as
much wind power could be balanced with hydro power in our water flow that fills the different reservoirs. This data will
designated area consisting of five hydro power stations, four then be processed in a program called GAMS (General
villages which consume power, possible locations for wind
Algebraic Modelling System) which via a written program
power and one connection to the national grid. To achieve this a
will take out the optimal times to release water through the
simulation model was constructed in the GAMS software with
the goal of achieving the maximum profit from the hydro power turbines to maximize overall profit.
plants by considering electricity prices, inflow of water, the
physical construction of the power plants and the time of year.
When this was achieved, restriction for the maximum
transmission load on the power grid was added as well as local
wind power production as to simulate the implementation of
new power sources on an old system and power grid. This would
result in a maximum income in SEK as well as the most wind
power which could be maintained and balanced by the
designated system. This project shows how to find the optimal
way to use hydro power and wind power as well as how the
integration between different sources of electricity production
could work, which is vital for a future powered by renewable
energy and will help towards lowering emissions.
Figure 1. An image of the system and it’s five hydro power
I. INTRODUCTION plants.[1]
he purpose of this assignment is to make an optimized

T schedule of power generation from hydro power

plants considering the local wind power production as
well as the price of electricity on the market, concerns of
water flow and limitations of the electric grid. Thanks to this
optimization the society can save resources and utilize the
wind power to its fullest and efficiently use the water in the
hydro power plants when needed. As this project looks on
value in money this is most important for companies owning
these hydro power plants as they want the highest return on
investment.
The goal is to maximize income from the hydro power plants
and to determine how much wind power production can be
implemented locally and still be balanced by the hydro power
plants. The water should be used as efficiently as possible to
make the most from a given resource in the strive for a
sustainable future. The first step is to gather the data required
to be able to run the simulations. Examples of such data is
Today, the demands on the current power system are
changing as there are coming increasingly more new energy
sources like wind power and solar power. These sources are
the two mayor ones which are expanding in installed power,
but they are also unreliable. Why these sources of energy are
wanted is because they do not contribute to the climate
change which is a hot topic now.[2] But the problem is their
uncertainty, they do not work fulltime and we are dependent
on the weather which is one of the few things we as a society
can’t control.[3] Therefore, these new types of energy
sources brings good but unreliable energy to our systems.
The balance between consumption and production in energy
on the grid has to be maintained at all times, these
uncertainties make it hard to do so.[4] That is why there must
be changes in how the old power plants act and they must
adapt to the new era where they have to compensate for the
lack of wind power at times when the wind alone is not
sufficient.[3]
M2. COORDINATION OF HYDRO POWER
II. MODEL
• The hydro power turbines efficiency is assumed to
lie between 92% and 96% [3].
• The earth's gravitation is assumed to be 9.82 m/s2.
• The density of water is assumed to be constant 1000
kg/m3.
• The flow of water is assumed to take one hour to go
from one hydro power plants to the next, meaning
four hours to go through the entire system.
• The Gross heights of the reservoirs are assumed to
be constant, even though the water levels are
changing.
• The grid is assumed to be able to transmit 110% of
the maximum power of the hydro power plants.
The optimization of hydro power will be made with the
software GAMS. This data is gathered through phone calls to
the owners of the power plants as well as information on their
websites, articles and from other sources. The data is then
handled by a written program that decides the best times to
release water through the turbines to maximize the profit for
the owners through linear Optimization. There are five
different power plants used in this simulation that all lie after
one another on a part of Indalsälven in Jämtland, Sweden.
Three of these plants are called Hissmofors, Kattstrupeforsen
and Granboforsen and are all owned by a company called
Jämtlandskraft AB, the last two power plants, Midskog and
Näverede, are owned by Vattenfall AB. Hissmofors borders
the big lake Stor sjön as seen in fig.1 which in this model is
represented as a very big reservoir.
The prices of electricity are taken from Nordpool which
handle the entire Nordic market of electricity.[5] Wind data
was gathered from Svenska Kraftnät on their website Mimer
where energy production numbers can be gathered.[6] Wind
production data for our area will be scaled appropriately to
simulate different levels of installed wind power so the
impact on the power grid and the production of hydro power
can be analysed. To gather the numerical data of the natural
flow of water, we used the “Vattenwebb” at SMHI that
shows the natural way that the water flows and watershed.[7]
The problem is a linear optimization problem which is rather
simple but with too many variables for a human to handle so
a computer is needed to get the calculations done in a
reasonable time. GAMS give us raw data that is hard to read
and the result data is therefore sent into excel to make cleaner
sheets and readable plots and diagrams.
