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In stitu te o f O rie n ta l S tu d ie s . L e n in g r a d B r a n c h
S o v i e t O r ie n t a lis t s ' A s s o c i a t i o n
M .B .P io t r o v s k y
THE A R A B IA N RO O TS OP IS L A M
P a p er P re s e n te d
a t th e 3 2 n d In te r n a tio n a l C o n g r e s s
fo r A s i a n a n d N o rth A f r i c a n S t u d ie s
(H a m b u r g , 1 9 8 6 )
N a u k a P u b lis h e r s
C e n tr a l D e p a rtm e n t o f O r ie n ta l L ite r a tu r e
M o s c o w 1 98 6
T h e birth o f Islam w a s part o f th e m ajor h is
to r ic a l c h a n g e s w h ic h m a rk ed the tra n s itio n from
th e A n c ie n t T im e s to th e M id d le A g e s . Its e m e r
g e n c e w a s la r g e ly stim u lated b y e x te r n a l in flu en
c e s - s o c ia l, p o litic a l a n d cu ltu ral - w h ich te n
E d ito ria l B o a r d d e d to b rin g A r a b ia to th e s o c io - c u lt u r a l le v e l
o f the s u rro u n d in g w o rld a n d c h a n g e d th e p attern
o f life o f its p o p u la tio n 1. F rom A r a b ia Islam s p r e
G .F .K IM ( C o rre s p o n d in g M em b er, a d to th is s u rro u n d in g w o rld - th e N e a r an d M id
U S S R A c a d e m y of S c ie n c e s ), d le E a s t - a s th e p r e v a le n t id e o lo g ic a l e x p r e s
L .B .A L A Y E V (D r .S c .H is t .) , N .M .K A R P O V IC H s io n o f th e fe u d a l s o c io - e c o n o m ic form ation.
H o w e v e r , the h is to r ic a l e s s e n c e o f Islam a s
w e ll a s its s u c c e s s e s an d a b ility to r e s is t d is
s o lv in g in a lie n cu ltu ral a n d id e o lo g ic a l in flu e n c e s
c a n n o t b e u n d e rs to o d b y a n o n -M o s le m if h e h a s
not fo rm ed a c o r r e c t id e a ab o u t the A r a b ia n p r e
r e q u is it e s for, an d s o u r c e s of, Islam a n d the
Islam ic sta te. S c h o la r s h a v e not y e t e v o lv e d su ch
a c o r r e c t id ea . N e w e p ig r a p h ic an d a r c h a e o lo g i
c a l d is c o v e r ie s a n d n e w p r o c e d u r e s fo r the stu
d y o f p r e -Is la m ic A r a b ia n o w make p o s s ib le a
fr e s h a p p r o a c h to th e s tu d y o f the A r a b ia n ro o ts
o f Islam . T h e a fo re m e n tio n e d q u e s tio n s a r e of
g r e a t th e o r e t ic a l r e le v a n c e to the p ro b lem o f c o n
tin u ity in th e c a s e o f a c h a n g e o f e p o c h s an d
c u ltu re s , in o th e r w o rd s , to the p rob lem o f the
m ech a n ism o f s y n th e s is o f con tinu ity a n d c h a n g e
in th e h is t o r ic a l p r o c e s s .
T h e s tu d y o f th e A r a b ia n ro o ts o f Islam h a s
b e e n c h o s e n a s o n e o f the b a s ic a s p e c t s o f a
v a s t p rogram m e o f the s tu d y o f the a n c ie n t an d
e a r ly m e d ia e v a l h is to r y o f the A r a b ia n P e n in s u la ,
257
w h ic h is n ow b e in g c a r r ie d out b y a s s o c ia t e s o f
th e L e n in g r a d B ra n c h o f th e Institute o f O rien ta l
S tu d ie s o f th e U S S R A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e s . B e
lo w is a n ou tlin e o f c e r ta in fundam ental p rin c ip le s ,
id e a s an d re s u lts o f th is b y fa r not c o m p le te d r e
s e a r c h 3.
