DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

GENERATOR

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

KRISHNA KRIBA KARAN.B 711615114060

LINO MATHAI 711615114061

MOHAMMAD RAFEEK.A 711615114075

PRAVEEN KUMAR.V 711615114308

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KATHIR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COIMBATORE

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2018

I
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

BROWN GAS GENERATOR” is the bonafide work of ,KRISHNA KRIBA

KARAN B (711615114060), LINO MATHAI (711615114060), MOHAMMED

RAFEEK A (711615114075), PRAVEEN KUMAR V (711615114308) who

carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. A.R. SURESH, M.E., Ph.D., Mr. ARUN PRANESH , M.TECH.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering

Kathir College of Engineering Kathir College of Engineering

Coimbatore - 62 Coimbatore - 62

Submitted for the project Viva-Voce examination held on ……………….

Internal Examiner External Examiner

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our project,

we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the management of our
college and our beloved chairman Thiru. E.S.KATHIR and secretary Tmt.
LAVANYA KATHIR who provided all facilities to us.

We express our Sincere thanks to Dr. G.DORAISWAMY, CEO, Kathir

College of Engineering for providing us all the support towards this project.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. P. BANUMATHI,

Principal, Kathir College of Engineering, who gave opportunity to frame the
project to full satisfaction.

Our grateful thanks to Dr. A.R. SURESH, Head of the department for his
constructive suggestion & encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest sincere thanks to our
project guide Mr. ARUN PRANESH, Assistant Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering for his kind guidance and encouragement during this
project.

We extend our sincere thanks to Mr. A. GOGULAKRISHNAN,

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering our project
coordinator for his involvement and encouragement during our project.

III
 ABSTRACT

This paper presents the development of hydrogen generator to produce

brown gas from electrolysis of water. The generator housing is made of

cylindrical shaped Perspex with screwed cover made of the same material. The

electrodes were made from scrapped lead from old battery lead terminals. The

electrolyte is distilled water materials readily available. Brown gas is also called

as Hydrogen. Hydrogen, Oxygen (HHO). Electrolysis utilization, is the process in

which separation of water as oxygen and hydrogen of two molecules of each is

the basic step in this project. The process which is electrochemical began for the

separation of water molecules, as a result of introduction of electrical voltage to

the solution, which is the combination of the catalyst with distilled water. If the

BROWN GAS generator efficiency is increased to 100% the engine’s thermal

losses would be still outweigh for the economic gain from on board HHO

addition.

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENT

PAG
CHAPTER
CONTENT E
NO
NO
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives 1
1.2 Aim and purpose 1
2. Literature Review 2
3. Components required 3
3.1 Acrylic box with tight cap fitting 3
3.2 Stainless steel plates 4
3.3 Bubbler 5
3.4 Nylon bolt and nut 5
3.5 work holding vise 6
4. MACHINING PROCESS PERFORMED 7
4.1 Cutting 7
4.2 Drilling 8
4.3 Grinding 8
5. WORKING METHODOLOGY 10
5.1 Principle 10
5.2 Construction 10
5.3 Working process 11
5.4 Design and consideration 12

V
 5.5 Advantages 13
5.6 Limitation 13
5.7 Application 13
6 COST ESTIMATION 14
6.1 Table of cost estimation
7 RESULT AND CONCLUSION 15
7.1 Scope for future 15
REFERRENCE 15
PHOTOGRAPHY 16

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO NO
3.1 Acrylic box with cap 3
3.2 Arrangement of plates 4
3.3 Bubbler construction 5
3.4 Nylon bolt ,nut & washer 5
3.5 Manual work holding vise 6
3.6 Battery 6
3.7 Polyurethane tubes 7
3.8 L-bow connectors 7
3.9 Stainless steel bolt and nut 8
3.10 Teflon tapes 8
4.1 Cutting machine 9
4.2 Drilling machine 10
4.3 Grinding machine 11
5.1 Electrolysis principle 11
5.2 Block diagram 13
5.3 Flowchart of working process 14

VII
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The potential of hydrogen gas as an energy carrier is immense, though it

carries less energy than fossil fuel by volume. Its overall effect on the
environment is minimal. Hydrogen is the smallest and the most abundant
element in the universe. It rarely exists in pure nature as hydrogen gas (H2) but
in compounds such as hydrides and hydrocarbons. One of the famous early uses
of hydrogen gas was for lifting in balloons, and later in airships. It is widely
believed that Hydrogen will be the energy carrier of the future economy.