The total energy (E) that is converted into electricity is equal
to the potential energy recovered in the fall times the
efficiency (e) of the turbine meaning the gross height (h)
times the gravity (g) and the mass of water (m) passing
through. As we are working with quantities of water we can
get the mass by multiplying the cubic meter of water (q)
times the density (d) which have been assumed to be
constant. This is shown in equation (1) below.
𝐸 = 𝑒×𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑒×(𝑞𝑑)𝑔ℎ = 𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑔ℎ (1)
𝐼 = 𝐸×𝑐𝑝 (2)
The energy produced is then converted into income (I) by the
simple multiplication with the current price (cp) of the
electricity produced as show in equation (2). The total
income is then the sum of the income gained for each power
plant for every hour over these four days and the total of 96
hours. The water balance is calculated through a balance of
flow through the turbines (q), spillage (s), incoming water
from rain and other sources (inflow) and the water kept in the
reservoir (r) as shown in (3). The balance is calculated with
an hourly timeframe (t) and having the hydro power plants
numbered from one to five (p), one being Hissmofors at the
top and five being Näverede at the bottom.
𝑟(𝑡,𝑝) = 𝑟(𝑡−1,𝑝) + 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤(𝑡,𝑝) … + (𝑞(𝑡−1,𝑝−1) + 𝑠(𝑡−1,𝑝−1) )
−(𝑞(𝑡,𝑝) + 𝑠(𝑡,𝑝) ) (3)
As seen in equation (3) the reservoir for each hour is
calculated as the water that was there the hour before added
with the water coming from the power plant higher up in the
chain that was released the hour before as well as the natural
inflow from the surrounding nature, for example rain. The
water going out of the reservoir, the flow through the turbines
and spillage of the hydro power plant that hold the water, is
then subtracted. The water flow is restricted by the maximum
flow capacity of the power plants and the reservoirs are of
different sizes.
The water left in the reservoir at the end of the day is
calculated to go through the all the hydro power plants used
in this simulation on its way down to the final output. This
means that the water in the highest reservoir is worth more
than water in lower reservoirs as it has more potential energy
while the water that has already passed hydro power plants
have lost some of its potential energy and therefore value.
But the same calculations have been done for the start of the

day, meaning that only the difference in water from start to
finish counts. This makes so if the reservoir has more water
at the end of the day then when it started, you will be able to
use that for later and so it is a gain. If on the other hand you
have used more water then has come in, you have used up
some of your resources and it’s then counted as a loss. If this
is the case though, the income made from using this water
outweighs the loss in the reservoir if it was used correctly
when the current electricity price was high.
Hydro power plants are always connected to a grid, either a
small local grid or the big national grid, and these grids have
limitations. Normally you build the local grids at the same
time you build a power plant and make the grids capacity
match that of the power plants, and possibly some more. The
grid is not built with a massive overcapacity as it would be
too expensive for the same result. This means that when wind
power plants are now being built, the grid can’t always
handle all the power that is getting pushed through the cables.
There is a limit to how much power the grid can sustain at
any given time and this model is based on bottleneck that the
cables pose. The cables maximum amount of power that can
be transmitted cannot be exceeded.
Figure 2. The system with its grid limitations in form of
bottlenecks surrounding the upper part and the whole system.
III. CASE STUDY
In the fig. 2 below, a clear picture of the system, with the big
lake at the top of Hissmofors that then directly links into
Kattstrupeforsen and Granboforsen, then into a smaller lake.
The figure clearly shows the smaller lake before Midskog
power plant has additional inflow from a river. This causes
the flow at Midskog and Näverede to be higher than in the
previous three power plants. The red inclosures is to show
which power plants are affected by the same grid bottleneck.
The three upper hydro power plants and wind power plants
are limited by the inner bottleneck. The outer bottleneck
encloses the entire system of five hydro power plants and
M2. COORDINATION OF HYDRO POWER
separate wind power production inside of both the two
bottlenecks. Where the connection to the national grid is
located is irrelevant.