257
c i p l e s 1 2 . Islam s u r p a s s e d a ll th e s e p h en om en a c la im e d an d im plem en ted t h e r e 14. S im ila rly , the
in term s o f c o n s is t e n c y an d d ep th o f te a c h in g d e p a rtu re o f so m e M o s le m s to E th io p ia w a s a
an d o f s p iritu a l, s o c ia l a n d p o litic a l re s u lts . H o w h e g ir a in the tra d itio n a l A r a b ia n s e n s e o f the
e v e r , th e p r e s e n c e of a c e r ta in s im ila rity b e tw e e n w o rd (w ith d ra w a l to h a r a m ). In E th io p ia M o s le m s
them a ll s h o w s that this n ew r e lig io n w a s not fou n d p ro te c tio n from b a n s an d the v e n g e a n c e o f
som eth in g a lie n p la n ted from th e o u tsid e . A ll its th e ir k in s fo lk an d fe llo w -trib e s m e n . O n ly th e re
b a s ic ro o ts lie in A r a b ia n s o il.
4 5
c o u ld M u h am m ad's m a rria g e with th e d a u g h ter o f in term ed ia te c a t e g o r y ( "m en of the S c r ip tu re " -
the M o s le m 's w o rs t e n e m y A b u S u fy a n b e c o n c lu 'A h l a l - K i t a b ) b e tw e e n the b e lie v e r s an d the
d e d in h is a b s e n c e 1 5 in fid e ls w e r e p a r a lle l to a tra d itio n a l A r a b ia n s y s
T r a d itio n a l in stitu tion s a n d c o n c e p tio n s w e r e tem w h ich d iv id e d tr ib e s into g ro u p s d e p e n d in g
a b ly u s e d in th e e ffo rts to r e d u c e the r e a l an d o n h o w s c r u p u lo u s ly th e y p e rfo rm e d the sh rin e
p oten tial s o c i o - p s y c h o l o g i c a l r e s is t a n c e to n ew w o rs h ip ritu a ls 20.
id e a s . T h e a b s o lu te t h e o c r a t ic p o w e r o f the p r o T h e u s e o f tra d itio n a l in stitu tion s fo r p ro p a
phet in th e com m unity ( " d e le g a t e d " to him b y g a tin g n ew id e a s w a s s u p p le m e n ted b y the p r e
A lla h ) in its c o n c r e te form s c o n c e n tr a te d in h is s e r v a t io n o f in d iv id u a l e lem e n ts o f tra d itio n a l e v e
h an d s s e v e r a l fu n ctio n s o f au th ority, w h ic h in the r y d a y life an d id e o lo g y . T h e s o le a n d s in g le M o s
A r a b ia n tr ib e s w e r e u s u a lly d iv id e d b e tw e e n d if lem g o d w a s c a lle d A lla h - the name o f a d eity
feren t in d iv id u a ls . A lla h 's m e s s e n g e r w a s sim u lta w id e ly k n o w n in a n c ie n t A r a b ia 21. H e w a s w o r
n e o u s ly , a s it w e r e , a trib a l c h ie f ( s a y y id ), a s h ip p e d , in p articu lar, b y the M e c c a n s an d b y
m ilitary c a m p a ig n le a d e r ( 'a q id ), a n a r b ite r ( h a k a m ), th e ir c lo s e n e ig h b o u rs r e fe r r e d to in the Q uran -
an d o ra to r ( h a tib ) , a p o e t ( s h a 'ir ), a c u s to d ia n the T h a m u d ia n s 22. M e c c a 's k a a b a , o n e o f the
o f sanctum ( s a d in ) , an d a s o o t h s a y e r ( k a h in ). s ta n d a rd s h r in e s o f the s a c r e d e n c la v e s , b e
T h e fo rm er s o c i a l r o le s a c q u ir e d a n e n tir e ly dif cam e a s y m b o l o f this s in g le g o d . O ld -tim e sm al
fe re n t c h a r a c te r an d a q u a lita tiv e ly n ew con ten t. le r A r a b ia n d e itie s - jin n s - p a rtly cam e to " b e
H o w e v e r , th e p r e s e n c e o f m any e lem e n ts o f tra d iti l i e v e " in A lla h , thus s e ttin g a n exa m p le to p e o
o n a l form m ade it e a s ie r fo r p e o p le to a d o p t the p le 24.