OBJECTIVES

Basic objectives of this project work is to use Hydrogen gas as alternative

for existing fuels. Hydrogen fuel will be produced from water (H2O) using
electrolysis process. This is a reversible operation, Higher capacity utilization
for stronger business cases. Giving a low cost fuel to consumers. For optimizing
emission control from engine exhaust. Potassium Hydroxide is used as catalyst
in electrolyte solution.

AIM AND PURPOSE

The aim of this work is to design and alternate fuel using water
electrolysis process and to do the process of metal cutting and welding process
by the hydrogen gas produced in the electrolysis process. It can also used as a
alternate fuel

1
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In light of recent hydrocarbon shortage concerns, hydrogen is receiving

increased attention from the scientific community and the media for its potential
role in a sustainable energy system. Hydrogen, like electricity, is an energy
carrier and not an energy source, and significant research is underway to test the
feasibility of a future transition to a total hydrogen energy economy. To
understand the implications of such an economy, the Iowa Energy Center
funded an extensive literature search over the summer of 2006. This search
included approximately 130 research reports, case studies, and other esteemed
publications having to do with important aspects of the hydrogen economy (i.e.
production, efficiency, electrochemical conversion, etc.). Findings of the search
are focused on hydrogen production by electrolysis, several storage and delivery
methods, electrochemical conversion to electricity in fuel cells, and process
efficiency.

2
 CHAPTER 3

COMPONENTS USED

The construction of brown gas generator depends upon the following

components

3.1 Acrylic box with cap fitting

3.2 Stainless steel plates
3.3 Bubbler
3.4 Nylon bolts and nuts
3.5 Work holding vise
3.6 Battery
3.7 polyurethane tubes
3.8 L-bow connectors

3.1 Acrylic box with cap fitting

This box is most important which acts as the case of this generator. The
plates are ordered and arranged inside this box where the electrolysis
process undergoes through the cap the battery terminals are given
connection. There is a passage for inlet and also outlet through which the
water is supplied and produced gas is evolved.

Fig 3.1 Acrylic box with cap

3
3.2 Stainless steel plates
Stainless steels are notable for their corrosion resistance, which
increaseswith increasing chromium content. Molybdenum additions increase
corrosion resistance in reducing acid sand against pitting attack in chloride
solutions. Thus, there are numerous grades of stainless steel with varying
chromium and molybdenum contents to suit the environment the alloy must
endure. Thus stainless steels are used where both the strength of steel and
corrosion resistance are required .Stainless steel plates are cut into pieces of
given dimensions and are arranged. This plate is used as the anode and cathode
in the electrolysis process.

Fig 3.2 Arrangements of plate

4
3.3 Bubbler
The PVC housing for the booster has two small-diameter angle pipe
fittings attached to it and a clear plastic tubing placed between them is
called bubbler. So that the level of the electrolyte can be checked without
removing the screw cap.

Fig 3.3 Bubbler construction

3.4 Nylon bolts and nuts

Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers, based
on aliphatic or semi-aromaticpolyamides. Nylon is a thermo plastic silky
material that can be melt processed into fibers, films or shapes.These nylon
bolts and nuts are used to arrange the plates. the nylon material is used because
it doesn’t conduct electricity.Nylon is made of repeating unit slinked by peptide
bonds.[3][12]Commercially, nylon polymer is made by reacting monomers
which areeither lactams, acid/amines or stoichiometric mixtures of diamines (-
NH2) and di acids (-COOH). Mixtures of these can be polymerized
togethertomake copolymers. Nylon polymer can be mixed with a wide variety
of additives to achieve many different property variations.