The main inflow of water comes from the lake that
Hissmofors holds and from a connecting river that joins up
just before Midskog which can be seen in the fig. 2 that
shows total flow of water through the different plants. The
graph in fig. 3 shows that there is almost no extra inflow at
Kattstrupeforsen, Granboforsen and Näverede as the total
amount of water flow stays around the same as the hydro
power plant higher up in the river. The chart is showing the
different flows the different dates added together, but they all
follow the same pattern that is shown in the total result.
Figure 3. Total water flow at the five hydro power plants in
cubic meters per second.[7]
These five power plants do not have any side flows for letting
fish go upstream meaning all the water that goes though these
power plants are either going through the turbines or just
getting spilled in case of the reservoirs getting full. This is
not a problem since salmon and other fish does not go this far
upstream in Indalsälven.[8]
Figure 4. Water storage in Swedish reservoirs during the
year 2015-2016.
In the fig. 4, you can see the water level in the reservoirs
throughout Sweden during an entire year. The red labels
show the different selected dates and how full the average
M2. COORDINATION OF HYDRO POWER
Swedish reservoir is throughout the year. These degrees of
filling in percent of all Swedish hydro power reservoirs are
set as the degree of how full the reservoirs in the system at
the start of each day to mirror real worlds time of year.[9]
Figure 5. Market prices for group SE2 on the Nordic market
for electricity in SEK/MWh for these four different dates.
The plot of fig. 5 shows the different prices during the day on
these four chosen dates. Nordpool has divided Sweden into
four different segments and all these power plants lay in the
segment of SE2 and that is the data used as well.[5] The price
of electricity goes up during the day and falls to its lowest
during the night, this follows the natural cycle of the day, as
most people and factories are active during the day and
resting or unused during the night.
Figure 6. Wind power production as % of installed wind
power on an hourly basis for area SE2.[6]
In the graph of fig.6 the percentage of wind power production
over the four selected dates can be seen. The percentage was
gathered by taking the wind power production in section SE2
on an hourly basis from Svenska Kraftnät [6] and dividing it
by the installed capacity in the same area SE2 [10]. This
percentage is then easy to apply to chosen amounts of
installed local wind power production, which then is used in
the optimization to simulate the same conditions as the rest of
SE2 where the system model is located.
The grid is assumed to be able to transmit 110% of the
maximum power of the hydro power plants as the grid was
built at the same time as the power plants and calculated for
the hydro power plants production. The upper part of the grid
which supports the three smaller power plants Hissmofors
(60 MW), Kattstrupeforsen (60 MW) and Granboforsen (24
MW), can support up to 158 MW. The lower part that
connects both the upper part and the other two hydro power
plants, Midskog (145 MW) and Näverede (68 MW), to the
national grid can transmit up to 393 MW. These limitations
are the bottlenecks of fig.2
The maximum power the grid can handle is also the
maximum amount of wind power which can be installed
safely, meaning at the upper part of the grid there is a total of
up to 158 MW of installed wind power and at the lower end a
total of up to 235 MW.
Figure 7. Effect in MW from different power plants during
the day of January, the balance between wind and hydro
power can easily be seen in this graph.
The installed wind power then together meets the criteria of
never overloading the cables even when working at peak
efficiency. Any higher level of installed wind power may
cause the grid to overload. The level of installed wind power
has then been evaluated to see how different levels of wind
power would affect the spillage of the hydro power plants.

With the wind data from fig. 6, installed maximum capacity
of 393MW and the market prices of electricity from fig. 5,
the net gain is 2.2 million SEK over these four days from the
wind power. As can be seen in fig. 6 that was shown earlier,
the day of January was particularly windy. On the other hand,
this means that to keep the grid stable, the hydro power plants
had to slow down their production to not go over the grid
limitations. This can be seen in fig. 7. If fig. 6 and fig. 7 is
compared it can be seen how the high wind production did
force the hydro power production to decrease. This means
that less water is being used and is then stored in the
reservoirs for later use.
The production of the hydro power plants for the four days of
the simulation is dependent on the level of local wind power
production. Different levels of the maximum capacity of
installed wind power were tested and the results are shows in
table I.
Table I. Here are the results from different levels of wind
power implementations and the effects on the hydro power
plants gain in income.