id e a s o f M u h am m ad's a b s o lu te p o w e r. T h u s p r e T h e f o r e f a t h e r o f th e A r a b s an d Jew s, Ib ra
s e n te d , it w a s fou n d to b e n o n - id e n tic a l to the him, o r A b ra h a m , b e c a m e o n e of the c e n tra l fig u re s
p o w e r o f a k in g ( m a lik ), w h ic h w a s at v a r ia n c e o f th is n e w re lig io n , the main p r e d e c e s s o r o f P r o
with the e n tire A r a b ia n s o c ia l m a k e -u p 16. phet Muhamm ad, h is "d o u b le ", th e first M oslem
M uham m ad's tr a n c e s h ad a g o o d d e a l in com w h o s e c o r r e c t faith h ad to b e r e s t o r e d b y A lla h 's
mon with th e p r a c tic e o f th e p re —Islam ic s o o th m e s s e n g e r . S u c h a n im a ge of Ibrahim, with w h o
s a y e r s - k a h in s w h ic h w a s n o tic e d b y M uham m ad s e m em ory w e r e c o n n e c te d the hadj ritu a ls , b e c a
h im self a n d b y h is fe llo w - t r ib e s m e n 17. Of c o u r s e , me th e s y m b o l an d id e o lo g ic a l e x p la n a tio n o f the
M uhamm ad w a s not a kahin. T h e con ten t an d c h a a n c ie n t A r a b ia n s o u r c e s o f Islam.
r a c t e r o f h is s e rm o n s w e r e e n tir e ly d ifferen t. T y p o - T h e Q u ran le g e n d s fu rn ish o n e o f the c le a r -
lo g ic a lly , h e w a s a k in to th e b ib lic a l p ro p h e ts , w ho e s t illu s tra tio n s of h o w A r a b ia 's cu ltu ral h e r ita g e
a ls o o p p o s e d t h e m s e lv e s to the a n c ie n t s o o t h s a y an d c u ltu ra l en viro n m en t w e r e u s e d an d a d o p te d
e r s . H o w e v e r , both in M o s le m a n d in b ib lic a l p r o b y Islam . T h e Q u ran ic c o n te x t an d p r e -Is la m ic
p h etic m ovem en t a m ajor fa c to r b e h in d the s u c c e s s p oem s s h o w v e r y w e ll that the m ajority o f the
o f a s e rm o n w a s the human h abit o f b e lie v in g in b ib lic a l a n d p o s t - b ib lic a l le g e n d s w e r e a ls o k n ow n
the d e e p a n d d iv in e m ean in g o f what w a s s a id in in p r e - Is la m ic A r a b ia an d a lr e a d y b o r e fe a tu r e s
a sta te o f t r a n c e 18. w h ic h p o in te d to th e ir com m on o c c u r r e n c e in A r a
P u rify in g a n d r e in te rp r e tin g them, Islam a d o p bia. ( In p a rticu la r, m any p e r s o n a g e s s u c h a s
te d m any a n c ie n t ritu als o f A r a b ia , e s p e c ia lly th o N u h -N o a h , L u t-L o t an d Ib rah im -A b rah am w e r e
s e c o n n e c te d with p ilg rim a g e - circu m am bu lation r e g a r d e d a s h a v in g liv e d in A r a b i a ) . T h e sam e
of the s h rin e , s o le m n v ig il, ritu al r e p a s t s , e tc 1 9 Q u ran ic te x t s h o w s that the in te rp reta tio n o f ma
T h e p attern o f Is la m 's attitude to th e p r o fe s s a n ts n y s t o r ie s r a is e d o b je c tio n s in M uham m ad's l i s
of o th e r r e lig io n s w a s not a b s o lu te ly n ew eith er. te n e r s , a n d not o n ly Ju daists. B ib lic a l le g e n d s
D iffe re n tia tio n b e tw e e n b e lie v e r s o f lo n g -s ta n d in g an d A r a b ia n le g e n d s p r o p e r a r e p u rp o s e fu lly an d
an d Islam ic c o n v e r ts an d th e id e n tific a tio n o f an o p e n ly in te rp re te d b y the Q uran a s e v id e n c e o f
6 7
2. S e e , fo r in s ta n c e , W .M o n tg o m e ry Watt.
the fu n dam en tal t h e s e s of th e Q u ran ic te a c h in g - T h e A r a b ia n B a c k g ro u n d o f the Q u r'a n . - D ira s a t
th e p o w e r o f A lla h , th e in e v ita b ility o f h is c h a s ta 'rik h a l- ja z ir a a l- 'a r a b iy a . L A r - R iy a d , 19 79,
tisem en t, a n d h is c o n c e r n fo r th e p ro p h e ts . M a pp. 3 - 12.