5
 Nylon polymershavefound significant commercial applications in fabric
and fibers(apparel, flooring and rubberreinforcement), in shapes (moldedparts
for cars, electrical equipment,etc.), and in films (mostly for foodpackaging).

Fig 3.4 Nylon bolt, nut & washer

3.5 Manual work holding vise

The vise is a job or work piece holding device. It is a mechanical
apparatus used to secure an object to allow work to be performed on it. Vises
consists two parallel jaws, one fixed and the other movable, threaded in and
out by a screw lever.Traditional workbench vises arecommonly either face
vises, attachedto the front of the workbench, near theleft end (for a right-handed
worker) orend vises, attached to or forming partof the right end of the bench.

Fig 3.5 Manual work holding vise

6
3.6 Battery
An electric batteryis a deviceconsisting of one or moreconnections
provided to powerelectrical devices such as flashlights,and electric cars.When a
battery is supplying electricpower, its positive terminal is thecathode and its
negative terminal isthe anode. The terminal markednegative is the source of
electronsThat when connected to an externalcircuit will flow and deliver energy
toan external device. When a battery isconnected to an external
circuit,electrolytes are able to move as ionswithin, allowing the
chemicalreactions to be completed at theseparate terminals and so deliverenergy
to the external circuit. It is themovement of those ions within thebattery which
allows current to flowout of the battery to perform work.Battery is the power
source used in this process. This battery gives the power from which the
electrolysis is taken places.

Fig 3.6 Battery

7
3.7 POLYURETHANE TUBES

Polyurethane (PUR and PU) is a polymer composed of organic units

joined bicarbonate (urethane) links. While most polyurethanes are thermosetting
polymers that do not melt when heated,thermoplastic polyurethanes are
alsoavailable.Polyurethane polymers are traditionally and most commonly
formed by reactinga di- or poly-isocyanate with a polyol .Both the isocyanates
and polyols used tomake polyurethanes contain, on average, two or more
functional groups permolecule.This tube is used to connect the electrolyzer and
bubbler as the passage for gas evolved to flow through and also this gas is
collected through this tubes

8
 Fig 3.9 polyurethane tubes

3.8 L-BOW CONNECTOR

It is used in the electrolyzer for the inlet and outlet of the gases

Fig 3.8 L - Bow connector

9
3.9 Stainless steel bolt and nut

Stainless steels do not suffer uniformcorrosion, like carbon steel,

whenexposed to wet environments.Unprotected carbon steel rusts readilywhen
exposed to the combination of airCorrosion resistanceand moisture. The
resulting iron oxidesurface layer (the rust) is porous andfragile. Since iron oxide
occupies a largervolume than the original steel this layerexpands and tends to
flake and fall awayexposing the underlying steel to furtherattack. In
comparison, stainless steelscontain sufficient chromium to undergopassivation,
spontaneously forming amicroscopically thin inert surface film ofchromium
oxide by reaction with theoxygen in air and even the small amountof dissolved
oxygen in water. Thispassive film prevents further corrosion byblocking oxygen
diffusion to the steelsurface and thus prevents corrosion fromspreading into the
bulk of themetal.It is used to connect the plates and also to connect the anode
and cathode to the battery.

Fig 3.9 stainless steel bolts and nuts

10
3.10 Teflon tape

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is asynthetic fluoropolymer

oftetrafluoroethylene that hasnumerous applications. The bestknown brand
name of PTFE-basedformulas isTeflon.It is used to seal the inlet and outlet in
the caps and also the cap tightly without any leakage.

Fig 3.10 Teflon tape

11
 CHAPTER 4

MACHINING OPERATIONS PERFORMED

The operations performed to fabricate the brown gas generator are listed
below
4.1 Cutting
4.2 Drilling
4.3 Grinding
4.4 Assembling
4.1 Cutting
The raw material has to be cut to size. This is done with a variety of
tools. The most common way to cut material is by Shearing (metalworking);
Special band saws designed for cutting metal have hardened blades and a feed
mechanism for even cutting. Abrasive cut-off saws, also known as chop saws,
are similar to miller saws but with a steel cutting abrasive disk. Cutting torches
can cut very large sections of steel with little effort. An abrasive saw, also
known as a cut-offsaw or chop saw, is a power tool which is Cutting heavy steel
cable with a Husqvarna free hand saw typically used to cut hard materials,
suchas metals, tile, and concrete. The cutting action is performed by an
abrasive disc, similar to a thin grinding wheel. Technically speaking this is not a
saw, as it does not use regularly shaped edge (teeth) for cutting. These saws
are available in a number of configurations, including table top, freehand, and
walk behind models. In the table top models, which are commonly used to cut
tile and metal, the cutting wheel and motor are mounted on a pivoting arm
attached to a fixed base plate.