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Installed wind 0M 98M 197M 295M 393M
power W W W W W
Hydro income 7,28 7,27 7,12 6,86 6,50
Resevoir value -0,47 -0,46 -0,316 -0,06 0,27
Total gain 6,81 6,81 6,80 6,79 6,78
As can be seen in the table above, the income from the hydro
power plants is only affected ever so slightly even with
maximum variation of the local wind power production. This
is mostly because with higher wind power production, more
water can be saved in the reservoirs for a later date and the
loss in income is therefore saved in water resources. Since
the hydro power plants produce electricity when the price is a
variable higher than the reservoir price, saving water in the
reservoirs will always reduce the profit compared to running
on full production. Why the hydro income is not much deeper
is likely because there were not that much wind except for
the day of January shown in fig.7.
IV. DISSCUSSION
The point with this optimization is to determine how much
wind power can be balanced and to maximize the income for
the two companies owning these five hydro power plants, the
income is calculated as a sum of all five individual incomes.
This might seem weird because they are owned by competing
companies and their incomes does not accumulate together
M2. COORDINATION OF HYDRO POWER
but since the water flow through the power plants are
controlled by Vattenregleringsföretagen AB and the power
plants are located on the same river it makes sense. This is
because the power plants up the river will determine the flow
of water for power plants further down the river and since
several of the plants have very limited reservoirs they would
be forced to either run the water through the power plant or
spill it by the side when the water arrives if the electric grid is
already working at full capacity in a realistic scenario.
Through the central control of Vattenregleringsföretagen AB
the entire system of power plants can be run in a way which
is most efficient for the system as a whole, which allows for
the sum of their incomes to be a valid assumption.
The entire computer simulated optimization and its results are
mainly controlled by the assumed price on the active
reservoir of water. This information could not be sourced
from any power company so an assumption was made that
the price would be an average of the Nordpool price data
each day. This price has a huge impact on the production
since it decides if the hydro power plants should run on
installed effect or save the water for a later time with higher
prices on an hour by hour basis. If the current price is higher
than the assumed price for the reservoir the hydro power
plants will run on full power and if the current price is lower
than no power will be produced. The price of the reservoir is
assumed to be a mean value of the hourly prices.
The hydro power plants will maximize their income if they
produce energy when the current electricity price’s is higher
than that of the water reservoirs and only limit their
production by the limitations of the power grid. This means
the hydro power plants should run at their maximum power
when the wind power production is low which leaves the grid
available. But when the production of wind power increases,
the hydro power production will be forced to decrease to not
overload the grid.
To make sure that water already released into the river and
heading towards another power plant is not wasted if the
wind power is high when the water arrive it is beneficial to
never have the water reservoirs completely full. If the
reservoir is full and the grid is working at full capacity due to
high wind production the water must be spilled and this is of
course a waste of resources and therefore lost income.
Though big reservoirs often aren’t full and this becomes
more of a problem for hydro power plants with small or no
reservoirs. Therefore, planning is very important and only
releasing water from a higher reservoir when knowing that
M2. COORDINATION OF HYDRO POWER
the water can reach all the way down to the next big reservoir
without any spillage having to be done is very important to
waste neither resources or money.
The problem with spilling water due to an increase in wind
power in combination with full water reservoirs is however
not very relevant for this project. This is because GAMS do
not calculate in chronological order, you could say it “knows
the future”. Spillage only happens when things don’t go as
planned, so if we are taking fourth a plan, the spillage should
be planned to zero. The future wind data and reservoir data is
already available for the software and available before the
simulation starts. This allows the program to compensate for
future events and never spills any water as it can compensate
for changes in advance. In reality, future values are not
known to 100% but can often be estimated to a good enough
margin. This is what is called stochastic programming, a
framework for modelling optimization where the variables
are only known to be within certain values. This may be non-
negative, or as in this case, the estimated energy price, and
the estimated wind production. These values do not vary far
from estimates and therefore low amount of spillage in the
hydro power plants can be achieved.
The value of the reservoirs has a huge impact on the income
of the hydro power plants. And since the whole optimization
boils down to the question, “do we run the turbines now, or
can we get more money for the same work later?”, and that
question is answered by setting a value on the saved water in
the reservoir. The value was set to the mean value of the
current day meaning it produced electricity at the day’s high
peaks and saved it as active storage during the day’s lowest
priced hours. But as no real answer to the question of how the
value was set in real life could be obtained, the most logical
solution was to set the value to a mean of the day.