ny o f the d e ta ils , r e a lia a n d d ia lo g u e s c o n ta in e d 3. T h e y a r e c o n ta in e d in a s e r ie s o f a lr e a
in th e s e Q u ran ic s to r ie s a r e d id a c tic p a r a lle ls to d y p u b lis h e d a r tic le s an d in the b o o k O b s h c h o s t-
M u h am m ad's argu m en ts with the M e c c a n s , to h is v o d r e v n e y i r a n n e s r e d n e v e k o v o y A r a v ii ( S o c ie t y
e x h o rta tio n s to th e in fid e ls . B a s ic a lly , th e y r e p o f A n c ie n t an d E a r ly M e d ia e v a l A r a b ia ) p r e p a r
r e s e n te d a n a d d e d s p e c ific form o f the re p e titio n e d fo r p u b lica tion . A u th o rs : M .B .P io t r o v s k y ( E x
o f Q u ran ic s e rm o n s . A g a in , tra d itio n a l an d fam i e c u tiv e E d it o r ), P .A .G r y a z n e v ic h , A .G .L u n d in ,
lia r form s a n d p lots w e r e u s e d fo r c o n v e y in g LS h .S h ifm an , A .G .G r u s h e v o y , V l.V .P o lo s in , Y e . A . R e -
n ew id e o lo g ic a l m e s s a g e 25. zvaa
F in a lly , o n the p u re ly te r m in o lo g ic a l p la n e 4. S e e , fo r in s ta n c e , I.Ephal. T h e A n c ie n t
the p r e a c h in g o f Islam put new, con ten t into m any A r a b s . N o m a d s o n th e B o r d e r s o f the F e r tile
c u s to m a ry a n d fam iliar n o tio n s - id e o lo g ic a l, eth - C r e s c e nt: 9 th -5 th C e n tu rie s B .C . L e id e n , 1982,
n o s o c ia l a n d p o litic a l - o f A r a b ia n life 26. T h e pp. 149, 163.
n ew r e lig io n , Islam , w a s p r e a c h e d not o n ly th ro 5. F o r th e p attern s e e Ibn H abib. K ita b a l-
ugh the medium o f A r a b ic , a la n g u a g e k n o w n to M u h a b b a r. H a id a ra b a d , 1946, pp. 2 6 3 -2 6 8 .
the s u rro u n d in g p e o p le , but a ls o th ro u gh the m e 6. S e e , fo r in s ta n c e , B .V .A n d ria n o v . N eosed-
dium o f fa m ilia r n otion s an d im a g e s . Just a s the lo y e n a s e le n iy e mira (N o n - S e t t le d P o p u la tio n of
la n g u a g e , th e y a c q u ir e d a n ew m ean in g an d a the W o r l d ) . M o s c o w , 1985, pp. 5 3 -5 5 .
n ew im plication . 7. W. C a s k e l. Z u r B e d u in is ie ru n g A r a b ie n s . -
It a ll d i s c l o s e s the m ech an ism w h e r e b y th e Z D M G . Bd. 103. 1953, S .2 8 -3 6 ; W .D o sta L T h e
h is to ric a l c o n n e c tio n s b e tw e e n Islam an d its E v o lu tio n o f B e d o u in Life. - L 'a n tic a s o c ie t a b e -
"b irth p la c e ", A r a b ia , b e c a m e m a te ria lize d . T h e s e duina. R om a, 1959, pp. 1 1 -3 4 ; W .D o sta L T h e D e v e
c o n n e c tio n s e n s u r e d triumph to the n ew id e a s lopm en t o f B e d o u in L ife in A r a b ia S e e n from A r
n ew s o c ie t y a n d n ew w a y o f life , g iv in g them c h a e o lo g ic a l M a te ria L - D ira s a t ta 'rik h a l- ja z ir a
"s ta b le " h is t o r ic a l su p p o rt a n d a s p e c ific form, a l- 'a r a b iy a , pp. 1 2 5 -1 4 4 .
w h ich fa c ilita te d th e s o c i o - p s y c h o lo g ic a l a d o p tio n 8. G . v o n G ruhnebaum . T h e N atu re o f A r a b
o f this n ew re lig io n . W h en Islam m ade its a p p e a U n ity b e fo r e Islam. - A r a b ic a . VoL 10, L e id e n ,
ra n c e o u ts id e A r a b ia th e s e h is t o r ic a l ro o ts h e lp e d 1963, p p .5 - 1 4 .
it to p r e s e r v e its s e lf - r e lia n c e in c o llis io n with 9. S e e P .A .G r y a z n e v ic h . A r a v iv a i a r a b v :
p o w erfu l o ld id e o lo g ie s a n d cu ltu res. k is to r ii term ina a l- a r a b ( A r a b ia an d th e A r a b s .