12
 Table top saws are often electrically powered and generally have a built-
in vise or other clamping arrangement. The free hand designs are typically
used to cut concrete, asphalt, and pipe on construction sites. They are
designed with the handles and motor near the operator, with the blade at the
far end of the saw. Free hand saws do not feature a vise, because the materials
being cut are larger and heavier. Walk behind models, sometimes called
flatsaws are larger saws which use a stand or cart to cut into concrete floors as
well as asphalt and concrete paving materials .Abrasive saws typically use
composite friction disk blades to abrasively cut through the steel. The disks are
consumable items as they wear throughout the cut. The abrasive disks for
these saws are typically 14 in(360 mm) in diameter and 7⁄64 in(2.8 mm) thick.
Larger saws use 410 mm(16 in) diameter blades. Disks are available for steel
and stainless steel. Abrasive saws can also uses uper abrasive (i.e., diamond
and cubic boron nitride or CBN) blades, which last longer than conventional
abrasive materials and do not generate a s hazardous particulate matter. Super
abrasive materials are more commonly used when cutting concrete ,asphalt,
and tile; however, they are also suitable for cutting ferrous metals.

Fig 4.1 Cutting machine

13
4.2 DRILLING
Drilling is a cutting process that usesa drill bit to cut a hole of
circularcross-section in solid materials. Thedrill bit is usually a rotary cutting
tool,often multi-point. The bit is pressedagainst the work-piece and rotated
atrates from hundreds to thousands ofrevolutions per minute. This forcesthe
cuttingedge against the workpiece,cutting off chips (swarf) fromthe hole as it
isdrilled.Drilling may affect the mechanicalproperties of the workpiece
bycreating low residual stresses aroundthe hole opening and a very thin layerof
highly stressed and disturbedmaterial on the newly formed surface.This causes
the workpiece to becomemore susceptible to corrosion andcrack propagation at
the stressedsurface. A finish operation may bedone to avoid these
detrimentalconditions.Drilling is used to produce holes in the objects. In this
project plates requires holes for making assembly.

Fig 3.2 Drilling machine

14
4.3 Grinding

A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power

tool or machine tool used for grinding, which is a type of machining using an
abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of abrasive on the

wheel’s surface cuts a small chips. Grinding is used to finish work

pieces that must show high surface quality and high accuracy of shape
dimensions.Grinding is used to finish work-pieces thatmust show high surface
quality (e.g., lowsurface roughness) and high accuracy ofshape and dimension.
As the accuracy indimensions in grinding is of the order of0.000025 mm, in
most applications ittends to be a finishing operation andremoves comparatively
little metal, about0.25 to 0.50 mm depth. However, thereare some roughing
applications in whichgrinding removes high volumes of metalquite rapidly.
Thus, grinding is adiversefield.The grinding machine consists of a bedwith a
fixture to guide and hold the workpiece, and a power-driven grinding
wheelspinning at the required speed. Thespeed is determined by the
wheel’sdiameter and manufacturer’s rating. Thegrinding head can travel across
a fixedwork piece, or the work piece can bemoved while the grind head stays in
afixed position.