The value of the reservoirs is calculated by taking the value
of water at the end of each day and subtraction the days
starting value. This allows evaluation of the value of changed
storage in the reservoirs as well as the production of
electricity. Why the value of the reservoir is so important is
because if the saved water is not valued then there would be
no consequences to constantly producing full power in the
hydro power plants. The energy of the saved water is
valuable therefore it must be valued so it is not wasted. But
this somewhat hides the value of produced electricity and the
changes of the income from running the hydro power plants
with different levels of wind power production.
The local wind power plants do not reduce the electricity
prices since they are too small of a part of the Nordic electric
market to affect the supply of power. What they do affect is
the local grid capacity which has transmission limitations. If
the grid does not have the capacity to handle full production
of both the hydro power and the power coming for the wind
power plants it will be overloaded and cables may take
damage. This means that when the wind power is delivering a
lot of effect to the grid some of the hydro power plants will
have to reduce their production to not risk overloading the
cables. The wind is an unreliable variable that must be
considered since it can change from hour to hour and even
though meteorologists try to predict the weather, it’s never
truly accurate. This give arise to the risk of having to spill
water due to full water reservoir and a grid working at full
capacity. Spilling water would result in a loss of income and
resources which is not beneficial for neither the owners of the
power plants nor the environment as other sources of energy
would be used in its stead, for example power plants using
coal as fuel.
Something that can be done is spillage of wind. By turning
the blades on the wind power plants and there how reduce the
efficiency of the turbines. This would mean that higher
amounts of wind power can be installed and a higher
production value when the wind speed is considered low to
medium. When reaching close to maximum capacity the grid
would then not risk overloading as some spillage of wind
could be made by lowering the efficiency. This allows for
much higher capacity of wind power to be installed as the
spillage loss only happens with exceptionally high wind
speeds whereas the normal conditions allow for full
efficiency and higher production and gain in income for the
wind power companies. To take it in consideration in this
case study the amount of wind power could theoretically be
as high as possible and always run at grid capacity with any
little wind, but it would not be practical in reality as it would
cost immensely to build that many wind turbines and to never
run them at full efficiency would be a waste of resources.
But installing high amounts of wind power where they cannot
always run at their maximum efficiency is an obvious waste
since wind power turbines are expensive. So, to maintain a
cheap and efficient balance, the wind power production
should be appropriately scaled to the limitations of the local
grid and the other power plants connected to the same grid so
the gain in production is larger than the loss that happens
during the times when the wind has a high speed.

Grid limitations is vital to consider in our system of hydro
power plants and wind turbines which is connected in a way
that causes two major bottlenecks to the transmission
capabilities of the grid. The first bottleneck is around
Hissmofors, Kattstrupeforsen and Granboforsen hydro power
plant as well as wind power plants, this is the inner
bottleneck of figure 2. The bottleneck will force the hydro
power plants to reduce their production when wind power
production is high. Why the hydro power plants must cut
their productions is because the water in the reservoirs can be
saved for future production but the wind cannot be controlled
and saved. The second bottleneck includes all five hydro
power plants and all wind turbines, this is the outer
bottleneck of figure 2. This means the first bottleneck is
inside of the second bottleneck.
When the data is inserted into GAMS, it becomes the all-
knowing one and knows both past and future as it calculated
the optimal way to run the entire system of hydro power
plants. This means that when the software does its
simulations and answers the question of how to manage the
local power plants it does so without any mistakes, as in zero
spillage. It knows when and how strong the wind will blow at
all times and can optimize the water flow to avoid the time
where the system could suddenly be forced to spill instead of
produce electricity to not overload the grid because of a
sudden change in wind and rise in wind power production.
This is the perfect world of GAMS where we would like to
live, but when applied in reality, the future may have been
foreseen incorrectly, and then the calculations are incorrect.
So, the wind might blow harder than expected and then the
hydro power plants will be forced to spill as the reservoirs or
grid will be at full capacity. But with good estimates in the
stochastic programming as discussed earlier, no big losses or
spillage should occur.
Possible future studies would be to run a double simulation,
maybe in MATLAB alone or in combination with GAMS. To
first make an optimization after how the future is believed to
look and then run a simulation of how it really went and then
run a “reality” that may run as foreseen at first but then
diverse from the path and see how flexible the system is to
changes it did not expect. Then spillage becomes an actual
thing as this simulation we have done never had any reason
to spill when it could work around it and had all the answers.