T h e form ation o f Islam an d M o s le m s o c ie t y T o w a r d s the H is to ry o f th e T erm a l - a r a b ) ;
a s s tu d ie d o n the lin e s p r o p o s e d in th e p re s e n t P .A .G r y a z n e v ic h . F o r m ir o v a n iv e a r a b s k o v n a ro d -
p a p e r fu rn ish a c le a r e x a m p le o f h o w h is to ry n o sti ( k p o s ta n o v k e p r o b le m y ).—Islam , R e lig iy a ,
e ffe c ts a s y n th e s is o f con tin u ity a n d c h a n g e , o b s h c h e s tv o , g o s u d a r s tv o ( T h e F o rm a tio n o f the
w h ich is fou n d to b e e d ify in g in ou r time. E a r ly M e d ia e v a l A r a b N a tion ality: T o w a r d s the
F o rm a tio n o f the P r o b le m ). - Islam. R e lig io n ,
S o c ie t y a n d S tate. M o s c o w , 1984, pp. 1 2 2 -1 4 4 .
REFERENCES 10. S e e , fo r e x a m p le , A .G .L u n d in . G o s u d a r s t-
v a A r a v ii IV-VI w . i s o ts ia ln y ie k orn i islam a. -
1. Cf. L M . L ap id u s. T h e A r a b C o n q u e s ts an d B a r t o ld o v s k iy e c h te n iy a ( T h e A r a b ia n S ta te s in
the F o u n d a tio n s o f Islam ic S o c ie t y . - S tu d ie s o n th e 4 th -6 th C e n tu ries a n d the S o c ia l R o o ts of
the F ir s t C en tu ry o f Isla m ic S o c ie ty . E d w a r d s v ille , Islam . - B a rth o ld C om m em orative R e a d in g s ). M o s
1982, pp. 4 9 -7 2 . c o w , 1982, p p .3 4 -3 6 .
9
8
M u h am m ad 's V o c a tio n in the Ligh t o f E th n o g ra
11. S e e K h . A l- A s a li. T h e R e la tio n b e t w e e n p h ic D ata. - T o S e r g e i F y o d o r o v ic h O ld e n b u r g ).
K in d a a n d S o u th A r a b ia . - J ou rn al o f the C o l L e n in g ra d , 19 34, pp. 1 2 5 -1 4 6 .
le g e o f A r ts . U n iv e r s ity o f B a g h d a d . Vol. 16, 18. M .B .P io t r o v s k y . M ukham m ad, p ro ro k i...,
1973, p p .2 2 1 -2 4 5 ; A . A l- A n s a r i. Q a rya t - a l- P a u : pp.. 1 0 -1 5 .
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A r a b ia . A r - R i y a d , 1982. fo rm e d p art o f a ll- A r a b ia n r e lig io u s h e r ita g e s e e ,
12. M .B .P io t r o v s k y . M uham m ad, p ro ro k i, Iz h e - fo r in s ta n c e , J .R yck m an s. D v e y u z h n o a r a b s k iy e
p ro ro k i, k a k h in y. - Islam v is to r ii n a r o d o v V o s to - is p o v e d a ln y ie n a d p is i iz L e n in g ra d a . - V estn ik
k a ( M uhammad. P r o p h e ts , F a l s e P r o p h e ts an d d r e v n e y is to r ii ( T w o S o u th -A r a b ia n C o n fe s s io n a l
K a h in s . - Islam in the H is to r y o f th e P e o p le s o f In s c rip tio n s from L e n in g ra d . - V estn ik d r e v n e i is to
the E a s t ) . M o s c o w , 1981, p p .9 -1 8 ; M .B .P io tr o v s k y . r i i ) . M o s c o w , 1972, N o 1, pp. 1 1 9 -1 2 0 . J .R y c k
P r o r o c h e s k o v e d v iz h e n iv e v A r a v ii VII v . - mans. L e r e p a s ritu el d a n s le r e lig io n s u d - a r a b e .-
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