Fig 4.3 Grinding machine

15
 Chapter 5

Working methodology

Principle
Electrolysisis a technique that uses a direct electric current (DC) to drive
an otherwise non spontaneous chemical reaction. Electrolysis is commercially
important as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurring
sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell. The voltage that is needed for
electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition potential.Electrolysis is the
passing of a directelectric current through an ionicsubstance that is either
molten ordissolved in a suitable solvent, producingchemical reactions at the
electrodes andseparation of materials.The main components required toachieve
electrolysis. An electrolyte: a substance, frequentlyan ion-conducting polymer
thatcontains free ions, which carry electriccurrent in the electrolyte. If the ions
arenot mobile, as in a solid salt thenelectrolysis cannot occur.A direct current
(DC) electrical supply:provides the energy necessary tocreate or discharge the
ions in theelectrolyte. Electric current is carriedby electrons in the external
circuit.Two electrodes: electrical conductorsthat provide the physical
interfacebetween the electrolyte and theelectrical circuit that provides
theenergy.Electrolysis is also used in the cleaningand preservation of old
artifacts.Because the process separates the nonmetallicparticles from the
metallic ones,it is very useful for cleaning a widevariety of metallic objects,
from old coinsto even larger objects including rustedcast iron cylinder blocks
and heads whenrebuilding automobile engines. Rustremoval from small iron or
steel objectsbyelectrolysis can be done in a homeworkshop using simple
materials such asa plastic bucket, tap water, lengths ofrebar, washing soda,
baling wire, and abattery charger.In 1832.

16
 Michael Faraday reported thatthe quantity of elements separated
bypassing an electric current through amolten or dissolved salt is proportionalto
the quantity of electric charge passedthrough the circuit. This became thebasis
of the first law of electrolysis

Fig 5.1 Electrolysis principle

17
CONSTRUCTION

The brown gas generator consists of booster, bubbler, tube connections,

SS plates .The main part in this equipment is the electrolyzer which is also
called as booster. The plates are cut into pieces drilled and arranged in their
position as given in the circuit and this plate arrangement is placed inside the
booster or electrolyzer as anode and cathode. During the electrolysis process,
the gas produced comes out through the outlet and goes to the bubbler placed

The outlet is connected to bubbler using tubes and then this

booster is connected to the battery for power supply. The plate arrangements
also can be changed in different connections to give a higher production.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 5.2 block diagram of brown gas generator

18
WORKING PROCESS OF BROWN GAS GENERATOR

Fig 5.3 flowchart of working process

WORKING
This HHO kit electrolyze the hydrogen and oxygen atoms directly out of
the water, without separating them, creating a unique and energetic form of
gas containing H, O, H2, O2. The battery is switched on first as soon as the
power is supplied from the battery the electrolysis process starts, as an
indication furious bubbles starts inside the booster. The interchanging of
atoms and ions takes place and the gases are produced. These gases move out
through the outlet and goes towards the bubbler construction through the
connected tubes. The main use of the bubbler is to avoid the explosion. The
evolved gas can be seen in the form of bubbles inside the bubbler. The purest
form of the gases in the bubbler is collected in the outlet of the bubbler. The
gas is stored or used directly for the purpose.

19
 The key process of electrolysis is the interchange of atoms and ions by
theremoval or addition of electrons from theexternal circuit. The desired
products ofelectrolysis are often in a differentphysical state from the
electrolyte andcan be removed by some physicalprocesses. For example, in
theelectrolysis of brine to produce hydrogenand chlorine, the products are
gaseous.These gaseous products bubble from theelectrolyte and are collected.
2 NaCl + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2 + Cl2

An electrical potential is applied across apair of electrodes immersed in

theelectrolyte.Each electrode attracts ions that are ofthe opposite charge.
Positively chargedions (cations) move towards theelectron-providing (negative)
cathode.Negatively charged ions (anions) movetowards the electron-extracting
(positive)anode.In this process electrons are eitherabsorbed or released. Neutral
atoms gainor lose electrons and become chargedions that then pass into the
electrolyte.The formation of uncharged atoms fromions is called discharging.
When an iongains or loses enough electrons tobecome uncharged (neutral)
atoms, thenewly formed atoms separate from theelectrolyte. Positive metal ions
deposit onto the cathode in a layer. Theterms for this are
electroplating,electrowinning, and electrorefining. Whenan ion gains or loses
electrons withoutbecoming neutral, its electronic charge isaltered in the process.
In chemistry, theloss of electrons is called Oxidation,while electron gain is
called reduction.