GAMS is an optimization tool, and it is never optimal to
waste a resource by spilling it and it will therefore
successfully not be forced to do it, but like reality sometime
do.
M2. COORDINATION OF HYDRO POWER
MATLAB could then possibly be used to make a loop that
takes the hydro power plants through the day hour by hour
without knowing what is next and trying to make the best out
of a tough situation. GAMS and optimization tools can’t
work with blind data, what may need to be done is to make a
new optimization for each hour that passes that, depending on
how the weather behaves, excepts a certain weather in the
coming future. Then run it though the “real” weather and
market price and see how much spill there is to then make a
new optimization each hour that passes to recalibrate and
change the weather and market price data accordingly. This
requires more than just a way to optimize and to simulate the
“real” time. I would require a way to adjust these input data
to, hopefully, fit in on reality better as sudden changes
happen. This way has a dynamic system and not just an
optimization a day and hope for the best, but have a system
that adapts during the day.
What could be done in future studies is to make it a function
of the water height. So, that when the reservoirs are almost
full the reservoir value is low as it will then release water
through the turbines even if the electricity price is low and
therefore not risk the pons from overflow and spillage. While
on the opposite side increase the reservoir value when the
active storage is almost empty meaning it will not release the
water at that stage to hinder the reservoir from going dry.
This would be good for maintaining the water level and may
hinder spillage, but as there was no spillage already it would
probably only decrease the maximum income as it forces the
hydro power plants to produce electricity when the price is
low and hinder it when it’s high, the opposite of what we
want to maximize income.
Using this method of simulating the hydro power plants may
result in seeing the amount of spillage that may occur during
changes in the weather and inconsistencies with the
unforeseen weather. This can then be compared to the gain in
wind power and be used to see how much wind power plants
would be okay to install in an area without causing too much
spillage in the local hydro power plants. They would not
calculate any exact numbers as there are too many assumed
conditions but still give a good idea of the amount and can be
used in decision-making when looking at areas to expand
with wind power generation.
What we have done in GAMS does give an answer to these
questions with a single optimization via GAMS. But it only
shows us how to run the schedule perfectly with the coming
M2. COORDINATION OF HYDRO POWER

conditions. This only applies to reality though if everything general idea of how much wind power there could be in a
goes as the input data tells us, which often isn’t the case. region to fit the local conditions.

As can be seen with the data gathered, the losses in the hydro
power plants income is not that large. This is because the loss
in production is gained in reservoir funds, expected to be
used at a later date. This is money though because as the
prices of tomorrow will not change much from today, in such
a short amount of time it will follow a predictable pattern.
The actual loss is not that big either as it goes from around
7.27 to 6.50 million SEK, so a little less than a million, but
then if the income gained from the wind power (2.2 million
SEK) is factored in, that gap is quickly filled and a loss is
turned into a gain. Installing wind neglecting installment fees
is a net gain that varies if calculating the water stored or not.
Even when spillage of wind is applied, meaning there can be
as much wind power as there is space to build them, the grid
will never be overloaded as they adapt their efficiency to the
grids demands. It could in a perfect world, theoretically, have
the grid at max capacity at all times with only wind power,
meaning the hydro power would never get to use its turbines.
The hydro power plants would still have a gain in income, up
until the point where the reservoirs are full and they are
forced to spill the incoming water, as the water that is filling
VI. REFERENCES
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[3] K. Byman, "Elproduktion Tekniker för produktion av el," (Apr,
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up the reservoirs are counted as a gain in income. During

these four short days, the results would still give us a gain
even if we did not produce any electricity. Therefore, it
should be looked upon on a larger scale, take a week, or
month with days that are connected to each other and some
smaller reservoirs and the problem with spillage would
become much bigger and harder to handle with enough wind
power production in the system.

V. CONCLUSIONS
The question of how much wind power can be balanced by
existing hydro power is a hard one as the grid is what sets the
boundaries for the wind power production, and what is
profitable. GAMS optimization does not simulate time in a
chronological order which allows the software to compensate
for information that should only be available in the future.
This eliminates the spillage of water but with realistic
stochastic programming spillage is already minimized. This
together with the ability to spill wind, an amount of wind
power could then be calculated to not have too much spillage
in the hydro power plants but still have a good amount of
energy coming from wind power plants. There may not be an
exact number to answer but this is a good way to get a