Energy changes duringelectrolysis

The amount of electrical energy thatmust be added equals the change inGibbs
free energy of the reaction plus thelosses in the system. The losses can
(intheory) be arbitrarily close to zero, so themaximum thermodynamic
efficiencyequals the enthalpy change divided bythe free energy change of the
reaction.

20
 Inmost cases, the electric input is largerthan the enthalpy change of the
reaction,so some energy is released in the form ofheat. In some cases, for
instance, in theelectrolysis of steam into hydrogen andoxygen at high
temperature, the oppositeis true and heat energy is absorbed. Thisheat is
absorbed from the surroundings,and the heating value of the producedhydrogen
is higher than the electric input.Oxidation of ions or neutral moleculesoccurs at
the anode. For example, it ispossible to oxidize ferrous ions to ferricions at the
anode.

Fe2+ (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + e−

Reduction of ions or neutral moleculesoccurs at the cathode.It is possible to

reduce ferricyanide ionsto ferrocyanide ions at the cathode. Neutral molecules
can also react ateither of the electrodes. For example. Benzoquinone can be
reduced tohydroquinone at the cathode.

+ 2 e− + 2 H+ →

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

When designing our attachment, the following considerations were

taken into account. The device should be suitable for local manufacturing
capabilities. The attachment should employ low-cost materials and
manufacturing methods. Standard steel pieces such as steel plates, case,
bubbler, tubes that are locally available should be used. Standard tools used
in machine shop such as cutting, grinding, drilling machine should be
adequate to fabricate the parts needed for the brown gas generator.
ADVANTAGES

1. Giving a low cost alternate fuel

2. Very easy to operate
3. It is very cost efficient than any other machines
21
 LIMITATIONS

1. Foam bubbles are produced during hydrogen production inside

the generator.
2. Equipment highly gets heated up during working process.
3. Salt sediments on the electrode reduces the efficiency of the
hydrogen production.
4. Conductive materials cannot be used for the housing of the
generator.
5. Cleaning of the tank is required in regular time interval.
APPLICATIONS

1. It can perform cutting operation of various materials

2. It can also be used in welding operation
3. It can also be used as alternate fuel

22
 Chapter 6

Cost Estimation

S.no Name of the component Material Quantity Amount

1 sheet metal Stainless stee 4 feet 550

2 Transparent case Acrylic 1 650

3 Tubes Plastic 3 meter 105

4 L shaped connector plastic 6 55

5 Bolt, nut and washer Nylon 5+20 150

6 Cutting wheel Abrasive 3 70

7 Abrasive paper Abrasive 2 30

8 Bolt and nut Stainless steel 2+14 275

9 Washer Stainless steel 46 255

10 Teflon tape Teflon 4 80

11 Labor charges 500

TOTAL 2720

Table 6.1 cost estimation

23
 CHAPTER 7

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

The performance of the brown gas generator is tested successfully and also
it is used for cutting the materials. The machine cost effective compared to the
other cutting machine. Also the machine requires only battery for power supply
no need of electricity which is the major plus point. The machine is simple in
design, reliable, and can be used in small scale industries, particularly in rural
areas. The only maintenance of the machine required is cleaning of the plates.

7.1 SCOPE FOR FUTURE

For smaller operations in particular areas like workshops and small scale
industries it can be used.as there is no electricity consumption it can be used
effectively. It can also be used as alternate fuel hence in future there may be low
cost fuel available.

REFERENCE

[1] Martinus van Marum's (1785) electrostatic generator was used to reduce
tin, zinc, and antimony from their salts using electrolysis.

[2] William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle (1800) (view also Johann
Ritter), decomposed water into hydrogen and oxygen.

[3] Lithium was discovered by the English chemist William Thomas

Brande, (1821) who obtained it by electrolysis of lithium oxide.

[4] Michael Faraday (1833) develops his two laws of electrolysis, and
provides a mathematical explanation of his laws.

[5] Paul Émile Lecoq deBoisbaudran (1875) discovered gallium using

electrolysis.

24